34 research outputs found

    The Five Eyes and Security Threat

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.This study investigates the determinants of the Five Eyes member governments responses towards the Confucius Institute. It is shown that countries took different positions based on its comprehensive threat analysis, including security and economic risks, from China. The results suggest that even within the Five Eyes security alliance, member states show a different level of security concerns towards China. This research used each governments attitude towards the adoption of Huawei equipment for the rollout of the 5G network as a measurement to determine the level of the perceived security threat from China. This study first categorized each country into three groups using the Huawei Barometer provided by Bloomberg and explain why and how the perceived level of security threat differs by analyzing the characteristics of its bilateral relationship with China. And the degree of containment towards the Confucius Institute was observed by reviewing law enactments, regular inspections, various governmental reports, media coverage, and collective actions taken by the public. The results suggest that the Five Eyes nations response to Confucius Institutes and perceived security threat represented as Huawei equipment adoption are positively correlated.I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 2 3. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 8 II. FIVE EYES RESPONSE .......................................................... 11 1. FIVE EYES NETWORK .................................................................... 11 2. BAN IN EFFECT ............................................................................. 13 1-1. United States ......................................................................... 13 1-2. Australia ................................................................................ 27 3. LIKELY TO BAN ............................................................................. 37 1-1. Canada .................................................................................. 37 4. ON THE FENCE .............................................................................. 48 1-1. New Zealand ......................................................................... 48 1-2. United Kingdom .................................................................... 55 III. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 64 1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 64 2. LIMITATION ................................................................................... 69 IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 70Maste

    Development of xylose reductase isozyme system for enhancing xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์„œ์ง„ํ˜ธ.Biological production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and ecofriendly process. Glucose and xylose are the major constituents of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Although the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae can use xylose, its fermentative capacity on xylose has been known to be much lower than that on glucose. Therefore, the efficient consumption of xylose is one of the key steps for economically feasible production of biofuels and chemicals. The overall goal of this thesis is to develop metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae able to ferment xylose efficiently. In this thesis, S. cerevisiae D452-2 was used as a host strain for production of xylitol and bioethanol, and has been chosen in metabolic and evolutionary engineering studies of other chemicals production from xylose. Many S. cerevisiae strains were sequenced, providing additional information of unexplored differences between S. cerevisiae strains. On the other hand, the D452-2 strain was not sequenced yet and its underlying beneficial genetic polymorphisms remain unknown. The whole genome sequencing of the D452-2 strain was performed by PacBio sequencing. Its assembled genome sequence was nearly identical to that of S288c which is a reference strain and was sequenced completely. As a result of comparative analysis, the genome of D452-2 was rearranged by transposon elements and small indels, and had nineteen ORFs that were absent in S288c. Compared to the S288c genome, 6,948 of SNPs were detected to change properties of 313 metabolic enzymes. These genetic variations of the D452-2 strain provide the basis for a forward genetic approach for developing xylose-fermenting yeast strains with enhanced performance. The XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3 genes involved in the xylose assimilation pathway from Scheffersomyces stipitis and a native xylose-fermenting yeast had been introduced into S. cerevisiae D452-2 to assimilate xylose. However, the resulting S. cerevisiae strains often exhibited undesirable phenotypes. The cofactor imbalance generated from different cofactor requirement between NADPH-dependent xylose reductase (XR) and NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) inceased xylitol accumultation. To alleviate cofactor imbalance, a XR mutant with NADH preferency was constructed by protein engineering. The adoption of this XR mutant reduced xylitol accumulation but led to slow xylose consumption rate. The availability and balance of cofactors might be limiting factors for xylose fermentation by engineered S. cerevisiae. In this thesis, a synthetic isozyme system of XRs was designed to overcome the above mentioned problems. To construct