The Five Eyes and Security Threat

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 이근.This study investigates the determinants of the Five Eyes member governments responses towards the Confucius Institute. It is shown that countries took different positions based on its comprehensive threat analysis, including security and economic risks, from China. The results suggest that even within the Five Eyes security alliance, member states show a different level of security concerns towards China. This research used each governments attitude towards the adoption of Huawei equipment for the rollout of the 5G network as a measurement to determine the level of the perceived security threat from China. This study first categorized each country into three groups using the Huawei Barometer provided by Bloomberg and explain why and how the perceived level of security threat differs by analyzing the characteristics of its bilateral relationship with China. And the degree of containment towards the Confucius Institute was observed by reviewing law enactments, regular inspections, various governmental reports, media coverage, and collective actions taken by the public. The results suggest that the Five Eyes nations response to Confucius Institutes and perceived security threat represented as Huawei equipment adoption are positively correlated.I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 2 3. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 8 II. FIVE EYES RESPONSE .......................................................... 11 1. FIVE EYES NETWORK .................................................................... 11 2. BAN IN EFFECT ............................................................................. 13 1-1. United States ......................................................................... 13 1-2. Australia ................................................................................ 27 3. LIKELY TO BAN ............................................................................. 37 1-1. Canada .................................................................................. 37 4. ON THE FENCE .............................................................................. 48 1-1. New Zealand ......................................................................... 48 1-2. United Kingdom .................................................................... 55 III. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 64 1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 64 2. LIMITATION ................................................................................... 69 IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 70Maste

A Study on the Useful Life Extension through Fracture Critical Member Inspection on STS Crane

부산항은 1977년 자성대 컨테이너 터미널의 개장 이후, 처리 물량 증가로 인해 세계적인 항만으로 자리 매김 해오고 있으며, 전용 컨테이너 터미널을 중심으로 날로 발전하여 규모와 시설 면에서 세계적인 항만과 비교해도 손색이 없을 정도의 질적,양적 성장을 거듭해 왔다. 그런 끊임없는 발전과 더불어 항만하역장비에 적용되는 제어기술 및 성능의 향상이 계속적으로 진행되고 있으며, 2006년 부산신항만 1-1단계 개장 이후 부산신항만 지역에 도입되는 항만하역장비들은 육상 크레인의 경우 반자동 기술까지 발전되어 컨트롤 센터에서 1인이 제어하는 육상 크레인(RMGC)이 4대에 까지 이르는 기술 개발이 이루어졌다. 그러는 동안 항만하역장비에게 어느 사물이나 마찬가지로 내구년수란 것이 주어지게 되는데 강철로 이루어진 STS 크레인은 서로 다른 모재로 용접 접합을 통해 만들어진 구조물이기 때문에 용접부위에 응력(Stress)이라는 내적 반발력(인장, 압축)이 필수불가결하게 발생되어 접합부위의 균열(Crack)을 초래하게 된다. 그 중 FCM(Fracture Critical Member, 붕괴유발부재)이라는 크레인을 구성하는 부재 중 이 부재의 용접 부위가 파단 될 시 크레인의 즉각적인 붕괴 및 파괴로 이어질 수 있는 부재의 검사를 실시할 필요가 있다. Hutchison Port에서 적용하는 STS 크레인의 내구년수는 30년으로 정의되어 있으며 컨테이너 터미널 내에서 제일 중요한 자산을 이야기하자면 구매금액이 가장 높은 STS크레인이라고 할 수 있다. 자성대 컨테이너 터미널에 운용중인 STS크레인은 노후화가 진행되어 주기적으로 FCM검사를 실시해 왔다. 불행히도 전국에 있는 컨테이너 터미널 중 FCM검사를 실시한 회사는 HKT(Hutchison Korea Terminals Co. LTD)가 유일했다. 본인은 2014년 , 2017년 실시한 FCM검사를 통해 허용 기준 초과 개소를 보수 후 BS5400 Part10(강, 콘크리트 및 복합 교량의 피로에 적용하는 영국규격)을 적용하여 기존 30년의 STS 크레인의 내구년수가 얼마나 연장될 수 있는지 이론적, 산술적 수치를 파악하고자 한다. 기존에 국내의 타 컨테이너 터미널에서 본 검사를 실시한 경우가 없어 일반화 시키는 데 어려움이 있을 수 있지만 본 과업을 통해 타 터미널에서도 주요자산인 크레인의 주기적인 정밀진단을 통해 사고 및 물적 손해를 미연에 방지하여 생산성 및 끊임없는 하역작업에 도움이 되었으면 한다.초 록 4 Abstract 6 제1장 서 론 8 제1절 연구의 배경 8 제2절 연구의 내용 9 제2장 이론적 배경 11 제1절 크레인 제조사에서 제시하는 정밀 진단 주기 11 제2절 기술 시방서 사례(BS2573 Part1) 15 제3절 H‘사 STS 크레인에 적용되는 KPI 28 제4절 H‘사 STS 크레인 개요 35 제3장 FCM 검사 37 제1절 비파괴 검사의 방법 및 이론 37 1. MT(자분탐상검사) 37 2. UT(초음파탐상검사) 38 제2절 용접부위 비파괴 검사 적용 구간 상세 39 1. 검사대상장비 상세 39 2. FCM 비파괴 검사 범위 42 3. 비파괴 검사 48 제4장 FCM 검사 후 크레인 구조물의 설계수명 및 수명예측 51 제1절 수명예측방법론 51 1.1 Palmgren – Miner’s Rule 52 1.2 Miner의 가법 53 1.3 BS5400 Part10 규격의 통계 데이터와 신뢰도 계산 53 제2절 크레인 구조물의 신뢰도 및 수명 예측 58 2.1 비파괴 검사 결과 58 2.2 H‘사 QC122호 구조계산서 59 제3절 보수, 보강 방안 73 제5장 결론 78 제1절 연구의 요약 및 시사점 78 제2절 연구의 한계 및 향후과제 79 참고문헌 80 감사의 글 81 부록 82~104Maste

