55 research outputs found
Difference of Low Skeletal Muscle Index According to Recommended Protein Intake in Korean
Background: Sarcopenia has become a major concern owing to its association with a high risk of fall or fracture and metabolic impairments. There is insufficient evidence to support the role of dietary protein intake in reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia. This study was conducted to investigate the variation in low skeletal muscle index (SMI) with the dietary levels of protein intake. Methods: This study analyzed data of 3,482 male and 4,838 female aged 50 years or older from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) database (2008โ2011). Low SMI was indicated by a value <0.789 in male and <0.512 in female. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the association of SMI with protein intake, whereby it was tested whether the dietary intake of proteins met the estimated average requirement (EAR) or the reference nutrient intake (RNI) as stated in the dietary reference intake (DRI) for Koreans, 2015. Results: Irrespective of sex, the prevalence of low SMI was significantly high when the protein intake did not meet the EAR or RNI. Following adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio (OR) for low SMI in subjects with unmet EARs was 1.63 (1.28โ2.09) in male and 1.35 (1.10โ1.66) in female. The OR for low SMI in subjects with unmet RNI was 1.74 (1.38โ2.18) in male and 1.39 (1.14โ1.69) in female. Conclusion: The prevalence of low SMI was significantly higher when the protein intake did not meet the EAR or RNI as stated in the DRI for Koreans.ope
Involvement of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in both amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways in hippocampus
์๊ณผ๋ํ/๋ฐ์ฌAMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) are the two representative enzymes involved in energy homeostasis. Concomitant action of AMPK and SIRT1 mediates various beneficial effects including suppression of Alzheimerโs disease (AD) pathophysiology. Even though these two enzymes activate each other, metformin, the most widely prescribed anti-diabetic drug, has shown to exert neurotoxic effects via AMPK activation. Therefore, I aimed to examine the effect of metformin on neuronal SIRT1 activity, as well as on AMPK. Normally, metformin-induced AMPK activation would result in concomitant SIRT1 activation via activating AMPK/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltrans-ferase (Nampt)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pathway. However, I found that metformin could not activate neuronal SIRT1 despite AMPK activation. Rather, metformin reduced the levels of Nampt and NAD, which accounts for the failure of SIRT1 activation. Metformin-induced AMPK activation increased the levels of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and secreted beta-amyloid (Aฮฒ). In addition, metformin-induced Nampt suppression was associated with decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) which promotes non-amyloidogenic pathway. These adverse effects of metformin were also identified in the brains of diabetic db/db mice. Overexpression of Nampt rescued metformin-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Also, donepezil treatment reversed the negative effects of metformin in vitro and in vivo, by promoting Nampt/NAD pathway. Data from the current study implicate the importance of the role of Nampt in regulating amyloidogenesis; AMPK activation by metformin might be neurotoxic because it could not induce concomitant action of AMPK and SIRT1 owing to the lack of Nampt involvement in the brain contrasted with other peripheral tissues. Co-treatment of donepezil could be a proper measure to protect the brain from potential risk of promoting AD pathogenesis in diabetic patients taking metformin.ope
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ: ์ฃผ๊ด์ ยทํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ด ์ฐ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊ถ์๋ง.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ๊ตํ๊ฒ ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ค์ฆ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์คํ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ, ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์คํ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ์ฆ์ง์ํค๋ ์ฒ์น์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋จผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 1์์๋ ํ์์์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํต์ ํ ํ์๋ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ด ์ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ธ/๋ถ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ํํผ์ ๋์ฒ์ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ 240๋ช
์๊ฒ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฒ๋, ํ๊ตญํ ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ์ฒ๋, ํํผ์ ๋์ฒ ์ง๋ฌธ์ง, ์ฐ์ธ ์ฒ๋, ๋ถ์ ์ฒ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ๊ฒฝํํ ์๋ก ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฎ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ด์์ ์ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์ฆ์์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ํํผ์ ๋์ฒ๋ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ธ ์ฆ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ, ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์ฆ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ์์ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ 2์์๋ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธก์ ํ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ 2-1์์ ๋ํ์ 88๋ช