this system, NADH-dependent mutant XR was expressed in the S. cerevisiae D452-2 strain expressing NADPH-dependent wild-type XR, XDH and xylulose kinase (XK). While the strains having only one type of XR exhibited XR acvitities which were highly specific for NADPH or NADH, the S. cerevisiae strain having the XR-based isozyme system showed similar XR activities toward NADPH and NADH. The engineered strain exhibited low xylitol accumulation and fast xylose consumption compared to the control strains expressing one type of XR. The xylose fermenting performance was confirmed by fermentations in various conditions. In a batch fermentation using silver grass hydrolysates, the engineered strain produced 50.7 g/L ethanol with 0.43 g/g ethanol yield. Besides ethanol production, the XR-based synthetic isozyme system was applied to improving the production of value-added products such as xylitol. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain having both XRs exhibited higher xylitol productivity than the control strains in both batch and glucose-limited fed-batch fermentations. To supply NADPH and NADH sufficiently, cofactor regeneration enzymes were co-expressed additionally. The coexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by the ZWF1 gene and acetyl-CoA synthetase by the ACS1 gene increased intracellular concentrations of NADPH and NADH, and improved xylitol productivity. In order to extend the period for the highest xylitol productivity and hence elevate final xylitol concentration, fed-batch fermentation strategies were optimized. Finally, the optimized fed-batch fermentation of the engineered strain resulted in 196.2 g/L xylitol concentration, 4.27 g/L-h productivity and almost the theoretical yield. The synthetic isozym system of XR is a promising strategy to meet the industrial demands for production of ethanol and xylitol.Chapter1 Literature review 1 1.1. Lignocellulolic biomass 2 1.2. Sacchromyces cerevisiae as a bioethanol and biochemical producer 10 1.3. Challenges in glucose and xylose fermentation 13 1.4. Effects of cofactor regeneration on xylose fermentation 24 1.5. Effects of genetic backgrounds of xylose-fermenting yeasts 27 1.6. Objectives of the dissertation 29 Chapter2 Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D452-2 30 2.1. Summary 31 2.2. Introduction 32 2.3. Materials and methods 38 2.4. Results and discussion 42 2.4.1. Comparison of xylose fermentation by strains 288c and D452-2 42 2.4.2. Genome sequencing and assembly 44 2.4.3. Comparative genome analysis 46 2.4.4. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identification 57 2.4.5. Identification of mutation for enhanced XR activity in the DXS strain 67 Chapter3 Production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 69 3.1. Summary 70 3.2. Introduction 71 3.3. Materials and methods 74 3.4. Results and discussion 78 3.4.1. Construction of synthetic isozmye system 78 3.4.2. Comparison of fermentation performances by three engineeered S. cerevisiae expressing XR, mXR, or XR/mXR under the 70 g/L glucose and 40 g/L xylose conditions 83 3.4.3. Comparison of fermentation performances by three engineeered S. cerevisiae expressing XR, mXR, or XR/mXR under the 40 g/L glucose and 65 g/L xylose conditions 90 3.4.4. Cellulosic hydrolysates fermentation by S. cerevisiae having XR based isozyme 94 Chapter4 Production of xylitol in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 97 4.1. Summary 98 4.2. Introduction 99 4.3. Materials and methods 104 4.4. Results 114 4.4.1. Production of xylitol by the strain having wild XR and mutant XR 114 4.4.2. Effects of NADPH and NADH levels on xylitol production 121 4.4.3. Optimization of fermentation conditions for improving xylitol production 128 4.5. Discussion 133 Chapter5 Conclusions 138 References 143 Appendix1 the list of COG categorized genes presented in Fig. 2.3 167 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 176Docto

    A Study on the Useful Life Extension through Fracture Critical Member Inspection on STS Crane

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    ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ์€ 1977๋…„ ์ž์„ฑ๋Œ€ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์žฅ ์ดํ›„, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊น€ ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์šฉ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋„ ์†์ƒ‰์ด ์—†์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์งˆ์ ,์–‘์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ•ญ๋งŒํ•˜์—ญ์žฅ๋น„์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2006๋…„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ๋งŒ 1-1๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋„์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒํ•˜์—ญ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์€ ์œก์ƒ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์ž๋™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์–ด ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ 1์ธ์ด ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์œก์ƒ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ(RMGC)์ด 4๋Œ€์— ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ญ๋งŒํ•˜์—ญ์žฅ๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๋…„์ˆ˜๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ STS ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์žฌ๋กœ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฉ์ ‘๋ถ€์œ„์— ์‘๋ ฅ(Stress)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ๋ ฅ(์ธ์žฅ, ์••์ถ•)์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ท ์—ด(Crack)์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ FCM(Fracture Critical Member, ๋ถ•๊ดด์œ ๋ฐœ๋ถ€์žฌ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์žฌ ์ค‘ ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ์šฉ์ ‘ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋‹จ ๋  ์‹œ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Hutchison Port์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” STS ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๋…„์ˆ˜๋Š” 30๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ STSํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ฑ๋Œ€ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์— ์šด์šฉ์ค‘์ธ STSํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ FCM๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ „๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ค‘ FCM๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” HKT(Hutchison Korea Terminals Co. LTD)๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ 2014๋…„ , 2017๋…„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ FCM๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ํ›„ BS5400 Part10(๊ฐ•, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด 30๋…„์˜ STS ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๋…„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ํƒ€ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ๋„ ์ฃผ์š”์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ฐ€์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ํ•˜์—ญ์ž‘์—…์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก 4 Abstract 6 ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  8 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 9 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ง„๋‹จ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ 11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‹œ๋ฐฉ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€(BS2573 Part1) 15 ์ œ3์ ˆ Hโ€˜์‚ฌ STS ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” KPI 28 ์ œ4์ ˆ Hโ€˜์‚ฌ STS ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฐœ์š” 35 ์ œ3์žฅ FCM ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 37 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก  37 1. MT(์ž๋ถ„ํƒ์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ) 37 2. UT(์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒํƒ์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ) 38 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์šฉ์ ‘๋ถ€์œ„ ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ ์šฉ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์„ธ 39 1. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์žฅ๋น„ ์ƒ์„ธ 39 2. FCM ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 42 3. ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 48 ์ œ4์žฅ FCM ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ›„ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ˆ์ธก 51 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ˆ์ธก๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  51 1.1 Palmgren โ€“ Minerโ€™s Rule 52 1.2 Miner์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ• 53 1.3 BS5400 Part10 ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 53 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ธก 58 2.1 ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 2.2 Hโ€˜์‚ฌ QC122ํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„œ 59 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ณด์ˆ˜, ๋ณด๊ฐ• ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 73 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  78 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  78 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„๊ณผ์ œ 79 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 80 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 81 ๋ถ€๋ก 82~104Maste

    Gene targeting approach to study cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger

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    Docto

    ๊ตญ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ์ฅ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ motor์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์œก์— ์œ„์ถ•์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ฐ์ด Ricke r์™€ Ellenbeck(1869) ๋ฐ de Buck์™€ de Moor(1903)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ข… ์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ Tait๋“ฑ(1958), Brun(1959 ), Pizzolato์™€ Mannheimer(1961)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„์ถ• ์ฆ์„ธ๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์† ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘๋‹ฌ์งธ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ํฐ ๊ทผ์œก์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์™ธ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 1/2๋‚ด์ง€ 1/3๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ Adams๋“ฑ(1962)์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ bupivacaine(Marcaine)์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ผ๋‚ด๋กœ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ์‹ฌํ•œ ์œ„์ถ•์ด ์ผ์–ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ Sokoll๋“ฑ(1968)์„ ์œ„์‹œํ•ด์„œ Libelius๋“ฑ(1970), Benoit(1971), Ben oit์™€ Belt(1970), Hall-Craggs์ฐจ Singh-Seyen(1975)์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. Stygall๋“ฑ(1979) ์€ mepivacaine(Carbocaine)์ด in vitro ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ myoblast fusion์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์™€ myotute๊ตฌ์กฐ ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  Basson๊ณผ Carlson(1980), Foster์™€ Carlson(1980)์€ mepivacaine์ด ํฐ์ฅ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ Allbrock(1962)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํ›„ methyl bupivacaine์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋… ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ Jirmanova์™€ Thesleff(1972)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  lidocaine์ด ๋ฐฑ ์„œ๊ต๊ทผ(masseter muscle)์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ์˜ํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Seibel๋“ฑ(1978)์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜ ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. Bupivacaine์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋กœ am ide์ œ lidocaine(Xylocaine)๊ณผ ester์ œ tetracaine(Pontocaine)์„ ๊ทผ์œก์ฃผ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ฐฑ์„œ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ gracilis posticus์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Lidocaine๊ณผ tetracaine ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ 1์ผ์—์„œ 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 15์ผ ๋‚ด์ง€ 20์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. 2. ์ฃผ์‚ฌ 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ดด์‚ฌ, ์œ„์ถ•ํ˜„์ƒ macrophage๋ฐœ์ƒ, plasma๋ง‰๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ์ƒํƒœ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฌ ์œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 15์ผ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  20๋‚ด์ง€ 30์ผ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ƒ์œผ ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ 1๋‚ด์ง€ 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 15๋‚ด์ง€ 25์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. 4. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ type โ…ก ์„ฌ์œ ํ˜•์ด type โ…  ์„ฌ์œ ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5. Tetracaine ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด lidocaine ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๊ทผ์œก์†์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜ ์˜€๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด lidocaine๊ณผ tetracaine์€ ๋ฐฑ์„œ gracilis๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์— ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์ƒ๋„ ์†ํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์œกํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ •๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Morphological Studies on the Effects of Local Anesthetic drugs on Skeletal muscle Chung Hyun Cho Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Prof. Tai Sun Shin, M.D.) It has long been known that skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy following permanent interruption of the motor nerve supply(Ricker and Ellenbeck, 1899; de Buck and de Moor, 1903). Also many local anesthetic agents are known to damage skeletal muscle following local injection(Tait et al, 1958; Brun, 1959; Pizzolato find Mannheimer, 1961; Benoit and Belt, 1972; Seibel et al, 1978). Reviews of the literature reveal that relatively few studies have reported on the histopathological effects of local anesthetics on skeletal muscle(Benoit, 1971). The agents used and examination of tissue varied widely, and before 1970, majority of investigators have reported muscle degeneration or necrosis only. First, it was shown that skeletal muscle underwent profound atrophy within a few days after having been treated with the long-acting anesthetic bupivacaine(Marcaine) (Sokoll et al,1968; Libelius et al, 1970). However it was also shown that bupicaine did not cause muscle atrophy, but produces focal muscle necrosis followed by rapid resolution of the damage and complete regeneration, and red type muscle fibers being more susceptible to damage than white fibers were seen(Benoit and Belt, 1970; Jirmanov' and Thesleff, 1972). They concluded that the drug had a specific myotoxic action. Stygall et al(1979) have recently reported the inhibition of myoblast fusion and the disruption of myotube structure in vitro by mepivacaine(Carbocaine) and other local anesthetics. Basson and Carlson(1980), Foster and Carlson(1980) studied the myotoxicity of the mepivacaine in the rat tibilis anterior or extensor digitorum longus muscle. The ultrastructural aspects of the cytotoxicity of injected methy bupivacaine was reported by Jirmanova and Thesleff(1972) and the ultrastructure of rat masseter muscle was examined after a single injection of lidocaine(Seibel et al, 2978). However there was no reports on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle after lidocaine or tetracaine injection. Except far bupivacaine, there has been relatively little systematic work documenting the myotoxic effects of single dose of other local anesthetics. In this study, the myotoxicity of the local anesthetics lidocaine(Xylocaine) and tetracaine(Pontocaine) was evaluated in the rat gracilis muscle through examining morphological and histopathological changes. In this study, 48 rats weighing approximately 200 gram were given single intramuscular injection of lidocaine(0.2 ml of (0.8%) and tetracaine(0.2 ml of 0.4%) into gracilis poaticus muscle. Controls were performed by injecting contralateral limbs with similar amount of 0.9% NaCl solution. Animals were killed with an over dose of ether, 1, 3, 8, 15, 20 and 25 days after injection and muscle were weighed and then prepared for light and electron microacopy. For measuring the fiber diameters, photographs were taken of cross sections, enlarged 400ร—, and on these the