Development of xylose reductase isozyme system for enhancing xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부, 2017. 8. 서진호.Biological production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and ecofriendly process. Glucose and xylose are the major constituents of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Although the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae can use xylose, its fermentative capacity on xylose has been known to be much lower than that on glucose. Therefore, the efficient consumption of xylose is one of the key steps for economically feasible production of biofuels and chemicals. The overall goal of this thesis is to develop metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae able to ferment xylose efficiently. In this thesis, S. cerevisiae D452-2 was used as a host strain for production of xylitol and bioethanol, and has been chosen in metabolic and evolutionary engineering studies of other chemicals production from xylose. Many S. cerevisiae strains were sequenced, providing additional information of unexplored differences between S. cerevisiae strains. On the other hand, the D452-2 strain was not sequenced yet and its underlying beneficial genetic polymorphisms remain unknown. The whole genome sequencing of the D452-2 strain was performed by PacBio sequencing. Its assembled genome sequence was nearly identical to that of S288c which is a reference strain and was sequenced completely. As a result of comparative analysis, the genome of D452-2 was rearranged by transposon elements and small indels, and had nineteen ORFs that were absent in S288c. Compared to the S288c genome, 6,948 of SNPs were detected to change properties of 313 metabolic enzymes. These genetic variations of the D452-2 strain provide the basis for a forward genetic approach for developing xylose-fermenting yeast strains with enhanced performance. The XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3 genes involved in the xylose assimilation pathway from Scheffersomyces stipitis and a native xylose-fermenting yeast had been introduced into S. cerevisiae D452-2 to assimilate xylose. However, the resulting S. cerevisiae strains often exhibited undesirable phenotypes. The cofactor imbalance generated from different cofactor requirement between NADPH-dependent xylose reductase (XR) and NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) inceased xylitol accumultation. To alleviate cofactor imbalance, a XR mutant with NADH preferency was constructed by protein engineering. The adoption of this XR mutant reduced xylitol accumulation but led to slow xylose consumption rate. The availability and balance of cofactors might be limiting factors for xylose fermentation by engineered S. cerevisiae. In this thesis, a synthetic isozyme system of XRs was designed to overcome the above mentioned problems. To construct this system, NADH-dependent mutant XR was expressed in the S. cerevisiae D452-2 strain expressing NADPH-dependent wild-type XR, XDH and xylulose kinase (XK). While the strains having only one type of XR exhibited XR acvitities which were highly specific for NADPH or NADH, the S. cerevisiae strain having the XR-based isozyme system showed similar XR activities toward NADPH and NADH. The engineered strain exhibited low xylitol accumulation and fast xylose consumption compared to the control strains expressing one type of XR. The xylose fermenting performance was confirmed by fermentations in various conditions. In a batch fermentation using silver grass hydrolysates, the engineered strain produced 50.7 g/L ethanol with 0.43 g/g ethanol yield. Besides ethanol production, the XR-based synthetic isozyme system was applied to improving the production of value-added products such as xylitol. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain having both XRs exhibited higher xylitol productivity than the control strains in both batch and glucose-limited fed-batch fermentations. To supply NADPH and NADH sufficiently, cofactor regeneration enzymes were co-expressed additionally. The coexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by the ZWF1 gene and acetyl-CoA synthetase by the ACS1 gene increased intracellular concentrations of NADPH and NADH, and improved xylitol productivity. In order to extend the period for the highest xylitol productivity and hence elevate final xylitol concentration, fed-batch fermentation strategies were optimized. Finally, the optimized fed-batch fermentation of the engineered strain resulted in 196.2 g/L xylitol concentration, 4.27 g/L-h productivity and almost the theoretical yield. The synthetic isozym system of XR is a promising strategy to meet the industrial demands for production of ethanol and xylitol.Chapter1 Literature review 1 1.1. Lignocellulolic biomass 2 1.2. Sacchromyces cerevisiae as a bioethanol and biochemical producer 10 1.3. Challenges in glucose and xylose fermentation 13 1.4. Effects of cofactor regeneration on xylose fermentation 24 1.5. Effects of genetic backgrounds of xylose-fermenting yeasts 27 1.6. Objectives of the dissertation 29 Chapter2 Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D452-2 30 2.1. Summary 31 2.2. Introduction 32 2.3. Materials and methods 38 2.4. Results and discussion 42 2.4.1. Comparison of xylose fermentation by strains 288c and D452-2 42 2.4.2. Genome sequencing and assembly 44 2.4.3. Comparative genome analysis 46 2.4.4. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identification 57 2.4.5. Identification of mutation for enhanced XR activity in the DXS strain 67 Chapter3 Production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 69 3.1. Summary 70 3.2. Introduction 71 3.3. Materials and methods 74 3.4. Results and discussion 78 3.4.1. Construction of synthetic isozmye system 78 3.4.2. Comparison of fermentation performances by three engineeered S. cerevisiae expressing XR, mXR, or XR/mXR under the 70 g/L glucose and 40 g/L xylose conditions 83 3.4.3. Comparison of fermentation performances by three engineeered S. cerevisiae expressing XR, mXR, or XR/mXR under the 40 g/L glucose and 65 g/L xylose conditions 90 3.4.4. Cellulosic hydrolysates fermentation by S. cerevisiae having XR based isozyme 94 Chapter4 Production of xylitol in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 97 4.1. Summary 98 4.2. Introduction 99 4.3. Materials and methods 104 4.4. Results 114 4.4.1. Production of xylitol by the strain having wild XR and mutant XR 114 4.4.2. Effects of NADPH and NADH levels on xylitol production 121 4.4.3. Optimization of fermentation conditions for improving xylitol production 128 4.5. Discussion 133 Chapter5 Conclusions 138 References 143 Appendix1 the list of COG categorized genes presented in Fig. 2.3 167 국문 초록 176Docto

