중학교 1학년 물질 단원을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 과학교육과(화학전공), 2020. 8. 노태희.디지털교과서, 외적 표상, 다중 표상 학습, 2015 개정 교육 과정This study analyzed the uses of external representations presented in the matter units of the 7th-grade science digital textbooks developed under the 2015 revised national curriculum. The level, form, presentation, and interactivity of external representations presented in 5 types of digital textbooks were analyzed. As for the level, the macroscopic level of representations was mainly presented. The macroscopic level and microscopic level of representations were presented together in the particle description. As for the form, visual-verbal representations were presented across the board, and visual-nonverbal representations were usually presented together. Very few audial-verbal and audial-nonverbal representations were presented. Visual-verbal and audial-verbal representations were mostly presented in formal form, and visual-nonverbal representations were mostly presented in illustration without movement. The presentation of representations was analyzed in three aspects. First, visual-verbal and visual-nonverbal representations were mainly presented together and none of audial-verbal and visual-nonverbal representations were presented together. When the representations of the audial-verbal, visual-nonverbal, and visual-verbal were presented together, some of the information presented in audial-verbal representations was repeatedly presented in the visual-verbal representations. Second, audial-nonverbal representations not related to learning content were presented along with other representations. Third, there were few cases of arranging visual-verbal and visual-nonverbal representations on the next pages. Audial-verbal and visual-nonverbal representations were always presented synchronized. As for the interactivity, the manipulation level was mainly presented in the main area, and the feedback level was mainly presented in the activity area. The adaptation level and the communication level of interactivity were presented very few. Based on the results, the implications for the direction of constructing digital textbooks were discussed.제 1 장 서론 제 1 절 연구의 필요성 제 2 절 연구 문제 제 3 절 연구의 제한점 제 4 절 용어의 정의 제 2 장 이론적 배경 제 1 절 다중 표상 학습 및 이와 관련된 인지 이론 1. 다중 표상 학습 2. 다중 표상 학습과 관련된 인지 이론의 고찰 3. 다중 표상 학습에서 효과적인 외적 표상 제공 원리 제 2 절 화학에서의 다중 표상 학습 제 3 장 연구 방법 제 1 절 분석 대상 제 2 절 분석 기준 제 3 절 분석 방법 제 4 장 결과 및 논의 제 1 절 외적 표상의 수준 제 2 절 외적 표상의 양식 제 3 절 외적 표상의 제시 방법 1. 언어적 표상과 시각비언어 표상이 함께 제시된 경우 2. 관계없는 외적 표상 3. 근접성 제 4 절 외적 표상의 상호작용성 제 5 장 결론 및 제언 참고문헌 AbstractMaste

