각질형성세포에서 레티노인산(All-trans Retinoic Acid)에 의한 IL-8 발현의 기전

Background: Retinoic acid (RA) has been reported to induce the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α and IL-8 in dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. There is no evidence to support a direct interaction between the RA-mediated transcriptional machinery and IL-8 gene transcription. Objective: The aim of this study is to clarify the mechanism of the up-regulation of IL-8 in keratinocytes by RA. Methods: The IL-1, IL-8, TNF-α and MCP-1 mRNA expressions in HaCaT cells stimulated by RA were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The effects of a NF-κB inhibitor and IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) on the IL-8 mRNA expression were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Electrophoretic motility shift assay (EMSA) was conducted on the RA-stimulated HaCaT cells that were or were not treated with NF-κB inhibitor to measure the NF-κB binding activity in each group. The phospho-IκB activity in the HaCaT cells after stimulation with RA was also measured by Western blotting. Results: An up-regulation of the IL-8 gene expression by RA was demonstrated in the HaCaT cells. The inhibition assay revealed the involvement of the NF-κB binding site of the IL-8 gene in the RA-enhanced promoter activity. EMSA demonstrated that RA enhanced the formation of the DNA-NF-κB complex. There was no evidence to support IL-1 as an intermediate stimulus between the RA-mediated transcriptional machinery and IL-8 gene transcription. Western blot analysis revealed increased phospho-IκB activity in the HaCaT cells after stimulation with RA. Conclusion: Our result suggested that the IL-8 gene expression of HaCaT cells after RA stimulation is caused by the activation of IKK and the dissociation of IκB from NF-κB and the transcription of NF-κB in the nucleusope

Diagnosis of submucous cleft palate using magnetic resonance imaging

Submucous cleft palate is diagnosed relatively later than overt cleft palate, because the signs of submucous cleft palate (i.e. bifid uvula, palatal muscle diastasis, bony notch, etc.) is not easily observed. Compared with oral inspection, speech assessments provide more conclusive information for diagnosis. However diagnosis is often delayed until the patient begins verbal communications and produces connected speech so that adequate speech sample can be obtained. And this delaying of diagnosis could result in development of abnormal speech behavior such as compensatory articulation. However, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can result in early diagnosis and decision for surgical approach than speech assessment in case of submucous cleft palate. This can be achieved even when the child can not produce connected speech, by indicating discontinuous levator veli palatini and attachment of the muscle bundles onto the hard palate. In this case report, we present a 26 months old child who was diagnosed as submucous cleft palate using MRI and repaired by intravelar veloplasty.ope