FDI policy of Korea : tax incentives utilized by Korea and responsiveness of FDI since asian financial crisis

1997년 외환위기 이후 한국정부는 외국인투자 증대를 통한 외환위기 극복 의지를 발표하였으며 이에 따른 정책개혁이 진행되었다. 이 시점에서 한국에서 FDI 정책은 한국 개혁을 이끈 성공적인 케이스로 인식되고 있다. 실제 1999년 한국은 155억 달러의 FDI를 유치했다. 이는 1998년도 대비 75.6% 증가된 수치이다. 그러나 조세감면정책은 한국정부가 의도한대로 외국인 투자자들에게 전부 돌아가지는 못하는 경우도 많았다. 투자자 고국과의 세금관련 조약유무나 상대국가에서 외국에서 취득한 소득에 대한 세금은 어떻게 처리하느냐에 따라서 한국 정부가 감면해준 세금은 외국인 투자자에게 돌아가기도 했고 외국인 투자자의 국가에 돌아가기도 했다. 한국 정부는 조세감면 유효성을 제고하는 방향으로 정책을 정비할 필요가 있다. ; Since the Asian Financial Crisis, "Attracting Foreign Investment" has been one of the new government s top priorities. Korea changed government policy to attract FDI and these reforms have increased FDI towards Korea. Now, in Korea FDI has been one of the great success stories of Korea s reform-led recovery. In 1999, Korea succeeded in drawing US $15.5 billion in FDI, compared to the total amount of FDI in 1999, this is a 75.6% increase. However, there seems to be a misfit between these FDI objectives and its means, in spite of all FDI that entered into Korea, which successfully assisted in reviving the economy. The Korean government, facing depletion of foreign exchange reserves, regarded FDI as a tool for overcoming the economic crisis. But, foreign capital inducement, still focuses at enhancing advanced industrial structure, which is the primary objective in the previous FDI policy. Furthermore, the tax benefits of incentives provided by the Korean government may not be maintained by foreign investors to intended by the Korean government. According to various factors, such as the existence of a tax treaty, the application of different methods for double taxation relief, the provision of tax reduction and exemption can either become ineffectual or the tax benefits can be diminished considerably. The Korean government needs to reconsider the tax incentive system for FDI to enhance its effectiveness.Abstract = ix I. INTRODUCTION = 1 II. CONCEPTUAL ISSUES = 3 A. Definition of FDI = 3 B. Definition of Incentive Policy = 5 III. FDI POLICY OF KOREA = 8 A. Historical Review of Korean Foreign Investment Policy = 8 B. Background to implement FDI policy and incentives = 10 C. Incentives Utilized by Korea = 11 1. Details of Tax Incentives = 11 2. Qualifying Projects = 16 D. Trend of FDI in Korea Since 1997 = 20 IV. EFFECT OF TAX INCENTIVES UTILIZED BY KOREA = 30 A. Investors by Means of Greenfield Investment or M&A = 32 B. Investors Resident Country: Tax Treaty or Not = 35 C. Resident Country s System for Double Taxation; Exemption or Foreign Tax Credit = 37 D. Investors Resident Country: Tax Sparing System or Not = 41 V. CONCLUSION = 44 Reference = 47 Abstract in Korean = 4