์๊ฒ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฒ๋, ์ฐ์ธ ์ฒ๋, ๋ถ์ ์ฒ๋์ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฝ๋์ ๋ถ์ ์ง๋จ์ด ์ ์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋นํด ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ค๋ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฒ๋์์ ๋์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฎ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ์น์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ํ๋นํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด์, ์ฐ๊ตฌ 2-2์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค์๋๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ฐํ์ฌ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ณ ๋ํ์ 102๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ 2-1๊ณผ ๋์ผํ ์ฒ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค์๋๋ฅผ ํต์ ํ์์ ๋ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฒ๋์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ง๋จ์ด ๋์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋นํด ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ ์งง๊ฒ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์ธ ์์ค์ด ๋์ ์ง๋จ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋นํด ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์์๊ฐ์ด ์งง์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ 3์์๋ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฆ์ง ์ฒ์น๊ฐ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฒ๋์ ์ด์ ์ด 50์ ์ดํ์ธ ๋ํ์ 47๋ช
์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ๋ํด ๋นํ๋จ์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๋ ๋นํ๋จ ์ฒ์น, ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋๊ธฐ ์ฒ์น, ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๋ ๋ถ์ด์ต์ ๋ํด ์ธ์ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๋ ํํผ๋ฐฉ์ง ์ฒ์น์ ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฃผ์๋ถ์ฐ ์ฒ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ํ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒ์น ํ์ ๋นํ๋จ ์ง๋จ์ ์ฃผ์๋ถ์ฐ ์ง๋จ์ ๋นํด ๊ธ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ ์ง๋จ์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ ์น์์ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฃผ๊ด์ โคํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ถํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ฌํญ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์ํ์๋ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก i
์ ๋ก 1
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ์ ์ 2
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ์ธก์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 4
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค 6
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ 7
๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ 13
์ฃผ๊ด์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ 14
๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ์
15
๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ 19
์ฐ๊ตฌ 1. ์ฃผ๊ด์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ: ํํผ์ ๋์ฒ์ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ 21
๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ 22
๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 25
๋
ผ ์ 33
์ฐ๊ตฌ 2. ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ 35
์ฐ๊ตฌ 2-1. ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ: DTT๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ 36
๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ 37
๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 41
๋
ผ ์ 49
์ฐ๊ตฌ 2-2. ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ: ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ค์๋๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ 52
๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ 53
๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 56
๋
ผ ์ 65
์ฐ๊ตฌ 3. ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ ์ฆ์ง ์ฒ์น๊ฐ ํ๋์ ๊ณ ํต ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 70
๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ 72
๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 77
๋
ผ ์ 86
์ข
ํฉ๋
ผ์ 89
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 96
๋ถ ๋ก 111
์๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 130Docto
Suggestion of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sorption and desorption kinetic model with biochar as a sorbent considering the sorption irreversibility
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ์ต์ฉ์ฃผ.๋ถํฌ์๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ค๋์ ๋น์ ์ค์ผ์์ด ์์ฐ๊ณ๋ก ์ ์
๋๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด LID ์์ค์ด ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด์์๋ LID ์์ค์ ์ฑ๋ฅ๊ธฐ์ค๊ณผ ์ธก์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๋ง๋ จ๋์ง ์์ ํ๊ณ์ ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ, ๊ทธ ๋์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์นจํฌ์์ค ๋ด ์ค์ผ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ด๋์ ์์ธกํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ํ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ์นจํฌ์์ค ๋ด ์ค์ผ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ด๋์ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ก์ด ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ์ํ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํก์ฐฉ์ ์ ํ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋น๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฐฉ์๋๋ ํก์ฐฉ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ํกโงํ์ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ณํ์ง ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ ๊ท ํก์ฐฉ ์ ํก์ฐฉ์คํ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ 1์ฐจ ํก์ฐฉํํ์ ๋๋ฌํ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ณ ํ์ฐฉ์คํ์ ์งํํ์ฌ ํ์ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ฉํ ๋ค ํก์ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ์ ์ธ์์ธ ํ๋ฉด์จ๊ณผ ํก์ฐฉํํ์์๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ์ ์ธ์ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ํก์ฐฉ ํํ ์์๋ ๋ณธ ์คํ์ด ์ ๋๋์์ ์งํ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์ ํ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ํก์ฐฉ ์๋ ์คํ ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ ํก์ฐฉํํ์ํ์์(ANOVA<0.05) ๊ณ์ฐํ์๋ค.
