33 research outputs found

    ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ CD1d ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ Invariant Natural Killer T ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 8. ๊น€์žฌ๋ฒ”.Recent findings, notably on adipokines and adipose tissue inflammation, have revised the concept of adipose tissues being a mere energy storage depot. Instead, adipose tissues are emerging as endocrine and immunologically active organs with various effects on the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis. Compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, inflammatory response are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-linked metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. Recently, most immune cells such as macrophages, granulocytes, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of adipose tissue inflammation. However, it has not been thoroughly understood yet how adipose tissue inflammation is initiated in obesity. To find out the causal factors for early response of adipose tissue inflammation, immune cell types and specific molecules have been investigated in high fat diet (HFD) fed obese mice. Notably, I found that there was significant changes of adipose tissue iNKT cells, one of innate-like lymphocytes which recognize lipids as antigens. In this study, the roles of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and the regulatory mechanisms of iNKT cell response in adipose tissue have been focused. In chapter one, I have demonstrated that iNKT cells quantitatively decrease in adipose tissue of obese animals, and that activation-induced cell death (AICD) of iNKT cells would confer the decrement of iNKT cells in obesity. Moreover, iNKT cell-deficient J18 knockout (KO) mice became more obese and exhibited increased adipose tissue inflammation upon high fat diet (HFD). These findings suggest that iNKT cells would play a crucial role of anti-inflammatory response in adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. In chapter two, I have examined the regulatory mechanisms of iNKT cell response in adipose tissues. It is of interest to observe that CD1d, a molecule involved in lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells, was highly expressed in adipocytes and CD1d-expressing adipocytes stimulated iNKT cell activity through physical interaction. iNKT cell population and CD1d expression were reduced in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans compared to those of lean subjects. To investigate the role of adipocyte-expressing CD1d in the regulation of iNKT cell response in adipose tissue in vivo, I generated adipocyte specific CD1d KO mouse. In adipocyte CD1d KO mice, the absolute number of adipose iNKT cells decreased upon NCD and HFD. In addition, HFD-induced proliferation of iNKT cells was diminished in adipose tissue of adipocyte CD1d KO mice. These data suggest that adipocytes would regulate iNKT cell activity via CD1d molecules and the interaction between adipocytes and iNKT cells may modulate adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Taken together, I suggest that excess energy intake would stimulate the activation of iNKT cells via adipocyte expressing CD1d molecules, which contributes to anti-inflammatory response in adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. However, reduction of CD1d expression in adipocytes would affect decrement of anti-inflammatory response mediated by iNKT cells, which results in accumulation of pro-inflammatory response in adipose tissues of late stage of obesity. Therefore, crosstalk between adipocytes and iNKT cells would be crucial to regulate adipose tissue inflammation in obesity.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆi TABLE OF CONTENTSโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..iv LIST OF FIGURESโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆvii LIST OF TABLESโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..xi BACKGROUNDSโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆ..1 1. Obesity and inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆ.1 1) Obesity-induced insulin resistanceโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...1 2) Tissue inflammation and insulin resistanceโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..2 2. Adipose tissue inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....3 1) Immune cells in adipose tissue inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ3 2) Macrophagesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.7 3) T cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 A. CD4 T cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ9 B. CD8 T cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..11 3. Invariant Natural Killer T cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...12 1) Classification of Natural Killer T (NKT) cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..12 2) Thymic development of iNKT cellsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...14 3) iNKT cell subsetsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ15 4. CD1dโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.16 1) CD1 familyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.16 2) Binding lipids of CD1dโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...16 3) Cellular localization of CD1dโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.18 5. PURPOSESโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ19 CHAPTER ONE: Invariant natural killer T cells protect against high fat diet induced adipose tissue inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 1. Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 2. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ23 3. Materials and methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆ.25 4. Resultsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.30 5. Discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.79 CHAPTER TWO: CD1d-expressing adipocytes regulate invariant natural killer T cell Responseโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....87 1. Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.88 2. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..89 3. Materials and methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ92 4. Resultsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.99 5. Discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..137 CONCLUSION & PERSPECTIVESโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ144 1. Adipose tissues as rapidly responding metabolic tissues upon HFD-induced inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...144 2. Anti-inflammatory roles of iNKT cells in adipose tissue inflammationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.145 3. Lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells by adipocyte expressing CD1dโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..147 REFERENCESโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..153 ABSTACT IN KOREANโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....164Docto

    Improving the Speed of Global Static Analysis by Removing Static Function Call Cycles in C Programs