국소 마취제가 흰쥐 골격근에 미치는 영향에 관한 형태학적 연구

의학과/박사[영문] [한글] 영구적으로 motor신경의 공급을 끊으면 골격근육에 위축이 초래되는 것은 일찍이 Ricke r와 Ellenbeck(1869) 및 de Buck와 de Moor(1903)에 의해서 알려진 바 있었고, 그후 수종 의 국소 마취제가 국소 주사 후 골격근에 손상을 일으키는 것을 Tait등(1958), Brun(1959 ), Pizzolato와 Mannheimer(1961)가 발표하였다. 이러한 위축 증세는 일개월간이나 계속 되며 두달째에는 다리의 큰 근육에서 대부분의 근섬유외 직경이 1/2내지 1/3로 작아지는 것을 Adams등(1962)이 발표하였다. 장시간 효력이 있는 국소마취제 bupivacaine(Marcaine)사용시 수일내로 골격근에 심한 위축이 일어 나는 것을 Sokoll등(1968)을 위시해서 Libelius등(1970), Benoit(1971), Ben oit와 Belt(1970), Hall-Craggs차 Singh-Seyen(1975)이 보고한 바 있다. Stygall등(1979) 은 mepivacaine(Carbocaine)이 in vitro 실험에서 myoblast fusion의 저해와 myotute구조 의 파괴를 일으키는 것을 보고하였고 Basson과 Carlson(1980), Foster와 Carlson(1980)은 mepivacaine이 흰쥐에서 근독성을 일으키는 것을 보고하였다. 골격근의 미세구조에 대해서 Allbrock(1962)가 발표한 후 methyl bupivacaine의 세포독 성에 관한 미세구조의 변화를 Jirmanova와 Thesleff(1972)가 발표하였고 lidocaine이 백 서교근(masseter muscle)에 미치는 전자현미경적 영항에 대하여 Seibel등(1978)이 발표하 였으나 골격근에서 주사장소에 일어나는 변화에 관하여는 아직 보고가 없다. Bupivacaine을 제외하고는 여러 국소마취제에 대해서 주사후 골격근에 미치는 영향에 대한 구체적인 연구가 없음으로 본 연구에서는 특히 많이 사용되고 있는 국소마취제로 am ide제 lidocaine(Xylocaine)과 ester제 tetracaine(Pontocaine)을 근육주사후 백서골격근 gracilis posticus에서 일어나는 형태학적 및 조직 화학적 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Lidocaine과 tetracaine 주사후 근육의 무게가 1일에서 3일까지 대조군에 비해서 감 소되었으나, 그후 점차 증가하여 15일 내지 20일 사이에는 대조군과 같아졌다. 2. 주사 1일부터 3일까지 괴사, 위축현상 macrophage발생, plasma막불규칙 상태등의 섬 유파괴가 심하였으나, 15일 후부터는 재생이 나타났고 20내지 30일 후에는 완전히 정상으 로 회복되었다. 3. 근섬유의 직경이 대조군에 비해서 1내지 3일까지 감소되었으나 그후 점차 증가하여 15내지 25일 사이에는 대조군과 같아졌다. 4. 실험군에서 type Ⅱ 섬유형이 type Ⅰ 섬유형보다 선택적으로 파괴가 심하였다. 5. Tetracaine 실험군이 lidocaine 실험군보다 강하게 영향을 받아서 근육손상이 심하 였고 재생도 약간 지연되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 lidocaine과 tetracaine은 백서 gracilis근섬유에 급속한 손상을 주나 재생도 속히 일어나며 근육형별 또는 마취제의 종류에 따라서 근섬유반응의 정도에 차이가 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. Morphological Studies on the Effects of Local Anesthetic drugs on Skeletal muscle Chung Hyun Cho Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Prof. Tai Sun Shin, M.D.) It has long been known that skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy following permanent interruption of the motor nerve supply(Ricker and Ellenbeck, 1899; de Buck and de Moor, 1903). Also many local anesthetic agents are known to damage skeletal muscle following local injection(Tait et al, 1958; Brun, 1959; Pizzolato find Mannheimer, 1961; Benoit and Belt, 1972; Seibel et al, 1978). Reviews of the literature reveal that relatively few studies have reported on the histopathological effects of local anesthetics on skeletal muscle(Benoit, 1971). The agents used and examination of tissue varied widely, and before 1970, majority of investigators have reported muscle degeneration or necrosis only. First, it was shown that skeletal muscle underwent profound atrophy within a few days after having been treated with the long-acting anesthetic bupivacaine(Marcaine) (Sokoll et al,1968; Libelius et al, 1970). However it was also shown that bupicaine did not cause muscle atrophy, but produces focal muscle necrosis followed by rapid resolution of the damage and complete regeneration, and red type muscle fibers being more susceptible to damage than white fibers were seen(Benoit and Belt, 1970; Jirmanov' and Thesleff, 1972). They concluded