36 research outputs found

    ์นจํ–ฅ์˜ ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๋…ธ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜.Agarwood has been traditionally used to treat various human diseases, although its underlying pharmacological mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. Recently, the potential of adiponectin regulators has received attention because they are associated with various human disease conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Aquilaria malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood altered adiponectin production during adipocyte formation in human BM-MSCs. A. malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood methanol extract significantly induced adiponectin release during adipocyte formation in hBM-MSCs. Bioactivity-guided isolation of adiponectin secretion-promoting compounds from agarwood revealed phenylethylchromones as major active compounds and 6-methoxy -2- (2-phenylethyl) chromone and 7-methoxy-2- (2-phenylethyl) chromone as the most potent compounds. In target deconvolution experiments, phenylethylchromones, were found to be present in notable quantities in A. malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood, and shown to act as PPARg partial agonists. This result supports the hypothesis that the therapeutic effects of agarwood on metabolic diseases are associated with a PPARg-partial agonism-dependent adiponectin secretion mechanism. Additionally, we demonstrated that phenylethylchromones can be exploited as a pharmacophore when designing a novel PPARg partial agonist.์นจํ–ฅ(Agarwood)์€ ๋ง๋ผ์ผ„์‹œ์Šค ์ข…(Aquilaria malaccensis)์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์นจํ–ฅ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ™”๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์ฒœ์‹, ์—ผ์ฆ, ๊ณ ์—ด, ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๋งˆ์ปค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋งŒ, ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„์—ผ, ์•” ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์นจํ–ฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ž˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ธก์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์นจํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นจํ–ฅ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์œ ๋„๋ถ„ํš๋ฒ•(bioactivity-guided fractionation) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ, 6-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ-2-(2-ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธ)ํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  7-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ-2-(2-ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธ)ํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘, ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ„์ž ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์ด ํŽ˜๋ก์‹œ์†œ์ฆ์‹์ฒดํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด-๊ฐ๋งˆ(PPARฮณ)์— ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PPARฮณ ํšจ๋Šฅ์•ฝ์ธ ํ”ผ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ฆฌํƒ€์กด๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์€ PPARฮณ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ํšจ๋Šฅ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์นจํ–ฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํ‹ธํฌ๋กœ๋ชฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์ด PPARฮณ์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„ํšจ๋Šฅ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์นจํ–ฅ ์œ ๋ž˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ €์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ดํ˜ˆ์ฆ(hypoadiponectinemia)๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.ABSTRACT 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 6 โ… . Introduction 7 โ…ก. Materials and Methods 11 1. Collection of agarwood materials 11 2. Collection of agarwood extractions and isolated compounds 11 3. Cell culture and differentiation 11 4. Oil Red O and Hematoxylin staining 12 5. Adiponectin measurements: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 12 6. Nuclear receptor (NR) assays 13 7. Total RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR (q-RT-PCR) 13 8. Molecular docking model study 14 9. Statistical analysis 15 โ…ข. Result 16 1. Bioactivity-guided isolation of adiponectin secretion-promoting activity from A. malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood chips. 16 2. Chemical structure determination of adiponectin secretion-promoting compounds in diethyl ether fractions from A. malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood 25 3. Target identification of adiponectin secretion-promoting phenylethylchromones in the A. malaccensisโ€“derived agarwood. 27 4. Molecular docking simulation study to identify interactions of phenylethylchromone compounds 2 and 3 with the ligand-binding domain of PPARg. 31 5. Experimental validation of phenylethylchromone compounds 2 and 3 as PPAR partial agonists.35 โ…ฃ. Discussion 40 โ…ค. Reference 44 ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก)57Maste

    A Study on Improvement of Performance Index by Analyzing PBL Application Case of Red shark