WTO 분쟁해결절차에서의 합리적 이행기간 패턴 및 결정요인에 관한 연구: DSU제21조3항(b)와 제21조3항(c) 중심으로

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제학과(국제통상전공), 2015. 8. 안덕근.WTO 회원국 간 무역 분쟁 발생 시, 분쟁해결 절차를 거쳐 패널 또는 상소기구에 의해 최종 판단이 내려지고 그 내용을 담은 최종보고서를 분쟁해결기구(DSB)가 채택하면 패소국은 즉시 DSB의 권고 사항을 이행해야 하는데 즉각 이행이 불가능할 경우 패소국은 합리적 이행 기간(RPT)을 활용할 수 있다. RPT는 WTO 규정 시행 및 더 나아가 세계 무역 자유화와 보호무역 탈피에 지대한 영향을 미치는 요소 중 하나로 분쟁해결규칙 및 절차에 관한 양해 (DSU) 제21조3항의 절차에 따라 그 기간을 정하고 있으나 안타깝게도 해당 DSU 조항은 정확히 어떠한 결정 요인 및 기준에 의해 RPT 기간이 확정되는지에 대해서는 명시하고 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구는 과거 WTO 분쟁 사례에서의 RPT 패턴 분석을 통해 그 결정 요인 및 기준을 모색하고자 이미 확정된 RPT 기간과 4개의 잠재적 결정 요인 (1) 제소국과 피소국의 경제 규모 및 경제 발전 수준 (GNI/Capita), 2) 제소국과 피소국의 분쟁 대상 품목에 대한 보호 수준 (관세율), 3) 패소국의 이행 방안 (행정 또는 입법 절차 필요 여부) 및 4) 패소국이 위반한 WTO 대상 협정) 간의 관계를 면밀히 분석하였다. 보다 심층적이고 실질적인 분석을 위해 DSU 제21조3항(b)와 제21조3항(c)에 의거하여 결정된 RPT에 다양한 통계 기법을 적용한 첫 연구 사례로서 본 연구는 아래의 결과를 도출하였다. 우선 제소국과 피소국의 경제 규모 및 경제 발전 수준과 RPT 기간 간에 통계적으로 유의미한 관계는 찾을 수 없었으나, DSU 제21조3항(c) RPT의 경우 현재 DSU에서 명시하는 것과 같이 개발도상국의 입장을 고려한 특별대우 또는 배려는 RPT 기간 결정 시 쉽게 부여되지 않으며 이러한 현상은 특히 개발도상국이 제소국으로 분쟁에 참여했을 때 더 두드러지게 나타났다. 단, DSU 제21조3항(b) RPT의 경우 양국간 자유로운 협의를 통해 그 기간을 결정하는 만큼 제 21조 3항(c)의 중재자 보다 상대국의 경제 규모 및 발전 수준을 더 고려하여 최종 RPT를 결정하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 제소국과 피소국에서의 분쟁 대상 품목에 대한 보호 수준은 DSU 제21조3항(b)와 (c)항에 따라 결정된 RPT 기간에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 세 번째 잠재 요소인 패소국의 이행 방안은 RPT 기간과 유의미한 관계를 가지고 있었는데 DSU 제21조3항(b)와 (c)항 모두에서 패소국의 이행을 위해 행정 절차를 거쳐야 하는 경우, 입법 절차를 거쳐야 하는 경우보다 RPT 기간이 더 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 피소국이 세이프가드, 반덤핑, 보조금 및 상계관세 등 무역구제 협정을 위반한 분쟁에서의 RPT는 非무역구제 협정을 위반한 분쟁에서보다 그 기간이 짧은 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 무역구제 협정 위반 시 대부분 행정 절차를 통한 이행이 가능하기 때문에 위반 협정에 따른 기간 차이가 아닌 실질적으로는 패소국의 이행 방안에 의해 발생하는 차이인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구가 1995년 1월부터 2014년 12월까지 결정된 RPT에 대한 종합적, 통계적 분석을 통해 도출한 주요 결과는 합리적 이행 기간이 하나의 특정 결정 요인 또는 기준에 의해서가 아닌 각 분쟁 사례와 관련된 여러 주요 사항을 종합적으로 고려하여 결정된다는 것을 시사하고 있다. 물론 WTO 규정 시행을 위해 모든 패소국의 즉각 이행이 우선시 되어야 하지만 부득이하게 합리적 이행 기간이 필요한 경우 본 연구가 도출한 합리적 이행 기간의 주요 패턴 및 결정 요인에 대한 결과는 해당 회원국뿐 아니라 분쟁해결기구에게도 유용하고 유의미한 지침이 될 것이다.The time period for compliance, granted to Respondent after completion of WTO Dispute Settlement Bodys (DSB) decision, functions as a key factor to promote trade liberalization via enforcement of WTO provision. The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) Article 21.3 lays out specific procedure on how to determine the reasonable period of time (RPT) for implementation. The said