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์ด๊ด‘๊ทผ.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด C ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์€ ๋ถ„์„ ์†๋„์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ ์†๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ถ„์„ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท  1.5๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ๋™๊ธฐ 1 1.2 ์‚ฌ์ดํด์˜ ์›์ธ 4 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 7 2.1 ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ 7 2.2 ์ „๋ถ„์„ 11 2.3 ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… 12 2.4 ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์ฆ๋ช… 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ 15 3.1 ๊ตฌํ˜„ 15 3.1.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ 15 3.1.2 ์‚ฌ์ดํด ๋Š๊ธฐ 15 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 17 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 19 4.1 ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฃผ์†Œ ์š”์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์†์‹ค 19 4.2 ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ 20 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  22 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 23 ๋ถ€๋ก 23 A.1 ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก 24 A.2 Screen-4.0.2์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก 29 Abstract 30Maste

    The study of improvable ways for the specialty of National University librarian-ship

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    ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์ธ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—…๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋ณด์กฐ์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์šด์˜์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ , ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™๋ณด์™€ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ž๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์€ ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ฑ ์†์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ์Šต๋“๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ํ•™๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์ฒ ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒํ™”, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์€ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ํ›„์›์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ •๋ณด์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๋จ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.The purpose of this research is to find the new role of the National University library not only to lead the National University's library development but also to suggest ways to develop a society based on knowledge and information for the 21st century. National University librarian-ship should have the vision and ability to guide us the new era. Now, the advent of a rapidly changing and information-oriented society demands changes in the National University library and in the National University library's vision of itself. Recent developments in information and communication technology require the complete reorganization of the management of the National University library. In response to the needs of the times, it is essential to establish the image of the National University library as future-oriented. The National University librarian-ship have no option but to explore new ways on account of the changing pattern of users' information requirements and in particular the need to approach information directly. Therefore, The National University library and librarian-ship's role should be changed into information center and knowledge expert, using high-tech telecommunication technology, from offering only information and literatures up to supplying a series of in-depth information. After analyzing a real situation of a National University library and studying the right way of improvement, this research concludes that only expanding a vulnerable professional base and raising the social status of librarians will enable the National University library to fulfill its role. Also, this research suggests that unless the special role of the National University library which is offering quality information sources and service - the essential role of the National University library, is assured, it will be impossible to be a powerful knowledge-based state. Therefore, the enhancement of the National University library system is essential for national development.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  = 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  = 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ = 2 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ = 2 โ…ก. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ = 4 1. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… = 4 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์˜์˜ = 4 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ = 10 2. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ = 16 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ง€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™•๋ณด = 16 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ง€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” = 19 3. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ™•์žฅ = 25 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ™•์žฅ = 25 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ •๋ณด์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ™•์žฅ = 31 โ…ข. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  = 36 1. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์†Œ๊ณ ์šฉ = 36 ๊ฐ€. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ถฉ์›ํ˜„ํ™ฉ = 36 ๋‚˜. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ณผ์†Œ๊ณ ์šฉ = 42 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๋น„๊ต = 44 ๊ฐ€. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ = 44 ๋‚˜. ์™ธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ = 46 3. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ธ์‹๋ฌธ์ œ = 49 ๊ฐ€. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹๋ฌธ์ œ = 49 ๋‚˜. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹๋ฌธ์ œ = 51 โ…ฃ. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ = 55 1. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  = 55 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ™” = 55 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ต์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์„œ์ œ ๋ถ€์—ฌ = 58 2. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์šด์˜์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  = 61 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์šด์˜์ œ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™” = 61 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  = 63 3. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ธ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  = 68 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด = 68 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๋„์„œ๊ด€์žฅ ์„ ์ž„ = 70 4. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  = 73 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ฃผ์ œ์ „๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์„œ์˜ ์–‘์„ฑ = 73 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ณ„์†๊ต์œก ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” = 74 5. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ฆฝ = 78 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ = 78 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ์„œ์ง ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™” = 88 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 95 1. ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ = 95 2. ์ œ์–ธ = 96 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ = 9

    Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels Are Associated with the Presence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

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    Objectives : Menopause is a natural aging process causing estrogen deficiency, accelerating atherogenic processes including dyslipidemia. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is also high in postmenopausal women, and it is known to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we are to study on the associations in between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prevalence of CVD in postmenopausal women who have normal thyroid function. Methods : We performed a retrospective review of 247 Korean postmenopausal women who visited the health promotion center from January, 2007 to December, 2009. Postmenopausal women with normal serum TSH were included in the study. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed by 64-row multidetector computed tomography. Results : In multiple linear regression analysis, serum TSH was associated with serum triglyceride (TG) (ฮฒ = 0.146, P = 0.023). In multiple logistic regression analysis, increasing age and serum TSH were associated with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis in euthyroid postmenopausal women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.107 [1.024-1.197], P = 0.011 and OR = 1.303 [1.024-1.658], P = 0.031, respectively). Conclusions : It revealed that significant predictor of serum TSH was serum TG, and increasing age and TSH were found to have associations with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis in euthyroid postmenopausal women. Screening and assessing risks for CVD in healthy postmenopausal women would be helpful before atherosclerosis develops.ope

