Study of Integrative Water Quality Index Based on Ecological Informatics for Management of the Polluted Stream Ecosystems

A significant amount of various wastewaters including domestic and industrial wastewaters was increasingly discharged into the environmental since 1980s in South Korea which experienced a rapid population growth and a fast industrialization and urbanization, causing a serious ecological perturbation and destruction in aquatic ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters have been conventionally used to monitor water quality, and then biological indicators were introduced to monitor water qualities in the late 1970s for streams, lakes and other water bodies (Wang, 2001). One of the major limitations in management of water quality in the field is that the management is performed based on maximum allowable concentration levels for control parameters, and a number of biological indicators which reflect a limited information of biological influences caused by the pollution. Physico-chemical monitoring of aquatic environments is effective in providing a rapid and specific information for water quality management but it has a significant limitation in demonstrating an overall status of an aquatic ecosystem affected by the exposure of biological communities to the various pollutants. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop an intergrative water quality index which makes possible a comprehensive analysis of water quality based on an understanding of ecosystem function on spatial and temporal scales. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrative water quality index for the management of stream ecosystems. In order to effectively evaluate the water quality for the ecosystems, it will be necessary to combine physicochemical parameters and biological parameters complementarily, which may comprehensively represent the quality of the ecosystem. This study, therefore, focused on development of an integrative water quality index that took into account the community structures of producers (algae), consumers (macro-invertebrates) and degraders (microorganisms) and their environmental factors as the ecosystem components. Data for the biological and environmental parameters were periodically collected from 21 sites in the five different pollution sources (domestic sewage, farming, livestock, industry and restoration sites). The biological parameters included population densities of algae, macroinvertebrates and microorganisms, and the environmental parameters were atmospheric temperature, water temperature, pH, conductivity, DO, BOD, turbidity, water depth, flow rate, COD, TOC, T-P, T-N and NO3--N. The microbial community analysis was performed by PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) of amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Total data collected were 3,289 (13 items × 253 sites) for the environmental parameters, 21,505 (85 family × 253 sites) for macro-invertebrates, 29,095 (115 species × 253 sites) for microorganisms and 15,180 (60 species × 253 sites) for algae. All the environmental and biological parameters were first processed through SOM analysis to pattern the complex ecological data sets. SOM patterning of sampling sites using macroinvertebrate densities as an input showed generally a good correlation between the site pollution status and their relevant species while there was little correlation in case of microorganisms and algae. In fact, the macroinvertebrate community was clustered according to the pollution gradient while microbial and algal communities appeared to cluster on a seasonal basis. The SOM analysis was also performed for the representative indices calculated from these taxa data. This procedure was necessary to obtain an essential data useful for development of the integrative water quality index. The correlations between macroinvertebrate and algal communities were significant to a certain level while the microbial community showed little correlations with the other taxa. The correlation analyses between environmental parameters and the three taxa indicated that each taxon reflected the water quality independently. Microbial index has been barely developed and the microbial populations showed little correlations with the environmental parameters in this study, which made difficult the development of the index. To circumvent this problem, an attempt has been made to develop a microbial water quality index that could represent the environmental status. For development of the index, microbial populations which could well represent the environmental status were first selected and characterized based upon multi-variate analysis (factor analysis) and the probability model of the microbial communities. This trial, however, was not successful because of non-linear responses of the microbial populations to the environmental parameters. The