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    In recent years, the Ministry of National Defense has determined that it is difficult to maintain the advanced operation system with limited maintenance assets such as maintenance personnel, facilities, and equipment that the military possesses. Therefore, the application of performance based logistics (PBL) is selected as an assignment for military operation. The Red shark PBL project is an on-going project that was signed in 2011 for the temporary inspection and maintenance of Red shark by the company L and the Navy. In this paper, we analyze the performance index and application effects of the F-117 PBL project currently being pursued by the US Army in order to improve the performance index for the Red shark PBL project, and study the management environment and logistics support characteristics of the Red shark weapon system. In addition, the predicted value of operational reliability and maintenance level set up in the development of the Red shark, and the repair and failure case of Blue shark and Haesung-I were analyzed. As a quantitative index, combat readiness, mean time between failures, cost of repair and customer wait time were selected. And qualitative index were selected as technical satisfaction, management satisfaction, subcontractor satisfaction and battle unit satisfaction. In order to set the weightings for each performance index, the relative importance of each performance index was divided into five levels and compared and analyzed using hierarchical analytical decision making techniques. The importance of quantitative performance index are in order of combat readiness, mean time between failure, cost of repair, customer wait time, and the importance of qualitative performance index are in order of technical satisfaction, battle unit satisfaction, management satisfaction, and subcontractor satisfaction. Weights were assigned to each index according to the results. In order to set the target value for each performance index, we analyzed the RAM predicted value of Red shark and the repair case of Blue shark and Haesung-I. The target value of the combat readiness was estimated by multiplying the predicted value of the combat readiness of the Blue shark and the Haesung-I flight body. And the target value of the mean time between failure was estimated by average the predicted value of the Blue shark and the Haesung-I flight body. The target value of the cost of repair was determined using the Blue sharkโ€™s cost of repair. The target value of the customer wait time is predicted using that of the Haesung-I flight body. As a result of 4th performance evaluation of Red shark, the problem about each performance index was confirmed, and some unnecessary performance index were removed and weights were adjusted through the questionnaire. Among the quantitative performance index, the mean time between failures and the cost of repair were excluded. The reason is that the mean time between failures is determined at the design of the Red shark, and is not suitable for the characteristics of the PBL project to measure the performance for a certain period of time. For the cost of repair, the failure occurred only once during the evaluation period and the target value was set too low. In the case of qualitative performance index, the evaluation was done through the questionnaire, so the subjective opinion of the questionnaire tended to be over-reflected. The most important performance index of the Red shark PBL project were proved to be combat readiness and customer wait time, and will be used in the evaluation of Red sharkโ€™s 6th performance and to be performed in the future.|์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋น„์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹œ์„ค, ์žฅ๋น„ ๋“ฑ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ •๋น„์ž์‚ฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์ • ๊ฐ€๋™์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์ˆ˜(PBL: Performance Based Logistics) ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจํ™” ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ™์ƒ์–ด PBL ์‚ฌ์—…์€ 2011๋…„ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์ธ L์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์ž„์‹œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ •๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™์ƒ์–ด PBL ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ถ”์ง„ ์ค‘์ธ F-117 PBL ์‚ฌ์—… ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™์ƒ์–ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์šด์šฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์ง€์› ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™์ƒ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์šด์šฉ๊ฐ€์šฉ๋„, ์šด์šฉ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„, ์ •๋น„๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•ด ์˜จ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด์™€ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I์˜ ์ •๋น„์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™์ƒ์–ด PBL ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ, ํ‰๊ท ๊ณ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๋ฐœ๋‹น๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •์„ฑ์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ํ•˜์ฒญ์—…์ฒด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ 5๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ํ›„ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ, ํ‰๊ท ๊ณ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๋ฐœ๋‹น๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ, ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ์ „ํˆฌ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ํ•˜์ฒญ์—…์ฒด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์–ด, ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™์ƒ์–ด์˜ RAM ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I์˜ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด์™€ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I ๋น„ํ–‰์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ‰๊ท ๊ณ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I ๋น„ํ–‰์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์„ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋‹น๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฐ–์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด ๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ์–ด์™€ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ณ , ํ™์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋„์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ฑ-I ๋น„ํ–‰์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™์ƒ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 4์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ณ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๋‹น๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ณ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋น„์—…์ฒด์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ž‘์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” PBL ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œ์™ธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋‹น๊ณ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ 1ํšŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์™ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ์™ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™์ƒ์–ด PBL ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„ํƒœ์„ธ์™€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž„์ด ์ตœ์ข… ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋  ํ™์ƒ์–ด 6์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 4 2.1 ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 4 2.2 ์ž๋ฃŒํฌ๋ฝ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํ™์ƒ์–ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„ 9 3.1 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 3.2 ์ œ์› ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 11 3.3 ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 12 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์ง€์›์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 14 4.1 ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์ง€์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™” 14 4.2 ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •๋น„์ง€์›์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ง„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 15 4.3 ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋น„์ง€์›์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ง„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 18 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ PBL ์ œ๋„ 25 5.1 PBL ์‹œํ–‰๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋„์ž…ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 25 5.1.1 PBL ์‹œํ–‰๋ชฉ์  25 5.1.2 PBL ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 27 5.1.3 PBL ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 28 5.2 PBL ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 33 5.2.1 PBL ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ ˆ์ฐจ 33 5.2.2 PBL ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ 37 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 40 6.1 ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ถ„์„ 40 6.2 ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 42 6.2.1 ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ 44 6.2.2 ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ 47 6.2.3 ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ์„ค์ • 51 6.3 ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 58 6.3.1 1์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 58 6.3.2 2์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 64 6.3.3 3์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 71 6.3.4 4์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 81 6.4 ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ์„  83 6.5 ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ ์šฉ ํ™์ƒ์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 88 6.6 PBL ์ œ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ํ†  91 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  95 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 97 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 98 ๋ถ€๋ก 102Docto

    ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ท  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์œ„์•” ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ CpG island ๊ณผ์—ผ๊ธฐํ™” ์–ต์ œ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘๊ด€.Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection induces aberrant DNA methylation in gastric mucosa. We evaluated the long-term effect of H. pylori eradication on promotor CpG island hypermethylation in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods: H. pylori-positive patients with gastric adenoma or early gastric cancer who underwent endoscopic resection were enrolled. According to H. pylori eradication after endoscopic resection, the participants were randomly assigned to H. pylori eradication or non-eradication group. H. pylori-negative gastric mucosa from normal participants provided the normal control. CpG island hypermethylation of tumor-related genes (p16, CDH1, and RUNX-3) was evaluated by quantitative MethyLight assay in non-tumorous gastric mucosa. The gene methylation rate and median values of hypermethylation were compared after one year by H. pylori status. Results: In H. pylori-positive patients, hypermethylation of p16 was found in 80.6%, of CDH1 in 80.6%, and of RUNX-3 in 48.4%. This is significantly higher than normal control (p16, 10%CDH1, 44%RUNX-3, 16%) (p<0.05). In the H. pylori eradication group, methylation rates of p16 and CHD1 decreased in 58.1% and 61.3% of the patients, and the median values of hypermethylation were significantly lower at one year compared with the non-eradication group. However, RUNX-3 hypermethylation did not differ significantly at one year after H. pylori eradication. The non-eradication group hypermethylation did not change after one year. Conclusions: H. pylori infection was associated with promotor hypermethylation of genes in gastric carcinogenesis, and H. pylori eradication might reverse of p16 and CDH1 hypermethylation.โ… . Introduction 1 โ…ก. Materials and Methods 3 1. Patients and Study Design 3 2. Tissue Collection 5 3. DNA Extraction and Bisulfite Modification 6 4. MethyLight Assay 7 5. Statistical Analysis 8 โ…ข. Results 9 1. Subject characteristics 9 2. MethyLight Assay 10 โ…ฃ. Discussion 13 โ…ค. Conclusion 17 โ…ฅ. References 18 Tables 23 Figure 26 Abstract in Korean 28Docto

    A Study on the insulation planning for the prevention of condensation at thermal bridges in apartment buildings