    Effects of vitamin D deficiency and daily calcium intake on bone mineral density and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal woman

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    OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the combined effects of vitamin D and daily calcium intake on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study consisting of 1,921 Korean postmenopausal women aged 45 to 70 years without thyroid dysfunction, from the 2008-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified into six groups according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and daily calcium intake. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at femur and at lumbar spine, and the serum vitamin D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The BMD divided according to serum 25(OH)D and daily calcium intakes were not statistically different among the groups. However, when both daily calcium intake and serum 25(OH)D were not sufficient, risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis showed significant increase in both femur neck and lumbar spine (odds ratio [OR] 2.242, P=0.006; OR 3.044, P=0.001; respectively). Although daily calcium intake was sufficient, risks of osteopenia and osteoporosis significantly increased in lumbar spine group if serum 25(OH)D is <20 ng/mL (OR 2.993, P=0.006). CONCLUSION: The combined effects of insufficient daily calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency may cause low BMD and increase in prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women aged 45 to 70 years.ope

    School Size Effects on Students Achievement and Sociality in Seoul, Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ–‰์ •์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์‹ ์ •์ฒ .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ • ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก ํ–‰์ •๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹ ์„ค ๋ฐ ํ†ตํํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€์—ญ, ํ•™๊ต๊ธ‰, ์„ค๋ฆฝ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋ชฉ์  ๋“ฑ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Howley, 1994Howley et al., 2000). ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ‰๊ท  ํ•™๊ต๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์ƒํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ถ”์ด์™€ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์—ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ๊ต์œก์ข…๋‹จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(SELS: Seoul Education Longitudinal Study)์˜ 2์ฐจ๋…„๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 2์ˆ˜์ค€ ์œ„๊ณ„์ ์„ ํ˜•๋ชจํ˜•(Hierarchical Linear Model)์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ•™์ƒํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฌํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์™ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์„œ์šธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ต์œก์—ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ(312๋ช…~1,053๋ช…), ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ(1,092๋ช…~1,494๋ช…), ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ(1,497๋ช…~2,106๋ช…)์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค€๊ฑฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ญ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์™„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์šด์˜๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ•™๊ธ‰๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•™๊ธ‰๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์‹ค ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ํ•™๊ต ์‹ ์„ค๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ต์œก์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•™๊ต ์‹ ์„ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ตฐ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์˜ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ตฐ์ด ์กฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•™๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด ํ•™๊ต(Schools-Within-Schools) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธ‰์ง„์  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ž์ƒ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์‹œ์ผ ๋‚ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์žฌ์ • ํˆฌ์ž…์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์กฐ์ง์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์ • ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ •ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ผ๊ด„์  ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜, ์†Œ์™ธ์ ์ธ ํ’ํ†  ๋“ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ •๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์  ์š”์ธ์ด ๊ต์œก์  ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž์ƒ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋‹จ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ํ•ด์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 3 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 1. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ 5 2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ 18 3. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 22 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 28 1. ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ 28 2. ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 29 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 1. ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ทœ๋ชจ 39 2. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ’ 43 3. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์œจ 46 4. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 48 5. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 53 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 56 1. ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 56 2. ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ 58 3. ์ ์ • ํ•™๊ต๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 62 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 67 1. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  67 2. ์ œ์–ธ 69 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 73 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 81 Abstract 87Maste