factor analysis made it possible to extract a common factor out of the high-dimensional environment variables (parameters) that could well represent a pollution status of the environment. The data for the common factor were essentially classified into clean site () and relatively polluted site (), leading to a better elucidation of relationships between the common factor and the environmental parameters. Emergence patterns for the microbial populations were analyzed based on the probabilistic model derived from the microbial densities for each site. The microbial index for the water quality was developed by utilizing characters and emergence pattern of each microbial population. A water quality index based on macroinvertebrate community data was also developed in the same way. Each index developed from microbial and macroinvertebrate community data was evaluated against the measured environmental data to see if they could reflect the environmental parameters well. The evaluation results for the microbial and macroinvertebrate indices generally showed a good predictability for the water quality. However, their prediction capability becomes lower in the highly polluted area (e.g., industrial pollution sites) and the mid-level pollution (BOD, 14.65 ～ 35.08 mg/L ) sites. By the way, the microbial index was able to better predict the water quality in the extremely polluted (BOD, 44.66 ～ 76 mg/L) environment than the macroinvertebrate index. This is mainly because most of the microbial population data were collected from the clean sites and the highly polluted sites, and hence the data were less representative of mid-level pollution sites, and had more missing values than the data of environmental parameters and the other taxa. To avoid this kind of bias, it will be necessary to collect data from more diverse sites of different levels of pollution and to secure more diversified microbial populations that could represent the environmental pollution status more extensively. Furthermore, the macroinvertebrates cannot be a good indicator for the extremely polluted sites and oligotrophic sites since they could not survive at these sites. The developed macroinvertebrate index was also compared with the indices of BMWP for macroinvertebrates to test and evaluate the efficacy of the index. It was shown that the site evaluation results based upon the indices developed in this study were similar to those based upon BMWP. It was concluded that the integrative index developed in this study was able to predict the water quality in the polluted streams when compared with the conventional BMWP index of macroinvertebrates used to monitor the water quality of the stream ecosystems.Table of Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables xi Abstract xiii 제 1장 서론 1 제 2장 문헌연구 4 2.1. 수질평가 방법 4 2.1.1. 화학적 수질평가 4 2.1.2. 생물학적 수질평가 6 2.1.3. 통합적 수질평가 9 2.2. 수질평가 현황 11 2.2.1. 국외 수질평가 현황 11 2.2.2. 국내 수질평가 현황 13 2.2.2.1. 국내의 수질 지표 개발 현황 16 2.2.2.2. 국내 수질환경관리를 위한 통합적 수질지표개발의 필요성 18 2.2.2.3. 통합 수질지표 개발 방향 19 제 3장 미소 생태계 환경 및 생물요인 21 3.1. 실험방법 21 3.1.1. 조사지점 21 3.1.2. 미소생태계의 이화학적 환경요인 24 3.1.3. 미소 생태계의 군집구조 25 3.1.3.1. 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집구조 25 3.1.3.2. 부착조류 및 부유조류 군집구조 25 3.1.3.3. 미생물 군집구조 26 3.2. 결과 및 고찰 28 3.2.1 미소생태계의 이화학적 환경요인 28 3.2.1.1. 수온, 유속 및 수심 28 3.2.1.2. pH 31 3.2.1.3. Conductivity 32 3.2.1.4. Turbidity 33 3.2.1.5. Biochemical oxygen demand 34 3.2.1.6. Total organic carbon 35 3.2.1.7. Total phosphorus 36 3.2.1.8. Total nitrogen 37 3.2.2 미소생태계의 군집구조 38 3.2.2.1. 저서성 대형 무척추동물 군집구조 38 3.2.2.2. 부착 및 부유 조류 군집구조 40 3.2.2.3. 미생물 군집구조 43 3.3. 결론 48 제 4장 통합지수개발을 위한 사전 연구 49 4.1. 연구배경 50 4.2. 실험방법 51 4.2.1. Self-organizing mapping(SOM)을 이용한 군집 유형화 51 4.2.2. 다층퍼셉트론을 이용한 생물군집과 환경요인의 연관성 54 4.2.3. 생물 지수 56 4.3. 결과 및 고찰 57 4.3.1. Self-organizing mapping(SOM)을 이용한 군집 유형화 57 4.3.1.1. 미생물 57 4.3.1.2. 대형무척추동물 63 4.3.1.3. 부착조류 69 4.3.2. 다층퍼셉트론을 이용한 생물군집과 환경요인의 연관성 73 4.3.3. 다분류군 생물지수에 대한 환경요인과의 관계 75 4.3.4. 각 분류군 생물지수의 연관성 78 4.3.5. 다분류군의 군집지수 연관성 81 4.4. 결론 83 제 5장 통합지수 개발을 위한 미생물 지수 개발 84 5.1. 연구배경 85 5.2. 실험방법 86 5.2.1. 데이터 분석전략 86 5.2.2. 요인분석에 의한 환경요인의 추출 및 환경변수와의 관계 88 5.2.3. 환경요인에 대한 확률모델 및 오염지역 분류 91 5.2.4. 확률모델을 이용한 미생물 출현패턴 분석 94 5.2.5. 상대적 중요도 평가를 통한 주요 미생물 추출 97 5.2.6. 미생물 지수화 102 5.3. 결과 및 고찰 104 5.3.1. 요인분석에 의한 환경요인의 추출 및 환경변수와의 관계 104 5.3.2. 요인분석에 의해 추출된 환경요인과 미생물 군집과의 관계 112 5.3.3. 환경요인에 대한 확률모델 및 오염지역 분류 115 5.3.4. 확률모델을 이용한 미생물 출현패턴 분석 121 5.3.5. 상대적 중요도 평가를 통한 주요 미생물 추출 127 5.3.6. 미생물 지수화 및 환경평가 133 5.4. 결론 140 제 6장 대형무척추동물 지수 및 환경평가를 통한 유효성 검토 141 6.1. 실험방법 143 6.1.1. 대형무척추동물 지수화 143 6.1.2. 지수의 유효성 검토 144 6.2. 결과 및 고찰 145 6.2.1. 확률모델을 이용한 대형무척추동물 출현패턴 분석 145 6.2.2. 상대적 중요도 평가를 통한 주요 대형무척추동물 추출 150 6.2.3. 대형무척추동물 지수화 및 환경평가 155 6.2.4. 유효성 검증 160 6.3. 결론 161 제 7장 통합지수 개발 162 7.1. 실험방법 163 7.2. 결과 및 고찰 164 7.2.1. 미생물-대형무척추동물 통합지수 164 7.2.2. 미생물-대형무척추동물-조류 통합지수 167 7.2.3. 통합지수 평가 170 7.4. 결론 173 제 8장 종합결론 174 제 9장 참고문헌 17