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅปบ็ฏ‰ๅญธ็ง‘,1995.Docto

    (A)Study on the management systems of the Private Day Nursery

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Docto

    ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋„์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊น€์ƒํ—Œ.ใ€Œ๋…์ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ใ€(์ดํ•˜ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•)์€ ๋ถ€๋‹น ๊ณต๋™ํ–‰์œ„(์นด๋ฅดํ…”, Cartel)๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ •๋ช…๋ น, ๊ณผ์ง•๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ํ–‰์ •๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ์ง•์—ญํ˜•, ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์œ„์›ํšŒ(์ดํ•˜ ๊ณต์ •์œ„)๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ดํ•ฉํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ 1997๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋‹น ๊ณต๋™ํ–‰์œ„ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”์„ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹น ๊ณต๋™ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ณผ์ง•๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์— ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์ œ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„๋Š” ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ •๋ณด๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์ •์œ„๋Š” ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ ์™„์„ฑ์‹œ์ ์— ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ œ์˜ ์ˆœ์ž‘์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์˜ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„๋‚œ์ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์ด ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ค๋ฌด๊ณ„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์–ด 2018. 11. 30. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ํ์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ใ€Œ๋…์ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆใ€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ์ •๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์€ 1๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋น„๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ค‘ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ 6๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๊ณผ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ์ด ์›์น™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์š”๊ฑด, ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์„ ์ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฒ”์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ ๋ฒ•์ ˆ์ฐจ(due process)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(predictability)๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ(transparency)์˜ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ฒญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ง€์นจ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ดํ•ฉ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์™ธ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ดํ•ฉ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž„์—๋„ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค(Leniency Plus ๋˜๋Š” Amnesty Plus) ์ œ๋„์™€ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค(Penalty Plus) ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์ด ์ ๋ฐœ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ใ€ŒMonopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Actใ€(hereinafter referred to as Fair Trade Act) bans the cartel and imposes administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions such as imprisonment, fines, etc on the violator. owever, it is difficult to catch the cartel from the outside, because it is made secretly among business entities. Accordingly, the Korea Fair Trade Commission(hereinafter referred to as KFTC) has introduced and used the Leniency Program since 1997 as a means of effectively detecting cartel among business entities and breaking their own unfair trust. Fair Trade Act empower the KFTC an exclusive right to accuse. So unfair cartel offenses will not be prosecuted unless a criminal charge is filed by the KFTC. Therefore, when the KFTC accuses violators to the prosecution while conducting an administrative sanctions, such as a penalty, Prosecution Service investigate unfair cartel activities. Under the exclusive accusation system, the KFTC has monopolized Leniency information, which is a clue to investigate the cartel. The KFTC often accuse in conditions that exceed the statute of limitations or approach completion of prescription. It has been criticized that the KFTC causes a vacuum in the execution of a criminal. As the consciousness of this problem was widely shared with the academic community and the working world on November 30th 2018, the government prepared a revised draft of the Fair Trade Act, which included the abolition of exclusive accusation system, and submitted it to the National Assembly. But it is not properly reviewed by the National Assembly over 1 year. The thesis starts with the view that it would be desirable to leave the vacuum of criminal execution for cartels, especially bid rigging that is highly reprehensible and punishable. First, the KFTCs accusations on the cartel were analyzed, in particular, the bid rigging cases for the last six years and the court decision of them. It also examines accusations by the KFTC are being exercised in accordance with principles and standards in a consistent manner. Next, I will examine the Criminal Leniency System, which is being actively applied in recent practice, and review the detailed procedures, requirements, and effects of the Criminal Leniency System. I would like to find ways to improve it. The Criminal Leniency Systems needs to be activated to ensure due process and enhance predictability and transparency from the standpoint of those seeking self-report. The Supreme Prosecutor's Office is currently looking into providing detailed instructions similar to the Cartel Criminal Enforcement Guide-lines in the Department of Justice in United States as part of efforts to ensure the predictability and transparency of the criminal enforcement procedures. In this regard, it is necessary to study what procedures and requirements should be established and what effects should be given when voluntarily reporting additional collusions other than the ones that have already been accused and under investigation at the prosecution investigation stage. Although practical situations can occur at any time, it is difficult to find domestic prior studies. The U.S. DOJ use the Leniency Plus(Amnesty Plus) program and the Penalty Plus program. It is necessary to examine how to incorporate this into our reality and include it in the Criminal Leniency System or criminal execution guidelines. Examining specific ways to give incentives to report voluntarily additional collusions in the process of criminal execution and looking at the benefits of the Leniency Plus may help to detect and regulate cartels effectively.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1. ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์งˆ์„œ 1 2. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ 2 3. ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ์›€์ง์ž„ 4 4. ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ 5 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  6 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 III. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ2์žฅ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  14 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์˜์˜ 14 I. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” 14 1. ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์˜ ์ •์˜ 14 2. ์นด๋ฅดํ…”์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 15 II. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ 16 1. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ์˜ ์ •์˜ 16 2. ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 18 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 I. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 1. ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 3. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 21 II. ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ์ง€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 23 1. ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ 23 2. ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์กดํ๋ก  25 3. 2018๋…„ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ์ „์†๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์˜ 25 ๊ฐ€. ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 ๋‚˜. ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ 26 4. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 27 III. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 28 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ œ๋„ 28 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ • 29 3. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 31 ์ œ3์žฅ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 32 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 32 I. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ 32 1. ์„ ์ง„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 32 2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ 33 II. ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 35 1. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 35 2. ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 37 III. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 1. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ์‹œ์ •์กฐ์น˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 38 2. ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 38 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ค€ 40 I. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ น 40 1. ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋งˆ๋ จ 40 2. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ค€ 40 II. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉด์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ 41 1. ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ์ž ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉด์ œ ์‹ค๋ฌด 41 2. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉด์ œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์š”์ฒญ๊ถŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ 42 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ ๋ฐœ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 44 I. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์œ„์˜ ์‹œ์ •์กฐ์น˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 II. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ค‘ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋น„์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 45 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ถ„์„ 47 I. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 47 1. ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ 47 2. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 48 3. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 49 ๊ฐ€. ์˜ฅ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 49 ๋‚˜. ์ƒํ™œํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์†Œ๊ฐ์‹œ์„ค๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 50 ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 51 ๋ผ. ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 53 ๋งˆ. ์„œ์šธ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๋ชฐ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 53 ๋ฐ”. ๊ธˆ๊ฐ•์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—… ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 54 4. ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์š”์ฒญ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 54 ๊ฐ€. ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์š”์ฒญ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ 54 ๋‚˜. ๊ตญํ† ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ •๋ณด์› ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ง„DB์‚ฌ์—… ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ดํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 55 II. ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 57 1. ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ 57 2. ๊ณ ๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ 58 3. ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์›์ธ 60 ์ œ4์žฅ ์นด๋ฅดํ…”๊ณผ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 62 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 62 I. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 62 1. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ น 62 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฒ•๋ น 62 ๋‚˜. 1์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ฐ 2์ˆœ์œ„ ์ž์ง„์‹ ๊ณ ์ž์™€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ˜‘์กฐ์ž 63 2. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ ๊ณผ์ • 64 ๊ฐ€. 1997๋…„ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… 64 ๋‚˜. 2001๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 65 ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 66 ๋ผ. 2006๋…„ ๊ฐ๋ฉด๊ณ ์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ • 68 ๋งˆ. 2007๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 68 ๋ฐ”. 2009๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 69 ์‚ฌ. 2011๋…„ ๊ฐ๋ฉด๊ณ ์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ • 70 ์•„. 2012๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 71 ์ž. 2015๋…„ ๊ฐ๋ฉด๊ณ ์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ • 72 ์ฐจ. 2016๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 73 II. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 74 1. ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฒ•๋ น - ์…”๋จผ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ํด๋ ˆ์ดํŠผ๋ฒ• 74 2. ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ - ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋…์ ๊ตญ 75 3. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ฒœ ๊ณผ์ • 76 ๊ฐ€. ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฉด์ œ์ œ๋„ 77 ๋‚˜. ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฉด์ œ์ œ๋„ 79 4. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 80 ๊ฐ€. ํ‘œ์‹œ์ œ๋„ 81 ๋‚˜. ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋ฉด์ œ ํ™•์ธ์„œ 82 ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๋ฉด์ œ ํ™•์ธ์„œ 82 ๋ผ. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 82 III. EU์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 83 1. ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฒ•๋ น - EU๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋“ฑ 86 2. ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ - EU์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋“ฑ 85 3. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 86 ๊ฐ€. 1996๋…„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„(1996๋…„ ๊ณ ์‹œ) 86 ๋‚˜. 2002๋…„ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ณ ์‹œ 87 ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ณ ์‹œ 88 ๋ผ. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์กด์žฌ 90 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ์ œ๋„ 91 I. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 91 1. ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 91 2. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 92 II. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ 93 1. ์ฒด๊ณ„ 93 2. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 94 ๊ฐ€. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์ค€์น™ 94 ๋‚˜. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•๋ฒŒ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ค€์น™ 95 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋„์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 97 I. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 97 1. ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 97 2. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค 97 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค 97 ๋‚˜. ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์งˆ๋ฌธ 98 3. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ 99 II. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋„์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 102 1. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 1 102 ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์š” 102 ๋‚˜. ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • 102 ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ 103 2. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 2 103 3. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋„์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 104 4. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค 105 III. ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ ์šฉ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 106 1. ์ ์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 106 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ฒญ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ์ถœ 107 ๋‚˜. ๋ณด์ฆ์„œ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์„œ์•ฝ์„œ ์ œ์ถœ 107 2. ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ˆ์ฐจ 109 ๊ฐ€. ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฌ์ž 109 ๋‚˜. ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ์™€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ 109 ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 111 3. ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • 111 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ฒญ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์˜์ˆ˜์‚ฌ 112 ๋‚˜. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์—…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ 113 4. ๊ณต์ •์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์‹œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 114 5. ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ํ˜•๋ฒŒ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ค€์น™ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ 114 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  116 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 118 Abstract 123Maste