provision, however, does not offer which factors or principles shall be considered to determine the duration of RPT. Thus, the objective of this paper is to address this issue by analyzing patterns of RPT from previous WTO disputes, focusing on relationship between duration of RPT and four potential factors: 1) economic status and development level of parties in dispute, 2) protection level of product at issue, 3) means of implementation (administrative or legislative), and 4) effect from violation of specific WTO covered agreement(s) in dispute. As the very first study to apply statistical method of correlation and regression analysis to RPT determined under both DSU Article 21.3(b) and 21.3(c), following findings were drawn. First, the study concluded that special attention to developing countries is not granted easily, especially when developing country requests for special treatment as a complainant. Secondly, it was concluded that protection level of product at issue of respondent and complainant does not affect duration of RPT under both DSU Article 21.3(b) and 21.3(c). Moreover, the means of implementation was found to have meaningful connection with length of RPT. RPT from disputes requiring legislative means of implementation for compliance resulted in longer period of time than those requiring administrative means of implementation under both Article 21.3(b) and 21.3(c). Finally, the study found that RPT from disputes covering violation of trade remedy agreements turned out to be shorter than those addressing violation of non－trade remedy agreements, not due to violation of different WTO covered agreement but due to type of means of implementation necessary for compliance. The key findings from statistical and normative analysis of this study implies that RPT is agreed by the parties or awarded by the arbitrator via considering various factors combined as a whole, rather than imposing more weight on a single particular factor than the others. Furthermore, even though prompt compliance to DSBs recommendation and ruling shall be the prior goal for every losing party who have violated WTO provisions, the patterns of past RPT discussed in this paper would be useful guideline for Members in dispute when adoption of RPT is unavoidable.Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Tables, Figures, and Abbreviations vi I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review 5 III. WTO Dispute Settlement System and DSU Article 21.3 16 1. Overview : WTO Dispute Settlement Procedure 16 1.1 Consultation 18 1.2 Adjudication by the Panel 18 1.3 Adjudication by the Appellate Body 19 1.4 Implementation of Ruling 19 2. Application and Legal Technicalities of DSU Article 21.3 20 2.1 DSU Article 21.3 21 2.2 DSU Article 21.3(b) 22 2.3 DSU Article 21.3(c) 24 2.3.1 Arbitrators : Who are they? 24 2.3.2 Arbitrator's Mandate 24 2.3.3 Timeline of DSU Article 21.3 and Duration of RPT 28 2.3.4 Burden of Proof 29 2.4 Significance of the Reasonable Period of Time 31 IV. Method and Factors at Issue 33 1. Factor 1 : Economic Status and Development Level 33 2. Factor 2 : Protection Level of Product at Issue 35 3. Factor 3 : Means of Implementation 37 4. Factor 4 : Violation of Certain WTO Covered Agreements 38 V. Analysis and Result 40 1. Overview : Patterns of Reasonable Period of Time 40 2. Factor 1－Economic Status and Development Level 47 2.1 Group Analysis－Developed vs. Developing 48 2.1.1 DSU Article 21.3(b) 48 2.1.2 DSU Article 21.3(c) 49 2.1.3 DSU Article 21.3(b) vs. DSU Article 21.3(c) 50 2.2 Scenario Analysis 50 2.2.1 DSU Article 21.3(b) 51 2.2.2 DSU Article 21.3(c) 52 2.2.3 DSU Article 21.3(b) vs. DSU Article 21.3(c) 52 2.3 Statistical Analysis 53 2.3.1 DSU Article 21.3(b) 53 2.3.1.1 F-test 53 2.3.1.2 Correlational Analysis 54 2.3.1.3 Regression Analysis 55 2.3.2 DSU Article 21.3(c) 57 2.3.2.1 F-Test 57 2.3.2.2 Correlational Analysis 58 2.3.2.3 Regression Analysis 58 2.3.3 DSU Article 21.3(b) vs. 21.3(c) 59 2.4 Review of the Past DSU Article 21.3(c) Arbitration Report : On Economic Status and Development Level 61 3. Factor 2－Protection Level and Product at Issue 67 3.1 DSU Article 21.3(b) 68 3.2 DSU Article 21.3(c) 70 4. Factor 3－Means of Implementation 72 4.1 Overview 72 4.2 Statistical Analysis 73 4.3 Review of the Past DSU Article 21.3(c) Arbitration Report : On Means of Implementation 75 5. Factor 4－Violation of Certain WTO Covered Agreements 76 6. Other Relevant Factors in Determining RPT 79 VI. Conclusion 83 1. Summary of Results 83 2. Implications: Suggestions for WTO Dispute Settlement Procedure 84 2.1 Process of RPT Determination for Developing Countries 84 2.2 Arbitrator's Mandate 85 2.3 Ambiguous Reasonable Period of Time 86 2.4 Defining the "Impracticality" 87 2.5 Burden of Complainant 87 3. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study 89 4. Significance of this Study 90 Reference viii Appendix 1 xxv Appendix 2 xxvii Appendix 3 xxix Appendix 4 xxxii Appendix 5 xxxiii Appendix 6 xxxv Appendix 7 xxxvi Appendix 8 xlii Appendix 9 xlv Appendix 10 lvii Appendix 11 lxi Appendix 12 lxv Appendix 13 lxvi Appendix 14 lxxi Abstract in Korean lxxiiiMaste