that the drug had a specific myotoxic action. Stygall et al(1979) have recently reported the inhibition of myoblast fusion and the disruption of myotube structure in vitro by mepivacaine(Carbocaine) and other local anesthetics. Basson and Carlson(1980), Foster and Carlson(1980) studied the myotoxicity of the mepivacaine in the rat tibilis anterior or extensor digitorum longus muscle. The ultrastructural aspects of the cytotoxicity of injected methy bupivacaine was reported by Jirmanova and Thesleff(1972) and the ultrastructure of rat masseter muscle was examined after a single injection of lidocaine(Seibel et al, 2978). However there was no reports on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle after lidocaine or tetracaine injection. Except far bupivacaine, there has been relatively little systematic work documenting the myotoxic effects of single dose of other local anesthetics. In this study, the myotoxicity of the local anesthetics lidocaine(Xylocaine) and tetracaine(Pontocaine) was evaluated in the rat gracilis muscle through examining morphological and histopathological changes. In this study, 48 rats weighing approximately 200 gram were given single intramuscular injection of lidocaine(0.2 ml of (0.8%) and tetracaine(0.2 ml of 0.4%) into gracilis poaticus muscle. Controls were performed by injecting contralateral limbs with similar amount of 0.9% NaCl solution. Animals were killed with an over dose of ether, 1, 3, 8, 15, 20 and 25 days after injection and muscle were weighed and then prepared for light and electron microacopy. For measuring the fiber diameters, photographs were taken of cross sections, enlarged 400×, and on these the largest diameter and the diameter perpendicular to that in each fiber were measured. The mean value of these two measurements was used for the calculatien of the muscle fiber diameter. For ATPase stain, one day after injection, muscle specimens were mounted on a chuck and chilled in liquid nitrogen. Section of 10 um were cut in a crystat and stained myofibrillar ATPase(Padykula & Herman, 1955). The results are summarized as follows : 1. After one to three days treatment a marked atrophy of the gracilis poaticus muscle was observed. The wet weight of the muscle was reduced to about 60 to 70% of the contralateral untreated muscle. After 15 to 20 days muscle were returned to normal size. 2. One to 3 days after injection, marcrophage appeared in damaged myofibers and plasma membrane was irregular, nuclei with densely clumped chromatin were observed in the atrophied muscle fibers. After 15 to 25 days histological pictures were almost normal. 3. Mean diameter of muscle fibers were reduced to about 45 to 64% of that of the control fibers. 4. Type Ⅱ fibers appeared more susceptible to damage than type Ⅰ fibers to these drugs. 5. Tetracaine was more potent than lidocaine that muscle damage were more severe and regeneration was delayed. In conclusion although there were small differences in degree of changes, lidocaine and tetracaine appears to effect upon rat gracilis muscle and cause rapid destruction of skeletal muscel fibers which was followed by regeneration of new fibers in the affected area. Also Type Ⅱ fibers appears more susceptible to these drugs.restrictio