    Social networks, spiritual well-being, and the quality of life in hemodialysis patients

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ •๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› 3๊ณณ๊ณผ, ์„œ์šธ, ์„ฑ๋‚จ, ๋Œ€์ „ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ณผ 4๊ณณ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ 130๋ช…์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ 2007๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์›” 22์ผ๊นŒ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 20๋ถ„ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” Highfield(1992)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…• ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ, Berkman(1979)์˜ Social Network Index๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ, Medical Outcome Survey SF-12(Ware et al, 1996)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.1. ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 24.6%์ด๊ณ , ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ 35.4%๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ •๋„๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  111.7์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…•์˜ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ์ž๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์šฉ(mean=3.72)๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง(mean=3.42)์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ •๋„๋Š” 50์  ํ‰๊ท ์˜ T-score๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 35.65์ , ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 44.37์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค.2. ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์›”์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ์ง„๋‹จ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ผ ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(t=3.11, p=.002)์™€ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก(F=3.39, p=.04) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก(F=2.87, p=.06)์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ(t=2.54, p=.01)์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก(F=4.83, p=.003), ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ, (t=2.17, p=.03), ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—(t=-2.99, p=.003) ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก(t=3.43, p=.02), ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ(t=-2.73, p=.01), ๋งŒ์„ฑ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ผ ๋•Œ(t=3.07, p=.03)์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.3. ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—(t=-1.87, p=.06)์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3-5๋ช…์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(F=3.75, p=.01).4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•(r=.34, p<.0001)๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ(r=.20, p=.02)๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…•์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ(r=.20, p=.02)๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ(r=.48, p<.0001)๋ชจ๋‘์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.5. ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์จ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ, ์ง์—…, ์ข…๊ต, ํฌ๋ง, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด 23.9%์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์—…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์จ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž, ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ 34.6%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์™€ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…• ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž, ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ™•์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…• ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ง, ์ž๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to examine the levels and each influencing factor of spiritual well-being, social networks, and quality of life in patients treated on hemodialysis and to identify the relationship of these three concepts.130 patients who were 18 years old or older and receiving hemodialysis at one of three general hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and of four internal medicine clinics in Seoul, Seongnam, and Daejeon participated in this study. Data were collected from April 1 to June 22, 2007 through one-on-one interview survey. The research tools included the Spiritual Health Inventory developed by Highfield(1992), the Social Network Inventory which revised and supplemented the Social Networks Index by Berkman(1979), and the Medical Outcome Survey SF-12(Ware et al., 1996). The major findings were as follows:1. As for the social networks of hemodialysis patients, 24.6% of the subjects have no confidants and 35.4% do not meet their close friends even once a month. Their mean scores of spiritual well-being were 111.7, which was relatively good. Among its subareas, they scored high on self-acceptance (mean=3.72) and on hope (mean=3.42). When their scores of quality of life were converted to T-score of mean 50 points, the subjects'' physical and mental component summary were 36.65 and 44.37 points, respectively, which were rather low. Their physical quality of life was lower than their mental quality of life.2. The subjects'' social networks were reviewed according to their characteristics. The results show that they were in touch with their social networks more frequently when their monthly household income was high, they had a spouse, and it was one year or less since they were diagnosed with hemodialysis. Their social connections were also high when they had a religion (t=3.11, p=.002) and a higher level of education (F=3.39, p=.04). The higher their educational background, the greater their spiritual weep-being (F=2.87, p=.06). Their physical quality of life was high when they were male (t=2.54, p=.01), younger (F=4.83, p=.003), had no religion (t=2.17, p=.03), and had a job (t=-2.99, p=.003). And their mental quality of life was high when they were older (t=3.43, p=.02), had a spouse (t=-2.73, p=.01), and it was one year or less since they were diagnosed with chronic renal failure (t=3.07, p=.03).3. The subjects'' quality of life was examined according to their social networks. The results show that their mental quality of life was high when they had confidants (t=-1.87, p=.06). Especially the group who had three to five close friends had considerably higher mental quality of life (F=3.75, p=.01) than other groups.4. There were statistically significant positive correlations between their social networks and spiritual well-being (r=.34, p<.0001) and between their social networks and mental quality of life (r=.20, p=.02). Their spiritual well-being was positively correlated with both the physical (r=.20, p=.02) and mental (r=.48, p<.0001) quality of life.5. The factors affecting the subjects'' physical quality of life include uncertainty, job, religion, hope, and gender, which accounted for 23.9% of the total explanatory power. The hemodialysis patients had a positive perception of physical quality of life when their spiritual well-being was high in respect to uncertainty and hope. Their physical quality of life also went up when they had a job, but it decreased when they had a religion. It is also confirmed that the female patients had a lower physical quality of life than their male counterparts. The factors affecting the patients'' mental quality of life were self-acceptance, spouse, and confidants, which explained about 34.6% of the entire model. In other words, their higher spiritual well-being in the aspect of self-acceptance had positive impacts on their mental quality of life. And their spouses and confidants contributed to their higher mental quality of life.In conclusion, to improve the physical quality of life in hemodialysis patients, it is important to assess the degree of hope and uncertainty among the spiritual well-being elements before providing nursing interventions. As for better mental quality of life, efforts should be made to expand the patients'' social networks in terms of spouse, confidants, the number of close friends and the frequency of socal contact with them, and sense of being socially connected. And the patients'' hope, self-acceptance, personal relationships, and relations with the absolute being should be evaluated so that the results can be used to develop nursing interventions to improve the patients'' mental quality of life.ope