largest diameter and the diameter perpendicular to that in each fiber were measured. The mean value of these two measurements was used for the calculatien of the muscle fiber diameter. For ATPase stain, one day after injection, muscle specimens were mounted on a chuck and chilled in liquid nitrogen. Section of 10 um were cut in a crystat and stained myofibrillar ATPase(Padykula & Herman, 1955). The results are summarized as follows : 1. After one to three days treatment a marked atrophy of the gracilis poaticus muscle was observed. The wet weight of the muscle was reduced to about 60 to 70% of the contralateral untreated muscle. After 15 to 20 days muscle were returned to normal size. 2. One to 3 days after injection, marcrophage appeared in damaged myofibers and plasma membrane was irregular, nuclei with densely clumped chromatin were observed in the atrophied muscle fibers. After 15 to 25 days histological pictures were almost normal. 3. Mean diameter of muscle fibers were reduced to about 45 to 64% of that of the control fibers. 4. Type โ…ก fibers appeared more susceptible to damage than type โ…  fibers to these drugs. 5. Tetracaine was more potent than lidocaine that muscle damage were more severe and regeneration was delayed. In conclusion although there were small differences in degree of changes, lidocaine and tetracaine appears to effect upon rat gracilis muscle and cause rapid destruction of skeletal muscel fibers which was followed by regeneration of new fibers in the affected area. Also Type โ…ก fibers appears more susceptible to these drugs.restrictio

    Clinical and histopathologic analysis of endometrial carcinoma

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ธ ์ž๊ถ๋‚ด๋ง‰์•”์˜ ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‹ค์ •์—์„œ ์ €์ž๋Š” 1966๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1986๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ 20๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋ฃŒ์› ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ์— ์ž…์› ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด 50์˜ˆ์˜ ์ž ๊ถ๋‚ด๋ง‰์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ€์™€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ ์ถœ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5๋…„๊ฐ„์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 20๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 2%, 30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 12%, 40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 18%, 50๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 42%, 60๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 22%, 70๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 4%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์ดˆ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 38์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ 13-20์„ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 15.6์„ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•ฝ 4๋ถ„์˜ 3์ด 51-17์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ํ๊ฒฝ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” 25๋ช…(50%)์ด ํ๊ฒฝํ›„์˜€๊ณ  13๋ช…(26%)์€ ํ๊ฒฝ์ „์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 12๋ช…(24%)์€ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ํ๊ฒฝ์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 22์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 42-53์„ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 47.9์„ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ๊ธฐ์™•๋ถ„๋งŒ๋ ฅ์€ 3ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์™•๋ถ„๋งŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ 34๋ช…(68%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  1ํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์™•๋ถ„๋งŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 5๋ช…(10%)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์™•๋ถ„๋งŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 11๋ช…(22%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๊ณผ์†Œ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 9.7%, ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 41.9%, ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 29%, ๋น„๋งŒ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 19.4%์ด ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์„ ์•”์ด 34์˜ˆ(68%), ์œ ๋‘์„ฑ์„ ์•” 6์˜ˆ(12%), ์„ ๊ทน์„ธํฌ์•” 4์˜ˆ(8%), ์„ ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•” 3์˜ˆ(6%), ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ธํฌ์•” 3์˜ˆ(6%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9. ์ž…์›์ง„๋‹จ์‹œ ์•”ํŒŒ๊ธ‰์ •๋„๋Š” ์•” ์ œ 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 29์˜ˆ(58%), ์ œ 2๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 7์˜ˆ(14%), ์ œ 3๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 9์˜ˆ(18%), ์ œ 4๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 5์˜ˆ (10%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10. ์•” ์ œ 1b๊ธฐ์˜ grade๊ฐ€ la๊ธฐ์˜ grade๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ grade๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž๊ถ๊ทผ์ธต์˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์นจ์œค์ด ๊นŠ์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 11. ์ž๊ถ๊ฐ•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 8cm ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ 8cm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž๊ถ๊ทผ์ธต์˜ ์นจ์œค์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 12. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ฒ˜์น˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 24%, ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ฒ˜์น˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 38%, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 26%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 13. 1986๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 15๋ช… ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•” ์ œ 1a๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 6๋ช…, 1b๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 8๋ช…, ์ œ 2๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 6๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 108๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Clinical and Histopathologic Analysis of Endometrial carcinoma Jung Hyun Cho, M.D. Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by professor Tchan Kyu Park, M.D.) Between January, 1966 and June, 1986, total of 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine were retrospectively analysed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patients clinical characteristics and the histopathology as to whether or not there were certain correlation. The results were as follows: 1. There was an increasing tendency of endometrial carcinoma during 5 year time interval between January, 1966 to June, 1986. 2. Age distribution of the patients with endometrial cancer showed; the twenties 2%, thirties 12%, fourties 18%, fifties 42%, sixties 22%, and seventies 4%. 3. The mean age of menarche of the patients was 15.6 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 4. The state of menopause of the patients showed; premenopausal state 26%, menopansal state 24%, and postmenopausal state 50%. The sum of the menopausal and postmenopausal state was 74%. 5. The mean age of menopause of the patients was 47.9 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 6. The parity of the patients showed: nulliparity 22%, primiparity 10%, and multiparity 68%. 7. Distribution of body weight showed; underbody weight 9.7%, normal body weight 41.9%, overweight 29.0%, and obesity 19.4%. 8. According to WHO histopathologicaL classification, The percentage of the adenocarcinoma was 68%, papillary adenocarinoma 12%, adenoacanthoma %, adenosquamous cell carinaoma 6%, and clear cell carcinoma 6%. 9. According to FIGO classification, The stages of the patients were classified as: stage โ…  58%, stage โ…ก 14%, stage โ…ข18%, and stage โ…ฃ10%. 10. All of the tumor grades of the stage โ… b cancers were generally higher than those of the Stage โ… a cancers, and the higher the tumor grades, the deeper were cancer invasion into myometrium. 11. Correlation between depth of uterine cavity and myometrial invasion was that depth greater than 8cm were associated with deeper myometrial invasion than that less than 8cm, and it was statistically significant. 12. The modality of treatment of the disease showed; surgery alone 24%, surgery and radiation therapy 38%, and only radiation therapy 26%. There was one case with surgery followed by combination chemotherapy. 13. The present state of the patients showed; six in stage โ… a, eight in stage โ… b and one in stage โ…ก were alive, but the others were unknown. [์˜๋ฌธ] Between January, 1966 and June, 1986, total of 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine were retrospectively analysed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patients clinical characteristics and the histopathology as to whether or not there were certain correlation. The results were as follows: 1. There was an increasing tendency of endometrial carcinoma during 5 year time interval between January, 1966 to June, 1986. 2. Age distribution of the patients with endometrial cancer showed; the twenties 2%, thirties 12%, fourties 18%, fifties 42%, sixties 22%, and seventies 4%. 3. The mean age of menarche of the patients was 15.6 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 4. The state of menopause of the patients showed; premenopausal state 26%, menopansal state 24%, and postmenopausal state 50%. The sum of the menopausal and postmenopausal state was 74%. 5. The mean age of menopause of the patients was 47.9 years-old, and it was not significantly different from that of average Korean woman. 6. The parity of the patients showed: nulliparity 22%, primiparity 10%, and multiparity 68%. 7. Distribution of body weight showed; underbody weight 9.7%, normal body weight 41.9%, overweight 29.0%, and obesity 19.4%. 8. According to WHO histopathologicaL classification, The percentage of the adenocarcinoma was 68%, papillary adenocarinoma 12%, adenoacanthoma %, adenosquamous cell carinaoma 6%, and clear cell carcinoma 6%. 9. According to FIGO classification, The stages of the patients were classified as: stage โ…  58%, stage โ…ก 14%, stage โ…ข18%, and stage โ…ฃ10%. 10. All of the tumor grades of the stage โ… b cancers were generally higher than those of the Stage โ… a cancers, and the higher the tumor grades, the deeper were cancer invasion into myometrium. 11. Correlation between depth of uterine cavity and myometrial invasion was that depth greater than 8cm were associated with deeper myometrial invasion than that less than 8cm, and it was statistically significant. 12. The modality of treatment of the disease showed; surgery alone 24%, surgery and radiation therapy 38%, and only radiation therapy 26%. There was one case with surgery followed by combination chemotherapy. 13. The present state of the patients showed; six in stage โ… a, eight in stageโ… b and one in stage โ…ก were alive, but the others were unknown.restrictio