Effect of ketamine on blood gas of mother and newborn during the obstetric anesthesia

의학과/석사[한글] Ketamine은 phencyclidine의 유도체로 근래에 산과에서 많이 사용되고 있으며 그에 대한 연구보고도 많이 나와있다. 그러나 아직도 ketamine 사용의 장단점이 늘어나고 있으며 Little등 (1972)에 외해서 태아에 대한 상태와 혈액가스 분석이 보고된 후 산모와 신생아에 대한 혈액가스 분석의 상쇄한 보고가 거의 없는 것으로 보아 본 연구는 ketamine이산모와 신생아에 미치는 영향과 마취전후의 산모 및 신생아의 혈액을 기체분석방법으로분석관찰하여 ketamnine의 유용성을 파악하고자 시도하였다. 실험대상 및 방법 6명의 제왕절개술 산모와 14명의 경질분만 산모를 대상으로 ketamine을 1.0-1.8㎎/㎏를 60초에 걸쳐 서서히 정주하면서 산모의 vital sign을 계속 측정하면서 마취 5분전과 마취 15분후에 산모에서 동맥혈을 채혈하고 신생아의 Apgar score를 1분후와 5분후 측정하고 제대정맥에서 채혈하여 혈액가스 PaO^^2, PaCO^^2 및 pH를 Asrup Radiemeter(BMS^^2 MK^^2 Blood Microsystem)에 의해 측정하였고 HCO^^2 및 Base excess(B.E.로 약함)는 pH및 PaC0^^2d의 측정치를 기준하여 Siggaard Anderson Curve Nomogram를 이용 산출하였다. 실험결과 1. Ketamine 1.0-1.8㎎/㎏는 제왕절개수술 혹은 경질분만 산모에게 좋은 마취제로 유용성을 나타났으며 vital sign 측정에서 아무런 변화가 없었다. 2. 출산 5분후 신생아의 Apgar score는 8-9로 정상치를 보였다. 3. 마취후 산모의 Pa0^^2, PaCO^^2 및 pH는 평균 각각 83.6㎜Hg 40.2㎜Hg 그리고 7.37로 정상치를 유지하였고 HCO^^3와 B.E.치도 각각 23.8mEq/ℓ, -1.32mEq/ℓ로 정상치를 나타냈다. 4. 신생아의 제대정맥혈의 PaO^^2는 평균 42.2mHg로 정상이었으며 PaC0^^2는 평균 41.7㎜Hg로 약간 증가 pH는 7.31로 산모보다 낮은 치를 나타냈다. HCO^^3는 19.7mEq/ℓ이고 B.E는 -7.14 mEq/ℓ로 대사성산증을 나타내었다. [영문] Since Chodoff and Stella (1968), Ketamine, a phencyclidine derivative, has been used in clinical trials in obstetric Patients. It has been guggested for use in obstetric because of, among many other reasons, its rapid induction of anesthesia with profound analgesia; it is rapidly metabolized with a relatively quick recovery from anesthesia; it gives little maternal respiratory or cardiovascular depression; and it does not inhibit larrngeal and pharyngeal reflexes. Little et al (1972) investigated safety of ketamine to mother and baby at labor and derivery using single higher dose or continous infusion. They have measured pH, PaCO^^2 and PaO^^2 of blood from the scalp of fetus and umbilical satery and vein, They found that fetal pH dropped after administration of ketamine and little increase of PaCO^^2. The PaO^^2 appeared quite wide range but have little over all changes. Present study is intended to establish the right done of ketamine for anesthesia and to found out the effect of ketamine on blood gas of mother and newborn during and after the Cesarean section and vagina delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODE The materials used in this study consisted of 6 Cesarean section including emergency and elective operation, and 14 vaginal delivery cases. All cases, patient recieved 0.5㎎ of atropine sulfate 5 to 30 minutes before the ketamine administration. Ketamine was given 1.0-1.8㎎/㎏ slowly for over 60 seconds and supplement of ketamine and 66% N^^2 O or 0.1% succinylcholine were given some Cesarean section cases. Mother's vital sign and baby's Apgar score were examined. Blood was drawn from mother's radial artery 5 minutes before and 15 minutes after the ketamine anesthesia and from umbilical vein of newborn after de1ivery. Blood gas was analyzed using Radiometer BMS3-MK2 blood microsystem. RESULTS AND SUMMARY The following results were observed: 1. Ketamine, with dose ranges of 1.0 to 1.8㎎/㎏, did not affect maternal vital sign. 2. The use of ketamine had almost no affect on the Apgar score. 3. The mother's Pa0^^2, PaC0^^2 and pH during anesthesia remained in the normal range(83.6mmHg, 40.2mmHg and 7.37 respectively). Standard bicarbonate showed normal level of 23.8mEq/ℓ and Base Excess was -1.32mEq/ℓ. 4. Newborn PaO^^2 appeared normal range of 42.2㎜Hg and PaCO^^2 increased little(41.7㎜Hg), and pH dropped an average of 0.09 unit from normal level(74.0). Standard bicarbonate dropped to low level of 19.7mEq/ℓ and Base Excess also dropped to -7.14mEq/ℓ to show the metabolic acidosis immediately after delivery.restrictio