    ๊ณจ์ด์‹์‹œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•ž์„œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์—์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • : 18๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์ธก์— ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 18 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ 6 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ณจ๋ง‰์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5-20 mm๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 12 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ณจ๋ง‰์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 15-60 mm๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ์— ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ : 7 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•”์ปท ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์ธก์— ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 15 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ง‰์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ถ„์‡„๊ณจ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€๋ถ„์‡„๊ณจ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์—์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • : ๊ณจ๋ง‰์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ˆ์ œํ•œ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์‹œ์— 15 mm์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณจ๋ง‰์ด ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ œ์‹œ์—๋Š” 50 mm ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์—์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณจ๋ง‰์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 15 mm, ๊ณจ๋ง‰์ด ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 50 mm์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์„ฑ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ : 6์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ณจ ์ด์‹๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์ด์‹ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๋†์ถ• ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์™€ ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ์›์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Objective :The aim of this study was to examine the ability of platelet-enriched fibrin glue to enhance bone formation in critically sized defects in the dog mandible. For a start, to perform the above study I determined the critical size defect in a canine mandible model.Methods :Critical size defect in the canine mandible : Eighteen adult mongrel dogs underwent continuity resection on both sides of the mandible to create bilateral defects. In six dogs, mandibular defects ranging from 5 to 20 mm were created with periosteal resection. In the other twelve dogs, mandibular defects ranging from 15 to 60 mm were created preserving the periosteum. The dogs were then killed at 12 weeks and the defects examined using radiographs and by histologic analysis.The Effect of Platelet-Enriched Fibrin Glue on Bone Regeneration in Autogenous Bone Grafts : Seven adult female mongrel dogs underwent continuity resections on both sides of the mandible; one defect was reconstructed with the original particulate bone mixed with platelet-enriched fibrin glue, and as a control, the contralateral defect was reconstructed with the original particulate bone alone.Results :Critical size defect in the canine mandible : When the periosteum was removed, mandibular defects greater than 15 mm failed to heal across the entire defects. When the periosteum was preserved, mandibular defects greater than 50 mm failed to heal. Thus, the critical size defect in a canine mandible model is 15 mm when the periosteum is removed and 50 mm when the periosteum is preserved.The Effect of Platelet-Enriched Fibrin Glue on Bone Regeneration in Autogenous Bone Grafts : Biopsies after six weeks showed that the addition of platelet-enriched fibrin glue enhanced new bone formation in the autogenous bone grafts.Conclusion :The results suggest that fibrin nets formed by fibrinogen, in combination with growth factors present in platelet-enriched fibrin glue, might effectively promote bone healing at bone graft sites.ope

    Situation and Task of the Integrated Rural Development Project in Tshuenge Area, D.R. Congo of Africa

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    ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ํ‚จ์ƒค์‚ฌ์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์—”๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ž…์ง€์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„“๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ง„ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๊ต ๋†์—…์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ถ”์—”๊ฒŒ๊ฐ•์„ ์ˆ˜์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ฌผ ๊ฑฑ์ • ์—†์ด ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ DR์ฝฉ๊ณ  ์ถ”์—”๊ฒŒ ๋†์ดŒ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋†๋ฆผ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์‹ํ’ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ(ODA) ์ž๊ธˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ƒ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ 2010๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ ์–‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์˜ R/D(Record of Discussion) ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ 2010๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 4๋…„๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š”๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ฆ๋Œ€, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐœ์„  ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋†์—…โ€ค๋†์ดŒ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ„์•ผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—…๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ, ๋†์ดŒ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ดˆ์ฒญ์—ฐ์ˆ˜, ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ถ”์—”๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ญ ๋†์ดŒ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋†์ดŒ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. The main objectives of the Project are to improve quality of life through income generation, capacity building and betterment of living environment for the beneficiaries in the project area, and to strengthen relationship and cooperation on agricultural and rural development between Republic of Korea and Democratic Republic of Congo through the successful implementation of the Project. The Project scopes are based on the R/D (Record of Discussion) signed on July 2010 by the representatives of both governments. The components of the Project would be largely classified as the followings: Improvement of living condition (Construction of public facilities: community center, drinking water, construction of farming facilities: complex plaza (multi-warehouse), rice drying facility). Income generation: Increment of agricultural productivity (operation of demonstration farms (rice, vegetables, farmyard manure), establishment of income increment facilities (construction of fish farms and establishment of rice milling center). Capacity building: job training (plastering and brick making, baking, beauty art, sewing training courses, organization of village committees (organizing and operating village development committee and sub-committees), overseas training (high and working level courses in Korea). Provision of equipments and materials(agricultural machineries and tools, office equipments, job training materials etc). We suggest that the Tshuenge Community Development Committee should continuously develop the community business units established by the Project. The central and provincial government should assist Operation and Maintenance (O&M) activities of the Tshuenge Community Development Committee. For having ownership and unification for Tshuenge community, through the leading role of the Tshuenge Community Development Committee, Carrying on the Love Tshuenge campaign should be recommended. The central government should prepare the law or regulation related to O&M of public projectss, also should establish the own department to play a role in O&M policy implementation for the public projects

    Evaluation of renal resistive index in normal dogs with age ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์‹ ์žฅํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ €ํ•ญ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜์™ธ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    Comparison of dental terminology between south and north Korea.

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌope
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