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    Effect of ketamine on blood gas of mother and newborn during the obstetric anesthesia

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Ketamine์€ phencyclidine์˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๋„ ketamine ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Little๋“ฑ (1972)์— ์™ธํ•ด์„œ ํƒœ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํ›„ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ƒ์‡„ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ketamine์ด์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ„์„๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ketamnine์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6๋ช…์˜ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ 14๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ketamine์„ 1.0-1.8ใŽŽ/ใŽ๋ฅผ 60์ดˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ •์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ vital sign์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ทจ 5๋ถ„์ „๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ทจ 15๋ถ„ํ›„์— ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์—์„œ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ์„ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ Apgar score๋ฅผ 1๋ถ„ํ›„์™€ 5๋ถ„ํ›„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๋Œ€์ •๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฐ€์Šค PaO^^2, PaCO^^2 ๋ฐ pH๋ฅผ Asrup Radiemeter(BMS^^2 MK^^2 Blood Microsystem)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  HCO^^2 ๋ฐ Base excess(B.E.๋กœ ์•ฝํ•จ)๋Š” pH๋ฐ PaC0^^2d์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ Siggaard Anderson Curve Nomogram๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. Ketamine 1.0-1.8ใŽŽ/ใŽ๋Š” ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ vital sign ์ธก์ •์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ถœ์‚ฐ 5๋ถ„ํ›„ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ Apgar score๋Š” 8-9๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๋งˆ์ทจํ›„ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ Pa0^^2, PaCO^^2 ๋ฐ pH๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ๊ฐ 83.6ใŽœHg 40.2ใŽœHg ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  7.37๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  HCO^^3์™€ B.E.์น˜๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 23.8mEq/โ„“, -1.32mEq/โ„“๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ์ œ๋Œ€์ •๋งฅํ˜ˆ์˜ PaO^^2๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  42.2mHg๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ PaC0^^2๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  41.7ใŽœHg๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ pH๋Š” 7.31๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. HCO^^3๋Š” 19.7mEq/โ„“์ด๊ณ  B.E๋Š” -7.14 mEq/โ„“๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์ฆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Since Chodoff and Stella (1968), Ketamine, a phencyclidine derivative, has been used in clinical trials in obstetric Patients. It has been guggested for use in obstetric because of, among many other reasons, its rapid induction of anesthesia with profound analgesia; it is rapidly metabolized with a relatively quick recovery from anesthesia; it gives little maternal respiratory or cardiovascular depression; and it does not inhibit larrngeal and pharyngeal reflexes. Little et al (1972) investigated safety of ketamine to mother and baby at labor and derivery using single higher dose or continous infusion. They have measured pH, PaCO^^2 and PaO^^2 of blood from the scalp of fetus and umbilical satery and vein, They found that fetal pH dropped after administration of ketamine and little increase of PaCO^^2. The PaO^^2 appeared quite wide range but have little over all changes. Present study is intended to establish the right done of ketamine for anesthesia and to found out the effect of ketamine on blood gas of mother and newborn during and after the Cesarean section and vagina delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODE The materials used in this study consisted of 6 Cesarean section including emergency and elective operation, and 14 vaginal delivery cases. All cases, patient recieved 0.5ใŽŽ of atropine sulfate 5 to 30 minutes before the ketamine administration. Ketamine was given 1.0-1.8ใŽŽ/ใŽ slowly for over 60 seconds and supplement of ketamine and 66% N^^2 O or 0.1% succinylcholine were given some Cesarean section cases. Mother's vital sign and baby's Apgar score were examined. Blood was drawn from mother's radial artery 5 minutes before and 15 minutes after the ketamine anesthesia and from umbilical vein of newborn after de1ivery. Blood gas was analyzed using Radiometer BMS3-MK2 blood microsystem. RESULTS AND SUMMARY The following results were observed: 1. Ketamine, with dose ranges of 1.0 to 1.8ใŽŽ/ใŽ, did not affect maternal vital sign. 2. The use of ketamine had almost no affect on the Apgar score. 3. The mother's Pa0^^2, PaC0^^2 and pH during anesthesia remained in the normal range(83.6mmHg, 40.2mmHg and 7.37 respectively). Standard bicarbonate showed normal level of 23.8mEq/โ„“ and Base Excess was -1.32mEq/โ„“. 4. Newborn PaO^^2 appeared normal range of 42.2ใŽœHg and PaCO^^2 increased little(41.7ใŽœHg), and pH dropped an average of 0.09 unit from normal level(74.0). Standard bicarbonate dropped to low level of 19.7mEq/โ„“ and Base Excess also dropped to -7.14mEq/โ„“ to show the metabolic acidosis immediately after delivery.restrictio

    Induction of the human sperm acrosome reaction by human oocytes.