서울시내 국민학교의 경우

It is my intentiontostudy of the education of children in relation with the social classes. The following points were examined with special attention in my thesi ; 1. Which social class of children to teachers wanted to teach most? 2. Childrens' attitudes toward teachers. 3. Comparison of intelligence, academic achievement, and personality between the children of each social class. 4. Wishes of parents for the future job of their chiolren. The findings of my study can be summarized as follows ; 1. A great majority of teachers wanted to teach the millde class children. A small number of teacher wanted to teach the low class children because of their sympathy for the children. 2. Most teachers were for the non-entrance wxamination system in recruiting middle school pupils, because the low class children could get greater opportunity to enter. 3. The academic achievement and intelligence quotient of low class children were lower than those of middle and upper classes. 4. Accordings to the evaluation of teachers the children of upper class tended to be bright and dynamic, whereas the children of low class tended to be melancholy and static. 5. According to the evaluation of parents the children of upper class tended to like mathematics and arts, whereas the children of low class tended to dislike those two subjets. 6. The higher the social status of parent the stornger aspiration they had for the education of their children. 7. In counseling the parents of higher class tended to raise the problems such as the school achievement, study attitude, and health, of their children, whereas the parents of low class worried about mostly fees, that should be paid to school for the education fo their children. In conclusion, I would like to say that the school system should be devised democratically so that even the poor class children may make social upward mobility through the system.Summary = 7 一. 서론 = 1 1. 연구의 의의 및 목적 = 1 2. 연구방법 = 6 二. 사회계층과 학습지도 = 8 三. 상층아동과 하층아동의 비교 = 22 1. 진학 = 26 2. 성적 및 지능 = 32 3. 교사에 대한 태도 = 39 4. 가정방문 = 43 四. 사회계층에 의한 학부모의 학교 및 아동관 = 45 1. 아동의 학교에 대한 태도 = 45 2. 아동에 대한 교사의 관심 = 49 3. 아동과 교과목 = 53 4. 교사와 학부모와의 상담 = 56 五. 학부모의 사회계층과 아동에 대한 연구 = 62 1. 진학 = 65 2. 학부모가 원하는 진학의 정도 = 71 3. 가정학습지도 = 77 4. 현학부모의 자녀에 대한 직업적 요구 = 79 六. 결론 = 84 참고문헌 = 94 부록 = 9