제2회 연구지원서비스 역량강화 세미나 발표자료

서울대학교 중앙도서관과 분관이 보유한 노하우를 공개하여 연구지원 서비스의 질적 향상을 제고하는 등의 정보 공유와 깊이있는 논의를 통해 질 높은 연구지원 서비스 방안을 모색한다

염화비닐의 요중 대사물질인 thiodiglycolic acid의 분석을 위한 전처리 조건

산업보건학과/석사[한글] 염화비닐의 요중 대사물질인 thiodiglycolic acid는 carboxylic group을 포함하는 화합물질로서 가스크로마토그래피로 직접 분석하는 경우 분리관의 비휘발성 지지체와 비특이적인 반응을 하여 크로마토그램에서 꼬리현상이 나타난다. 이러한 현상을 제거하기 위해 서는 극성을 나타내는 carboxylic group 2 개를 에스테르화시켜야 한다. 본 연구에서는 thiodiglycolic acid의 에스테르화 반응에 일반적으로 사용하는 유도체화 물질인 디아조메탄과 N-trimethylsilyldiethylamine을 이용하여 추출용매 및 염석효과에 따른 추출율을 평가하고 유도체화 과정에서의 수분의 영향과 반응후 경과시간에 따른 분석시료의 안정성과 정밀성을 평가하였다. 액체-액체 추출시에는 수용액충의 pH를 산성 (pH 1 - 2)으로 하고 황산나트륨을 과량 첨가하여 에틸아세테이트로 3 회 추출하는 것이 추출효율을 높였다. 가스 크로마토그래피/불꽂 이온화검출기의 분석에서는 디아조메탄을 이용한 경우에는 검출한계가 5.00 ㎍/㎖이었으며 N-trimethylsilyl diethyl amine을 이용 한 경우에는 3.07 ㎍/㎖로 디아조메탄을 이용한 경우보다 감도는 좋았다. 그러나 디아조메탄을 이용한 메틸화의 유도체 반응에서는 수분의 영향이 거의 없었으나 N-trimethyl silyldiethylamine을 이용한 사일리화 유도체 반응은 수분량이 증가할수록 많은 영향이 있 었으며 유도체반응이 완료된 후 4 일간의 분석의 정밀성도 메틸화가 사일리화 보다 양호하였다. 또한 4 일간의 분석 회수율을 평가한 결과 메틸화된 thiodiglycolic acid가 사일리화된 thiodiglycolic acid 보다 약간 높았으며 발생원인은 확실하게 규명되지 않았지만 연속적으로 사일리화된 thiodiglycolic acid의 분석을 할 때 검출기의 오염이 자주 발견되어 분석의 정밀성과 분석시간이 증가되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 염화비닐에 노출된 근로자들의 요중 thiodiglycolic acid를 가스크로마토그래피/불꽂이온화검출기로 평가할 매 다음과 같은 방법을 제안할 수 있다. 소변의 pH를 산성 (pH 1 - 2)으로 하고 황산나트륨을 과량 첨가한 후 에틸아세테이트로 요중 thiodiglycolic acid를 추출한다. 유도체화 방법은 수분의 영향이 거의 얼고 유도체화 반응후 매우 안정한 형태를 유지하는 메틸화 반응을 디아조메탄을 이용하여 수행한다. 또한 메틸화 반응시에 분석의 정밀성을 높이는 방법으로 프탈산을 이용한 내부 표준검량법을 이용하는 것이 유용하다. [영문] The analysis of thiodiglycolic acid in urine has been used as an index of exposure to vinyl chloride. Unfortunately thiodiglycolic acids has a strong hydrophilic property, because it has two carboxylic groups, so that it can only be extracted with organic solvent with a great difficulty. Underivatized thiodiglycolic acid tends to tail because of non-specific interaction with the inert support. Therefore, esterification is the obvious first choice for derivatization of thiodiglycolic acid, particularly for gas chromatography. In this study, the focus of interest is to compare two method of esterifications (methylation and silylation). Methylation is to make the methyl ester of thiodiglycolic acid by reaction with diazomethane. Silylation is to make the trimethylsilyl ester of thiodiglycolic acid by reaction with N-trimethylsilyl diethyl amine. The results are as the following: 1. The detection limit of methylated thiodiglycolic acid was 5.00 ㎍/㎖ and silylated thiodiglycolic acid was 3.07 ㎍/㎖ by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. 2. The optimal liquid-liquid extraction of thiodiglycolic acid was as following: To each of the tubes, 15 ㎖ of urine, concentrated sulfuric acid (pH 1-2) and 5 g sodium sulfate were added. The samples was extracted three times with 5 ㎖ ethyl acetate each time. 3. The methylated thiodiglycolic acid was more stable than silylated thiodiglycolic acid in extractional solvent which contained humidity. 4. The Precision (pooled coefficient of variation for 4 days) of the analysis was 7.07324 in methylated thiodiglycolic acid with external standard calibration, and 0.07033 in methylated thiodiglycolic acid with internal standard calibration. 5. The precision (pooled coefficient of variation for 4 days) of the analysis was 0.10914 in silylated thioaglycolic acid with external standard calibration, and 0.13602 in silylated thiodiglycolic acid with internal standard calibration. From the above results, the analysis of methylated thiodiglycolic acid was more sensitive (limit of detection) than silylated thiodiglycolic acid by gas chromatography. However, the methylated thiodiglycolic acid was stable in the humidity and was separated sharply on chromatogram. Also, analysis of methylated thiodiglycolic acid was more precise (pooledcoefficient of variation for 4 days) than silylated thiodiglycolic acid. In conclusion, it is established that the analysis of methylated thiodiglycolic acid is appropriate for evaluation of exposure to vinyl chloride.restrictio