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ผ์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋จธ๋ฏ€๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํš๋“ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ์ž์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์นจ์ž…์‹œ์— ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ •์ž ๋‘๋ถ€์˜ ์ ๋„ํŒ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์ธ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ถ€์— ์›ํ˜•์งˆ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ฒจ์ฒด์™ธ๋ง‰์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ์ƒํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒจ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ์ฒจ์ฒดํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒด์™ธ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ด์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋‚œ์ž์™€ ํ•ฉ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚œ์ž ํ•จ์œ  ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก๋‚ด์— ์ •์ž ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์€ Ham's F10 ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์— ๋น„๋™ํ™” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ œ๋Œ€ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์นจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํŒ๋ณ„์€ ์‚ผ์ค‘์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์‹œ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๋ฐฐ๋ž€ ์œ ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๋œ ๋‚œํฌ๋Š” 128๊ฐœ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚œ์ž ์ฑ„์ทจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๋‚œ์ž์ˆ˜๋Š” 91๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ž ํš๋“๋ฅ ์€ 71.1%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 91๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚œ์ž์ค‘ 52๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ๋˜์–ด 57.1%์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  32๊ฐ€ ๋‚œํ• ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œํ• ๋ฅ ์€ 61.5%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก(Ham's F10+7.5% ์ œ๋Œ€ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ)๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ์ •์ž์„ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„, 3์‹œ๊ฐ„, 6์‹œ๊ฐ„, 17์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.8ยฑ2.8%, 6.7ยฑ2.8%, 7.0ยฑ2.4%, 10.6ยฑ6.1%, 28.3ยฑ6.7%์˜ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 17์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ ์˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋‚œ์žํ•จ์œ  ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์ •์ž๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์— ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์ •์ž๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(๋‚œ์ž ํ•จ์œ  ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ •์ž๊ตฐ: 36.7ยฑ8.5%, ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก๋‚ด์ •์ž๊ตฐ: 25.8ยฑ7.9%) 4. ์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ž์˜ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€ํ•จ์œ  ์ •์ž๊ตฐ: 32.3ยฑ8.7%, ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€ ํ•จ์œ  ์ •์ž๊ตฐ: 33.8ยฑ8.3%). 5. ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒ๋ณ„์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 6. ํˆฌ์‹œ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ •์ž์ฒจ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘, ํฌ์ƒํ™”, ์ฒจ์ฒด์ดํƒˆ ๋ฐ ํ‡ดํ–‰์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 31.7%, 40.9%, 11.4%, 17.9%์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ž์ฒจ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํฌ์ƒํ™”์ •์ž๋Š” ์‚ผ์ค‘์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์กด๋ฌด๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์กด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ •์ž์™€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋‚œ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ผ์ค‘์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์—์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํŒ๋ณ„์€์ •์ž์˜ ์ฒจ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘ ํŒ๋ณ„์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŒ๋ณ„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Spermatozoa should stay in the female reproductive tract before obtaining fertilizing capactiy. After capacitation, motility of spermatozoa is enhanced by glucose in the female reproductive tract(hyperactivation). Proteolytic action of the acrosomal enzymes from acrosomal cap of the sperm allows the spermatozoa to penetrate the zona pellucida and ooplasm(acrosome reaction). This study was carried out to investigate the induction of capacitation and acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa in vitro by human oocyte in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cases. The rates of in vitro capacitation and acrosome reaction were compared with or without oocyte in Ham's F10 media supplemented fetal cord serum. The capacitation and acrosome reaction of spematozoa were observed by means of electron microscopy and light microscopy with triple stain technique. The results were as follows: 1. The number of mature follicles were 128, retrieved ova 91, fertilized ova 52, and cleaved cells 52, which yielded, ova retrieval rate, fertilization rate, and cleavage rate as 71.1%, 57.1% and 61.5%, respectively. 2. Acrosome reaction rate of spermatozoa was investigated in the Ham's F10 media supplemented fetal cord serum according to incubation time. There was a significant increase of acrosome reaction rate of spermatozoa in incubation for 17 hours(28.3ยฑ6.7%) compared with acrosome reaction rate of initial spermatozoa(5.8ยฑ2.8%). 3. There was significant increase of acrosome reaction rate of spermatozoa in Ham's F10 media with oocyte(36.7ยฑ8.5%) in comparison with the same media without oocyte(27.8ยฑ7.9%) 4. There was no difference in the acrosome reaction rate between the presence of fertilized ova(32.3ยฑ8.7%) and unfertilized ova(33.8ยฑ8.3%). 5. It was not easy to evaluate the induction of acrosome reaction of spetmatozoa by scanning electron microscopy 6. Structural changes during the process of acrosome reaction were observed by transmission electron microscopy, which were classified into 4 types, "intact(31.7%)", "vesiculated(40.9%)". "acrosome lost(11.4%)", and "degenerated(17.9%)" spermatozoa, respectively. Intact sperm by elecron microscopy was highly correlated with unreacted live sperm by triple stain technique and vesiculated sperm was highly correlated with reacted live sperm. In summary, acrosome reaction of spermatozoa enhanced significantly in Ham's F10 media with oocyte compared with those in the media without oocyte and triple stain technique is useful and alternative method to the electron microscopy to evaluate acrosome reaction of spermatozoa.restrictio
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