Sapphire 내 고립 기공의 평형 형상

Thesis (doctoral)--서울대학교 대학원 :무기재료공학과,1996.Docto

영아에 있어서 B형간염백신의 용량과 면역효과

의학과/석사[영문] [한글] Blumbers등(1965, 1967)에 의해 발견된 Australia항원이 HBsAg임이 밝혀진 후 이를 이 용한 백신이 개발되어 만성 B형 간염 바이러스 보유자의 발생율을 줄이고 HBsAg양성 산모 에서 태어난 신생아의 주산기 전파를 줄이는 것이 가능해졌다(Beasley등, 1983 a ; Xu 등 , 1985). 그러나 HBsAg 양성율이 높은 우리나라에서 간염 접종을 범국가적으로 시행하기에는 경 제적인 문제가 있다. 따라서 이에 대한 대책으로서 소아의 B형 간염 백신의 상용랸인 10 μg대신 그 반량인 5μg으로도 비슷한 면역효과를 얻을 수 있다면 B형 간염 백신 접종을 좀 더 대중화시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이에 본 저자는 영아에서 이러한 효과를 기 대할 수 있는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스 병원에 입원한 산모중 동의를 얻을수 있었던 200례의 산 모를 대상으로 B형 간염 표식인자를 조사하여 출산당시 5종류의 B형 간염 표식인자(HBsAg , anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti -HBe)가 모두 음성인 산모에서 태어난 46명의 신생아 를 대상으로 하여 10μg 투여군(21명)과 5μg 투여군(20명)으로 나누어 출생시, 생후 1개 월, 6개월에 상술한 용량의 B형 간염 백신을 투여하였고 초회 접종 후 1개월, 3개월, 6개 월, 8개월에 anti-HBs의 역가를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 대상산모 200례 중 HBsAg 양성인 산모는 12례(6.0%), anti-HBc 양성은 93례(47%), a nti-HBs 양성은 84례(42%)였으며, HBeAg 양성인 산모는 6례(3%)였는데 이중 4례에서 HBsA g이 양성이었다. 2. 초회 접종 후 1, 3, 6, 8개월에 측정한 anti-HBs 양성율은 10μg 잡종군에서 각각 2 8.5%, 81.0%, 81.0%, 90.5%였고, 5μg 접종군에서 각각 28.0%, 60.0%, 76.0%, 88.05로서 양군사이에 통계학적인 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3. 초회 접종 후 1, 3, 6, 8개월에 측정한 anti-HBs의 평균역가는 5μg접종군이 10μg 접종군에 비하여 다소 낮았으나 통계학적인 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 영아에서 B형간염 예방접종을 시행할 때 소아의 상용량인 10μg(0.5㎖) 대 신 5μg(0.25㎖)을 접종하여도 충분한 면역반응을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. The relationship between dose of Hepatitis B vaccine and seroconversion rate in infants Jung Hye Choi Department of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University (Directed by Associate Professor Ki Sup Chung,M.D.) After the discovery of Australia antigen by Blumberg et al in 1965, subsequent studies revealed that Australia antigen is identical with surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. The infants born to HBs Ag positive mother can be protected from perinatal hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin. If the dose of vaccine can be reduced from usual child dose of 10μg to 5μg, the decrease in cost of mass immunization of infants will be possible. Two hundreds pregnant women who were admitted to Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, were screened for serum hepatitis B markers (HBs Ag ants-HBc, anti-HBs, HBe Ag, anti-HBe) by radioimmunoassay. Of 200 pregnant women, 87 cases were negative for all hepatitis B markers. Among 87 infants born to all hepatitis B markers negative mothers, 46 infants had a perfect follow-up records, and 41 infants were missed during follow-up period. The babies were divided into two groups. In one group (n=21), 10μg of Hepavax**(R) (Green Cross Co., Korea) was administered intramuscularly at birth, 1 months and 6 months of age, in another group (n=25), 5μg of Hepavax**(R) at birth and same intervals. And the anti-HBs was titrated by radioimmunoassay at 1 months, 3 months, 6 months and 8 months of age. The results were as follows : 1. Of 200 pregnant women, 12 cases (6.0%) were positive for HBs Ag, 93 cases (47%) positive for anti-HBc, 84 cases (42%) positive for anti-HBs, and 6 cases (3%) positive for HBe Ag, but 87 cases (44%) were negative for all hepatitis B markers. 2. The anti-HBs response rate of 21 infants in 10μg-vaccinated group was 28.6% at 1 month after the first vaccination, 81.0% at 3 months, 81.0% at 6 months, and 90.5% at 8 months. Anti-body reponse rate of 25 infants in 5μg-vaccinated group was 28.9%, 60.0%, 76.0%, and 88.0% respectively at the same intervals as 10μg-vaccinated group. There were no significant differences in seroconversion rates between two groups. 3. Mean ratio unit valuers for anti-HBs determined in 5μg vaccine recipients, was slightly lower than that of 10μg vaccine recipients, but there were no significant differences between two groups. In conclusion, this result suggeats that in infants the vaccination dose of 5μg for Hepavax**(R) is sufficient to obtain comparable seroconversion rate to 10μg vaccine recipients.restrictio