『鏡花綠』硏究

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :중어중문학과 문학전공,1999.Maste

애기장대에서 UPWARD CURLY LEAF1 (UCL1) 유전자의 각인 조절 메커니즘에 관한 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 생명과학부, 2018. 2. 이종섭.Genomic imprinting, an epigenetic process in mammals and flowering plants, refers to the differential expression of alleles of the same genes in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. In flowering plants like Arabidopsis, genomic imprinting has been detected only in the endosperm and it is regulated by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) through trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). Recent high-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that more than 200 loci are imprinted in Arabidopsishowever, only a few of these imprinted genes and their imprinting mechanisms have been examined in detail. In a previous study, it was reported that UPWARD CURLY LEAF1 (UCL1), a gene encoding an E3 ligase that degrades the CURLY LEAF (CLF) polycomb protein, is a paternally expressed imprinted gene (PEG). After fertilization, paternally inherited UCL1 is expressed in the endosperm, but not in the embryo. FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2-PRC2 (FIS2-PRC2) silences the maternal UCL1 allele in the central cell before fertilization and in the endosperm after fertilization. In this study, the expression pattern of the UCL1::GUS genes suggests that the polycomb response element (PRE) of UCL1 is located between -2.5 and –2.4 kb upstream of the UCL1 translation start codon. To investigate exact PRE sequences of UCL1, I generated UCL1_2.7k::GUS constructs with 10 bp-scanning transversion mutagenesis between -2.5 and –2.4 kb. Their GUS expressions need to be checked in the Col-0 background transformants after floral dip. The PRE cooperated with the endosperm-specific factor binding element (ESFE), -1.0 kb upstream of UCL1, to drive the paternal imprinting and endosperm-specific expression of the UCL1::GUS gene. However, the imprinting pattern of the UCL1_PRE+ESFE::GUS was relatively unstable. To identify additional element which is essential for repression of maternal UCL1 allele with PRE, new construct containing -1814 to –1478 bp upstream of UCL1, the putative differentially methylated region (DMR), was generated. UCL1_PRE+DMR+ESFE::GUS showed complete suppression of maternal UCL1 allele, that indicates DMR is essential for the paternal imprinting of the UCL1 gene. On the other hand, the expression pattern of the UCL1::GUS genes those contain sequential deleted ESFE suggests that ESFE of UCL1 is located between –271 bp and –171 bp. Specific transcription factor may bind to this ESFE sequence for endosperm-specific expression of UCL1.Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Composition of eukaryotic polycomb group complexes 1 2. Polycomb group complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana and their functions 2 3. Arabidopsis genomic imprinting and Polycomb group complexes 4 4. Purpose of this study 8 Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 1. Plant materials and growth conditions 11 2. Characterization of the agl62-1 and 62-2 allele 12 3. Recombinant plasmid construction 13 4. Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation and plant transformation by floral dipping 15 5. Histochemical GUS staining analysis 17 6. Microscopy 17 7. Confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis 18 Ⅲ. RESULTS 22 1. Analysis of an interaction between the polycomb response element (PRE), involved in UCL1 expression, and endosperm-specific factor binding element (ESFE) 22 2. Investigation of the polycomb response element (PRE) of UCL1 by the FIS-PRC2 complex 29 3. Significance of PRE orientation, controlled by the FIS complex 34 4. Additional element near short transposable element (TE) is essential for stable repression of UCL1 maternal allele 40 5. Investigation of the endosperm-specific factor binding element (ESFE) of UCL1 46 6. Analysis of the UCL1 gene expression in the endosperm development-defective mutants 48 Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 54 V. REFERENCES 59 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 67Maste

The influences of lecture design using CoRe upon professor's teaching professionalism in college of science-engineering

© 2020 Korean Chemical Society. All rights reserved.In this study, we analyzed the influences of lecture design using CoRe upon the professor's teaching professionalism in the aspects of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The participants are three professors from the college of science-engineering located in Chungcheong-do. After collecting their syllabi, we observed their lecture and conducted the orientation. Afterward, we collected the CoRes which they prepared before the lecture. Then we observed their lecture and conducted semi-structured interviews. This process was carried out twice. We analyzed their syllabi, CoRes, videotaped lectures, field notes, the teaching materials, and interview transcripts. The results revealed that professors not only clarified the learning objectives and the characteristics of students but also reflected them in the lecture. In addition, they established the teaching strategies according to the characteristics of contents in the unit. As they recognized the necessity of understanding students' achievement, they selected the assessment method and applied it in the lecture. In some cases, however, they lacked presenting learning objectives specifically and explained students' misconceptions without inducing new concepts. They also presented a shortage of considering students' prior knowledge. They lacked providing students with an opportunity to participate in lectures, and their assessment method was not effective. Based on the results, we discussed implications to improve teaching professionalism using CoRe.N