전산모사를 통한 나노 탄소 및 금속 유기 소재의 물리화학적 환경에 따른 수소저장 거동에 대한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 재료공학부, 2011.2. 박종래.Docto

Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms and Improvement of k-means and SVC Algorithm

Maste

Clinical and histopathologic analysis of endometrial carcinoma

의학과/석사[한글] 최근 경제성장에 따른 식이의 변화로 점차 증가되는 경향인 자궁내막암의 처치에 있어서 중요한 위험 및 예후인자에 대한 분석 자료가 없는 한국 실정에서 저자는 1966년 1월부터 1986년 6월까지만 20년 6개월간 연세의료원 산부인과에 입원 치료받은 총 50예의 자 궁내막암 환자의 임상기록부와 수술적출물의 병리조직학적 예후인자들을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 연도별 발생빈도는 각각 5년간을 주기로 볼 때 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있었다. 2. 연령별 분포는 20대가 2%, 30대가 12%, 40대가 18%, 50대가 42%, 60대가 22%, 70대가 4%이었다. 3. 초경연령은 기록이 있었던 38예에서 그 범위가 13-20세이었고, 그 평균은 15.6세이었고, 약 4분의 3이 51-17세 사이에 속해 있었다. 4. 폐경여부는 25명(50%)이 폐경후였고 13명(26%)은 폐경전이었으며 12명(24%)은 폐경기에 있었다. 5. 폐경시 연령은 기록이 있었던 22예에서 그 범위는 42-53세이었고 그 평균은 47.9세이었다. 6. 기왕분만력은 3회 이상의 기왕분만력을 가진 환자가 34명(68%)이었고 1회의 기왕분만력을 가진 환자는 5명(10%)이었으며 기왕분만력이 없는 환자는 11명(22%)이었다. 7. 체중은 과소체중이 9.7%, 정상체중이 41.9%, 과체중이 29%, 비만체중이 19.4%이 었다. 8. 조직학적 유형은 선암이 34예(68%), 유두성선암 6예(12%), 선극세포암 4예(8%), 선편평세포암 3예(6%), 투명세포암 3예(6%)이었다. 9. 입원진단시 암파급정도는 암 제 1기가 29예(58%), 제 2기가 7예(14%), 제 3기가 9예(18%), 제 4기가 5예 (10%)이었다. 10. 암 제 1b기의 grade가 la기의 grade보다 높은 경향을 보였으며 grade가 높을수록 자궁근층의 암세포 침윤이 깊은 경향을 보였다. 11. 자궁강의 크기가 8cm 이상일 때 8cm 미만인 경우보다 자궁근층의 침윤정도가 깊었다. 12. 치료방법은 외과적 처치만 받은 경우가 24%, 외과적 처치와 방사선 치료를 병합한 경우가 38%, 방사선 치료만 받은 경우가 26%이었다. 13. 1986년 6월 30일 현재 생존한 사람은 15명 이었으며 암 제 1a기가 6명, 1b기가 8명, 제 2기가 1명이었고 이들의 생존기간은 6개월에서 108개월이었다. Clinical and Histopathologic Analysis of Endometrial carcinoma Jung Hyun Cho, M.D. Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by professor Tchan Kyu Park, M.D.) Between January, 1966 and June, 1986, total of 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine were retrospectively analysed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patients clinical characteristics and the histopathology as to whether or not there were certain correlation. The results were as follows: 1. There was an increasing tendency of endometrial carcinoma during 5 year time interval between January, 1966 to June, 1986. 2. Age distribution of the patients with endometrial cancer showed; the twenties 2%, thirties 12%, fourties 18%, fifties 42%, sixties 22%, and seventies 4%. 3. The mean age of menarche of the patients was 15.6 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 4. The state of menopause of the patients showed; premenopausal state 26%, menopansal state 24%, and postmenopausal state 50%. The sum of the menopausal and postmenopausal state was 74%. 5. The mean age of menopause of the patients was 47.9 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 6. The parity of the patients showed: nulliparity 22%, primiparity 10%, and multiparity 68%. 7. Distribution of body weight showed; underbody weight 9.7%, normal body weight 41.9%, overweight 29.0%, and obesity 19.4%. 8. According to WHO histopathologicaL classification, The percentage of the adenocarcinoma was 68%, papillary adenocarinoma 12%, adenoacanthoma %, adenosquamous cell carinaoma 6%, and clear cell carcinoma 6%. 9. According to FIGO classification, The stages of the patients were classified as: stage Ⅰ 58%, stage Ⅱ 14%, stage Ⅲ18%, and stage Ⅳ10%. 