    Media's Negative Portrayal of Bureaucrats: The Relationship of Media Coverage with Presidential Bureaucracy-Bashing and Public Perception

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ ์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊น€์˜์‚ผ-์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น(1993-2012) ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 4๊ฐœ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์‚ฌ์„ค์„ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์‚ฌ์„ค์ด ์ „์ฒด์˜ 85.3%์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊น€์˜์‚ผ, ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์ง๋ถ€ํŒจ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์„ฑ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜๏ฝฅ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์˜ ์ง„์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์ •๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต์ง๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ง์‚ฌ์ • ์˜์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์ง๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์˜์ œ, ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This study aims to analyze how the media's portrayal of bureaucrats has changed in Korea since the democratization of 1987. To this end, the authors conducted a content analysis of editorials focused on bureaucrats. The sample was from the editorials of four newspapers issued from the Kim Young-sam Administration to the Lee Myung-bak Administration (1993-2012). It was found that 85.3% of bureaucrat-focused editorials described bureaucrats in a negative way. It was also found that coverage concerning corruption in of ficialdom was most common in the Kim Young-sam and the Kim Dae-jung Administrations, but that coverage related to bureaucracys capacity, performance, and responsiveness have gradually increased since the Roh Mu-hyun Administration. This indicates meaningful interpretations that, while the corrupt practices of government officials gradually decreased since democratization, citizens demands for getting involved in the public policy process increased. In addition, it was found that the coverage concerning corruption in officialdom was related to president-initiated bureaucracy bashing and the public perception of corruption among public officials. This may suggest that president-initiated 'bureaucracy bashing' influences press reports, which also negatively affect public perception of officials. It was also found that the three variables, president-initiated bureaucracy bashing, media's negative portrayal of officials, and negative public perception of officials, were not related to real changes in corrupt practices by government officials. These findings may suggest that the negative image of officials is socially constructed
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