About the metaphorical symbol of 'dust'

삶의 주변에 존재하는 보잘 것 없고 미미한 사물들은 때때로 우리에게 말을 걸어오고, 그 소리를 들을 수 있는 귀가 열리는 순간, 그들은 숭고하고 겸허한 삶의 새로운 이면으로 우리를 초대한다. 인간이란 존재는 살아있는 순간순간마다 생의 의미를 추구하고, 찰나와 같은 삶을 살고 가는 자신의 존재적 한계를 초월하여 영원한 본질과 합일 하고자 애쓴다. 바로 이러한 인간의 생명력은 일상의 어느 날, 어느 순간, 더럽고 비천한 사물들을 향해 새로운 시각과 애정어린 눈길을 보내고, 그를 통해 다차원적인 상징성과 은유를 끌어내는 창조적 지각력을 발휘한다. 이것은 남녀를 불문하여 인간인 우리가 가진 영적 능력이며 예술적 승화력이다. 본 연구는 본인의 일상에서 새롭게 재인식된 '먼지'라는 소재를 모티브로 시작되었다. 인간사회에서 먼지는 더럽고 쓸모 없는 파편으로 청소를 통해 제거되거나 차차 자연스립게 분해되어 사라지는 존재이다. 그러나 세상의 모든 존재가 작은 입자로 이루어져 있으며 결국 세상의 모든 것이 죽고 분해되어 먼지와 같이 사라짐을 생각할 때, 먼지라는 사물은 모든 생명의 가리워진 본질을 드러내는 매우 상징적 오브제인 것을 알게 된다. 육체의 영역 밖의 세계를 두려워하는 인간에게 먼지는 우리 눈에 보이진 않지만 존재하는 세계의 진실을 알리며, 인간의 눈에 보이지 않는 미세한 먼지입자가 가진 생명력과 그 웅장한 스케일을 통해 우주적 거대함을 느끼게 하고, 생성과 탄생뿐 아니라 사라지고 파편화 되는 것마저도 바로 생명의 운동력임을 느끼게 한다. 또한 먼지의 세계는 어떤 규정할 만한 개념의 틀이나 공식, 질서가 없는 자유분방함으로 생의 비천함 그 자체를 통한 치유와 정화를 드러낸다. 본 연구는 바로 이러한 먼지의 다양한 은유적 상징성을 작품화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이론적 배경으로는 그 자체로 거대한 생태계이며 우주와 같은 거대함을 가지고, 생성과 소멸이라는 끊임없는 조류를 형성하여 그 자신이 척도가 되어 존재와 무 사이를 오가며 보이는 세계와 보이지 않는 세계와의 경계가 되는, 먼지의 다양한 은유적 상징성을 살펴보고, 미술사 속에서 비천함을 전략으로 한 작가들의 시도를 살펴봄으로, 비천함 그 자체를 직시함으로 '속(俗)'으로부터 '성(聖)'과 '정화'를 발현케 한 비천한 미술표현의 의의를 살펴볼 것이다. 또한 이를 근거로 일상에서 경험하는 비천하고 작은 세계와 무한하고 거대한 우주가 만나는 순간의 심상이 표현된 작품을 제작한다. 본 논문에서 먼지는 불쾌한 공중의 불순물들이라는 관념에서 벗어나 눈에 보이지 않는 세계와 방대한 우주의 영역까지 확대된 소재로 연구되었으며, 특별히 먼지를 닦아내는 '걸레'는 먼지를 제거하는 청소행위로서의 걸레질이 아니라 '먼지와 부대끼고 만나는 일상적 체험의 개념'으로 본인이 일상적 삶의 행위를 통해 체험한 먼지의 거룩한 에너지를 상징하는 오브제로 사용되었다. 걸레질은 본인의 행위와 먼지의 만남을 의미하며, 또한 걸레는 실재작품이 놓여지는 장소의 먼지를 닦아냄으로서 주위환경을 작품의 요소로 끌어들이고, 작가의 실재적 체험과 행위를 작품의 요소로 끌어들인다. 먼지와 먼지를 닦는 걸레라는 평범한 일상적 소재를 모티브로 한 작품들은 '지극히 일상적인 분위기와 초월적인 시적 공간의 경계'에 놓여지도록 의도되었으며, 실제 본인이 일상에서 행하는 청소와 빨래에서 영감을 얻은 퍼포먼스는 사진매체로 기록된 후 작품에 도입되었다. 또한 투명 OHP필름으로 제작된 먼지 이미지는 공간 속에 투명한 막으로 제작되어 파편화되어 사라지는 존재가 가게 될 우리 눈에 보이지 않는 세계, 미지의 영역을 예감하게 하는 비밀스러운 장막, 접촉점이라는 먼지의 은유적 상징성을 드러내며, 부드럽고 얇은 막으로 외부와 내부를 그대로 드러내는 투명함을 통해 보이는 세계와 보이지 않는 세계, 두 세계간의 상호침투를 나타내고자 하였다. 제시된 7점의 작품분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 천하고 미미한 사물로 여겨지는 먼지, 그리고 지극히 일상적인 먼지 관련 행위들을 통해 경험한 다양한 은유적 심상을 작품으로 표현함을 통해 조그맣고 유한한 것들의 무한한 거대함과 광대한 생명력을 드러낸다. 또한 우리가 사는 평범한 일상 속에서 지극히 비천한 먼지와 관련행위인 걸레질을 통해 비천함 자체를 직시하고 그 자체를 명상하는 것은 속(俗)으로부터 거룩함을 발현케 하며, '더러운 파편화=곧 죽음'이라는 도식적 경계를 부수고 눈에 보이지 않는 생명의 무한한 세계라고 하는, 현대사회에서 천시되고 잃어버려진 영역과 화해하고자 한다.;There are times when little and tiny insignificant objects around us talk to us, and the moment our ears are opened up to hear them, they invite us to the other side of noble and modest life. Human beings pursue the meaning of life in every second of their lives, and make a great effort in order to overcome their instant existence in this life and rather to unite with the eternal nature coming from high above. This very vital power of human beings gives a new and warm attention to dirty unworthy objects in one unexpected moment, and through this, we are able to reveal the creative consciousness bringing out the multi-dimensional symbolism and metaphor out of it. This is a spiritual and artistic power that we human beings possess regardless of ones sex. This study started from having the newly recognized matter, the dust, as my motive, found in my everyday surroundings. In our society, dust is considered to be dirty and useless debris that is removed after our cleaning ritual or just disappearing by being resolved in gradual phase. However, considering the fact that every existence in this world is consisted of small particles and that after all, everything disappears resolved as dust after its life