10. All of the tumor grades of the stage Ⅰb cancers were generally higher than those of the Stage Ⅰa cancers, and the higher the tumor grades, the deeper were cancer invasion into myometrium. 11. Correlation between depth of uterine cavity and myometrial invasion was that depth greater than 8cm were associated with deeper myometrial invasion than that less than 8cm, and it was statistically significant. 12. The modality of treatment of the disease showed; surgery alone 24%, surgery and radiation therapy 38%, and only radiation therapy 26%. There was one case with surgery followed by combination chemotherapy. 13. The present state of the patients showed; six in stage Ⅰa, eight in stage Ⅰb and one in stage Ⅱ were alive, but the others were unknown. [영문] Between January, 1966 and June, 1986, total of 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine were retrospectively analysed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patients clinical characteristics and the histopathology as to whether or not there were certain correlation. The results were as follows: 1. There was an increasing tendency of endometrial carcinoma during 5 year time interval between January, 1966 to June, 1986. 2. Age distribution of the patients with endometrial cancer showed; the twenties 2%, thirties 12%, fourties 18%, fifties 42%, sixties 22%, and seventies 4%. 3. The mean age of menarche of the patients was 15.6 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 4. The state of menopause of the patients showed; premenopausal state 26%, menopansal state 24%, and postmenopausal state 50%. The sum of the menopausal and postmenopausal state was 74%. 5. The mean age of menopause of the patients was 47.9 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 6. The parity of the patients showed: nulliparity 22%, primiparity 10%, and multiparity 68%. 7. Distribution of body weight showed; underbody weight 9.7%, normal body weight 41.9%, overweight 29.0%, and obesity 19.4%. 8. According to WHO histopathologicaL classification, The percentage of the adenocarcinoma was 68%, papillary adenocarinoma 12%, adenoacanthoma %, adenosquamous cell carinaoma 6%, and clear cell carcinoma 6%. 9. According to FIGO classification, The stages of the patients were classified as: stage Ⅰ 58%, stage Ⅱ 14%, stage Ⅲ18%, and stage Ⅳ10%. 10. All of the tumor grades of the stage Ⅰb cancers were generally higher than those of the Stage Ⅰa cancers, and the higher the tumor grades, the deeper were cancer invasion into myometrium. 11. Correlation between depth of uterine cavity and myometrial invasion was that depth greater than 8cm were associated with deeper myometrial invasion than that less than 8cm, and it was statistically significant. 12. The modality of treatment of the disease showed; surgery alone 24%, surgery and radiation therapy 38%, and only radiation therapy 26%. There was one case with surgery followed by combination chemotherapy. 13. The present state of the patients showed; six in stage Ⅰa, eight in stageⅠb and one in stage Ⅱ were alive, but the others were unknown.restrictio

Gene targeting approach to study cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger

Docto