์นจํฌ์์ค์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ํ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํ์ ํ๊ณ ํ๋ถ์ ์คํ์ ์งํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค:(i)์ ๊ทํก์ฐฉ ํ ์๋์ ๊ณ ๋๋๋ก ์ฌ ํก์ฐฉ ํ ํ์ฐฉ. (ii)์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํก์ฐฉ ํ ํ์ฐฉ. ์ฌ ํก์ฐฉ ํ ์งํํ ํ์ฐฉ ์คํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ๊ท ํก์ฐฉ ์์ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด์จ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ํก์ฐฉํํ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ ํก์ฐฉ ์๋ ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์ฐฉ์คํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ดํด์ ํด์ํ์์ ์, ๋์๋ฌผ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ์ ํก์ฐฉ๋ ๋ ๋ค์ค ํก์ฐฉ ํ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ํก์ฐฉ์ ๊ฐ ์
์๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋น๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์
์๋ค๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ์ญ๋ฐ์ ํก์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์ ์ฝํด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ํก์ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ฐฉ์คํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์๋ naphthalene์ ๋น๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด์จ์ด ์์์ง๋ง ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง ๋ค ๊ฐ์ญ์ , ๋น๊ฐ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด์จ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ phenanthrene์ ํ๋ฉด์จ์ด naphthalene๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ด์ง๋ ํ์์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ํก์ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ phenanthrene์ด ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํก์ฐฉ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ญ๋ ์๋ก ํก์ฐฉ์ ๋ด๋ถ๊น์ง ์ค๋ฉฐ๋ค์ด ํ์ฐฉ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋น ์ ธ๋์ค์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 3
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ 4
์ 2 ์ฅ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 5
์ 1 ์ ์ ์ํฅ๊ฐ๋ฐ(Low-impact development, LID) 5
์ 2 ์ ๋คํ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑํํ์์(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) 6
1. ๋คํ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑํํ์์(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)์ ํน์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํด์ฑ 6
2. ๋คํ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑํํ์์(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)์ฒ๋ฆฌ 9
์ 3 ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ(biochar) 10
1. ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฉ 10
2. ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ์ ํน์ฑ 11
์ 4 ์ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ 12
์ 5 ์ ์์นํด์๋ฒ 14
์ 3 ์ฅ ์คํ ์ฌ๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 16
์ 1 ์ ์คํ ์ฌ๋ฃ 16
1. PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, ๋คํ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑํํ์์) 16
2. ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ(Biochar)์ ๋ฌผ์ฑ๋ถ์ 17
3. Passive sampling 19
์ 2 ์ PAHs ์ ๋๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 20
์ 3 ์ ํ๋ถ์ ์คํ 21
1. ํก์ฐฉ ์๋ ์คํ 21
2. ํ์ฐฉ ์๋ ์คํ 21
3. ์ฌ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐฉ ์๋ ์คํ 23
4. ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํก์ฐฉ ํ ํ์ฐฉ ์คํ 24
์ 4 ์ฅ ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ 25
์ 1 ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ฐจ ๋ฌผ์ฑ ๋ถ์ 25
์ 2 ์ ์๋ก์ด ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์ 27
1. ํกโงํ์ฐฉ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ์ 27
2. ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋์ถ 28
์ 3 ์ ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ์คํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ ๋์ถ 30
1. ํ์ฐฉ ์๋ 30
2. PE passive sampler์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ ์๋ 33
3. ํก์ฐฉ ์๋ ์์ ๋ฐ ํก์ฐฉ ํํ์์ 35
์ 4 ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ๋ค์ํ ํกโงํ์ฐฉ ํ์ ํด์ 40
1. ํ์ฐฉ์คํ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ์ ๋์ถ 40
2. ์ฌ ํก์ฐฉ ์๋ ์์ ๋ฐ ํก์ฐฉ ํํ์์ 44
3. ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํก์ฐฉ ํ ํ์ฐฉ 49
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 53Maste
Protease-activated receptor 2 activation inhibits N-type Ca2+ currents in rat peripheral sympathetic neurons.
The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 is highly expressed in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure via the modulation of peripheral vascular tone. Although several mechanisms have been suggested to explain PAR-2-induced hypotension, the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. To investigate this possibility, we investigated the effects of PAR-2 activation on N-type Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca-N)) in isolated neurons of the celiac ganglion (CG), which is involved in the sympathetic regulation of mesenteric artery vascular tone. PAR-2 agonists irreversibly diminished voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca)), measured using the patch-clamp method, in rat CG neurons, whereas thrombin had little effect on I(Ca). This PAR-2-induced inhibition was almost completely prevented by ฯ-CgTx, a potent N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, suggesting the involvement of N-type Ca(2+) channels in PAR-2-induced inhibition. In addition, PAR-2 agonists inhibited I(Ca-N) in a voltage-independent manner in rat CG neurons. Moreover, PAR-2 agonists reduced action potential (AP) firing frequency as measured using the current-clamp method in rat CG neurons. This inhibition of AP firing induced by PAR-2 agonists was almost completely prevented by ฯ-CgTx, indicating that PAR-2 activation may regulate the membrane excitability of peripheral sympathetic neurons through modulation of N-type Ca(2+) channels. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that the activation of PAR-2 suppresses peripheral sympathetic outflow by modulating N-type Ca(2+) channel activity, which appears to be involved in PAR-2-induced hypotension, in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals.ope
Transient receptor potential c4/5 like channel is involved in stretch-induced spontaneous uterine contraction of pregnant rat.