span, one can realize that this subject, dust, is the very symbolic object revealing the concealed nature of all lives To human beings afraid of life after this physical world, dust is something that reveals the truth of invisible but existing world, lets us realize the universal immensity through the vital power and grand scale of it, and makes us consider that not only creations and births, but things that get resolved are after all the vital energy. Also, the world of dust reveals recovery and purification through the unrestricted freedom facing up the life lowliness. The purpose of this study is to make various metaphorical symbolism of dust into the work of art. The theoretical backgrounds are based on the various metaphorical symbolisms of dust, it itself the grand ecosystem and having the immensity of the universe, building up an endless current of creation and extinction and making itself the boundary in between the visible and the invisible world by going back and forth between the existing and non-existing being itself the index; and examining the humbleness formerly tried by other artists, looking for the significance of expression in the history of art, we will check out the intention of the expressions used in the despicable art which have revealed the saint and purification coming from the inside out by examining closely into the despicableness itself. In this study, dust is no longer thought of as duty little particles in the air, but rather met as a much greater subject which is expanded to much huge scope as to the invisible world and the area of endless universe. The cloth, especially, has symbolized the holy energy coming from experiencing our everyday experience living and breathing with it, in place of a cleaning tool in our ritual of wiping out dust in our everyday act of cleaning. Wiping out dust signifies the meeting of ones act and the dust. As 'the dust is wiped out from the places of actual articles, the surrounding of articles as well as the artists own experience and act, are drawn into the factors of articles. Moreover, the image of dust in its metaphorical symbolism implies a curtain or a contact point entering the invisible world where all the things become disappeared and the infiltration of two different world throughout transparency showing both sides with soft and thin membrane. This work inspired from the ordinary motive like dust and cloth is intended to put on the boundary of extremely ordinary moment and transcendental poetry, and the performance inspired from ordinary cleaning and washing is photographed before they were adapted to work. Here is the analysis for the 7 pieces of submitted work. Dust, which is considered to be dirty and insignificant objects, and the related acts to it, reveal an unlimited grandness and vital energy of tiny little things expressing work with metaphorical images experienced. And also facing up the humbleness itself through the act of cleaning with the cloth, and meditating it itself alone reveals the holiness out of popularity destroying the schemed boundary, which equals dirty debris with death and, recover the unlimited world of life abandoned and lost in the present society.논문개요 = ⅴ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 목적 = 1 B. 연구의 내용 = 2 C. 연구의 방법 = 2 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 3 A. 먼지의 은유적 의미 = 3 (1) 보이지 않는 우주 = 4 (2) 사라져가는 접촉점 = 6 (3) 더럽고 비천한 파편 = 8 B. 비천한 미술표현 = 10 Ⅲ. 표현내용 및 방법 = 17 A. 표현내용 = 17 B. 표현방법 = 20 Ⅳ. 작품분석 = 23 Ⅴ. 결론 = 43 참고문헌 = 45 ABSTRACT = 4

Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes in Very Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: The Korean Cancer Study Group LY16-01

PurposeThe treatment strategy for elderly patients older than 80 years with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been established because of poor treatment tolerability and lack of data.Materials and MethodsThis multicenter retrospective study was conducted to investigate clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and outcomes of patients older than 80 years who were diagnosed with DLBCL at 19 institutions in Korea between 2005 and 2016.ResultsA total of 194 patients were identified (median age, 83.3 years). Of these, 114 patients had an age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (aaIPI) score of 2-3 and 48 had a Charlson index score of 4 or more. R-CHOP was given in 124 cases, R-CVP in 13 cases, other chemotherapy in 17 cases, radiation alone in nine cases, and surgery alone in two cases. Twenty-nine patients did not undergo any treatment. The median number of chemotherapy cycles was three. Only 37 patients completed the planned treatment cycles. The overall response rate from 105 evaluable patients was 90.5% (complete response, 41.9%). Twenty-nine patients died due to treatment-related toxicities (TRT). Thirteen patients died due to TRT after the first cycle. Median overall survival was 14.0 months. The main causes of death were disease progression (30.8%) and TRT (27.1%). In multivariate analysis, overall survival was affected by aaIPI, hypoalbuminemia, elevated creatinine, and treatment.ConclusionAge itself should not be a contraindication to treatment. However, since elderly patients show higher rates of TRT due to infection, careful monitoring and dose modification of chemotherapeutic agents is needed.This research was supported in part by the Korean Cancer Study Group

Development of a sales forecasting model with the herd behavior effect and its applications to online group buying

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 경영공학전공, 2004.2, [ v, 41 p. ]한국과학기술원 : 경영공학전공