Spontaneous myometrial contraction (SMC) in pregnant uterus is greatly related with gestational age and growing in frequency and amplitude toward the end of gestation to initiate labor. But, an accurate mechanism has not been elucidated. In human and rat uterus, all TRPCs except TRPC2 are expressed in pregnant myometrium and among them, TRPC4 are predominant throughout gestation, suggesting a possible role in regulation of SMC. Therefore, we investigated whether the TRP channel may be involved SMC evoked by mechanical stretch in pregnant myometrial strips of rat using isometric tension measurement and patch-clamp technique. In the present results, hypoosmotic cell swelling activated a potent outward rectifying current in G protein-dependent manner in rat pregnant myocyte. The current was significantly potentiated by 1ยตM lanthanides (a potent TRPC4/5 stimulator) and suppressed by 10ยตM 2-APB (TRPC4-7 inhibitor). In addition, in isometric tension experiment, SMC which was evoked by passive stretch was greatly potentiated by lanthanide (1ยตM) and suppressed by 2-APB (10ยตM), suggesting a possible involvement of TRPC4/5 channel in regulation of SMC in pregnant myometrium. These results provide a possible cellular mechanism for regulation of SMC during pregnancy and provide basic information for developing a new agent for treatment of premature labor.ope
Suppression of Peripheral Sympathetic Activity Underlies Protease-Activated Receptor 2-Mediated Hypotension
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure via the modulation of peripheral vascular tone. Although some reports have suggested involvement of a neurogenic mechanism in PAR-2-induced hypotension, the accurate mechanism remains to be elucidated. To examine this possibility, we investigated the effect of PAR-2 activation on smooth muscle contraction evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the superior mesenteric artery. In the present study, PAR-2 agonists suppressed neurogenic contractions evoked by EFS in endothelium-denuded superior mesenteric arterial strips but did not affect contraction elicited by the external application of noradrenaline (NA). However, thrombin, a potent PAR-1 agonist, had no effect on EFS-evoked contraction. Additionally, ฯ-conotoxin GVIA (CgTx), a selective N-type Ca(2+) channel (ICa-N) blocker, significantly inhibited EFS-evoked contraction, and this blockade almost completely occluded the suppression of EFS-evoked contraction by PAR-2 agonists. Finally, PAR-2 agonists suppressed the EFS-evoked overflow of NA in endothelium-denuded rat superior mesenteric arterial strips and this suppression was nearly completely occluded by ฯ-CgTx. These results suggest that activation of PAR-2 may suppress peripheral sympathetic outflow by modulating activity of ICa-N which are located in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals, which results in PAR-2-induced hypotension.ope
Modulation of N-type calcium currents by presynaptic imidazoline receptor activation in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons
Presynaptic imidazoline receptors (R(i-pre)) are found in the sympathetic axon terminals of animal and human cardiovascular systems, and they regulate blood pressure by modulating the release of peripheral noradrenaline (NA). The cellular mechanism of R(i-pre)-induced inhibition of NA release is unknown. We, therefore, investigated the effect of R(i-pre) activation on voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, using the conventional whole-cell patch-clamp method. Cirazoline (30 ฮผM), an R(i-pre) agonist as well as an ฮฑ-adrenoceptor (R(ฮฑ)) agonist, decreased Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca)) by about 50% in a voltage-dependent manner with prepulse facilitation. In the presence of low-dose rauwolscine (3 ฮผM), which blocks the ฮฑ(2)-adrenoceptor (R(ฮฑ2)), cirazoline still inhibited I(Ca) by about 30%, but prepulse facilitation was significantly attenuated. This inhibitory action of cirazoline was almost completely prevented by high-dose rauwolscine (30 ฮผM), which blocks R(i-pre) as well as R(ฮฑ2). In addition, pretreatment with LY320135 (10 ฮผM), another R(i-pre) antagonist, in combination with low-dose rauwolscine (3 ฮผM), also blocked the R(ฮฑ2)-resistant effect of cirazoline. Addition of guanosine-5-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (2 mm) to the internal solutions significantly attenuated the action of cirazoline. However, pertussis toxin (500 ng ml(1)) did not significantly influence the inhibitory effect of cirazoline. Moreover, cirazoline (30 ฮผM) suppressed M current in SCG neurons cultured overnight. Finally, omega-conotoxin (omega-CgTx) GVIA (1 ฮผM) obstructed cirazoline-induced current inhibition, and cirazoline (30 ฮผM) significantly decreased the frequency of action potential firing in a partly reversible manner. This cirazoline-induced inhibition of action potential firing was almost completely occluded in the presence of omega-CgTx. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of R(i-pre) in SCG neurons reduced N-type I(Ca) in a pertussis toxin- and voltage-insensitive pathway, and this inhibition attenuated repetitive action potential firing in SCG neurons.ope
๋ฐ๋์ง, ์ฌ์ฑ์ฑ์ ์์์น์ ์ ํํ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ํ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์์ํ๊ณผ ์์ํ์ ๊ณต,2003.Maste
์ฐฉ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํํ๋ ์ฅ์ ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋์์ธํ๋ถ,2007.Maste
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