(A) mechanism of retinoic acid-enhanced IL-8 gene expression in keratinocytes

의학과/박사[한글] IL-8은 C-X-C 케모카인에 속하는 대표적인 호중구의 화학 주성 인자로 여러 가지 염증반응에서 중요한 역할을 하며 각질형성세포를 포함한 여러 세포에서 만들어진다. IL-8은 평상시에는 분비가 이루어지지 않다가 TNF-α, IL-1, phobol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA), lectins, 바이러스 등에 의해 유도되어 분비된다. IL-8의 프로모터 중심부에는 nuclear factor(NF)-κB element를 포함한 activating protein(AP)-1, AP-2, AP-3, 부신피질호르몬 수용체, NF-IL-6와 octamer factors가 있어 여러 가지 세포에서 IL-8의 분비를 조절하고 있다. 이 중에서 NF-κB는 IL-8 유전자 발현에 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 레티노인산은 비타민 A의 유도체로서 면역학적 반응과 염증반응을 조절한다. 이 중에서 all-trans retinioc acid(ATRA)는 레티노이드의 자연산화물로서 건선이나 여드름, 광노화 피부 등의 피부질환 치료제로서 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 임상적인 유용성에 비해 레티노인산은 국소적 외용제로 사용할 때 접촉성 피부염을 흔히 일으킬 수 있기 때문에 그 사용에 제한이 있다. 레티노인산은 각질형성세포에서 IL-1, TNF-α, IL-8 mRNA 발현을 증대시키며 각질형성세포와 진피 섬유모세포에서 이들 사이토카인을 분비시킨다. 이들 사이토카인이 레티노인산에 의한 접촉성 피부염 발생에 중요한 역할을 하리라 믿어진다. 본 연구에서는 레티노인산에 의해 각질형성세포주인 HaCaT세포에서 IL-1과 IL-8 mRNA의 발현이 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)를 이용하여 IL-8 유전자 발현에 NF-κB가 관여함을 관찰하였다. 이는 NF-κB 억제제를 사용했을 때와 I-κB에 대한 dominant negative mutant의 cDNA를 HaCaT세포에 도입한 후 발현시켜 NF-κB 활성을 방해하였을 때 IL-8 mRNA 발현이 저하됨을 관찰함으로써 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 레티노인산을 투여 후 세포질 내에 IκB의 인산화가 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 저자는 레티노인산이 각질형성세포에서 NF-κB를 통하여 IL-8 유전자 발현에 영향을 증가시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었지만 IL-8유전자에는 전형적인 레티노인산의 반응단위가 없으므로 직접적인 자극보다는 다른 경로가 있을 것으로 추정하였다. 중간 자극제로서 가능성이 있는 IL-1의 영향으로 NF-κB가 활성화되어 IL-8 유전자가 발현되는지를 알기 위하여 IL-1 receptor antagonist(ra)를 사용하였으나 IL-1ra가 레티노인산에 의한 IL-8 유전자 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 따라서 레티노인산이 IκB kinase를 통해 각질형성세포에서 IκB의 인산화를 촉진시켜 NF-κB로의 해리를 유도시켜 IL-8의 발현을 촉진시켰다고 추정해 볼 수 있었다. [영문]IL-8 is a member of the C-X-C chemokine family and an important chemoattractant for neutrophils and has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases. It has been reported to be produced by variety of cell types, including keratinocytes. The production of IL-8 is normally not constitutive, but is induced mainly by inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, or IL-1 and also by PMA, lectins and viruses. The core IL-8 promoter contain a nuclear factor(NF)-κB element that is required for activation in all cell types studied, activating protein(AP-1), AP-2, AP-3, glucocorticoid receptor, NF-IL-6, and octamer factors, etc. Unlike other transcriptional factors, NF-κB site is essential for induction for gene expression. Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of Vitamin A, is a modulator of immunologic and inflammatory responses. All-trans retinioc acid(ATRA), one of the naturally oxidized substances of retinoids, is clinically used for treatment of psoriasis, acne, photo-aging dermatoses and other skin diseases. However, the use of RA is restricted to the application because it induces irritant contact dermatitis. RA has been reported to induce up-regulation of IL-1, TNF-α, IL-8 mRNA and release in dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In this study, a stimulation of IL-8 gene expression by RA was demonstrated in HaCaT keratinocytes. Inhibition and transient transfection assay revealed the involvement of NF-κB binding site of IL-8 gene in RA-enhanced promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) demonstrated that RA enhanced DNA-NF-κB complex formation, especially with the p65 subunit. We concluded that RA is able to cause transactivation of IL-8 gene, which dose not contain classical RA response elements in its regulatory region. The stimulation of RA on the expression of IL-8 mRNA was related to activation of NF-κB binding activity, which is essential for enhanced IL-8 gene expression. However, there is no evidence to support a direct interaction between RA-mediated transcriptional machinery and IL-8 gene transcription. We suspected the mechanism of involvement of IL-1 as an intermediate stimulus in the RA-mediated IL-8 up regulation in HaCaT cells. However, there is no evidence to support a IL-1 as a intermediate stimulus betweeen RA-mediated transcriptional machinery and IL-8 gene transcription. Therefore, our result suggested that the IL-8 gene expression by HaCaT cell after RA stimulation results from the activation of IKK and dissociation of IκB from NF-κB and the transcription of NF-κB to the nucleusope

어린이 청소년 요 코티닌 추세분석

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 보건대학원 보건학과(보건학전공), 2024. 8. 조성일.배경: 간접흡연은 영아돌연사 증후군, 천식 등 호흡기 질환, 심혈관계 질환, 수면 장애 등 다양한 건강 영향을 미치므로, 어린이 청소년은 반드시 간접흡연으로부터 보호받아야 한다. 하지만 다수의 연구에 따르면 가정 및 공공장소에서 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연은 여전히 높은 수준이다. 특히 가정 내에서의 간접흡연은 금연구역지정 등 사회적 규제로부터도 비교적 자유롭기 때문에, 가정은 어린이 청소년이 가장 보호받아야 할 장소이지만 역설적이게도 간접흡연의 위험에 노출되기 쉬운 장소가 된다. 또한 연기나 냄새 등이 적어, 실내에서도 비교적 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 전자담배가 본격 도입됨에 따라, 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연 노출 가능성이 더욱 높아질 수 있어 우려되는 바이다. 한편 흡연 관련 연구에서 흔히 사용되는 자가보고식 설문은 청소년 및 여성의 경우 거짓보고 가능성이 제시되고 있다. 이에, 니코틴의 대사 물질인 코티닌(Cotinine)이 반감기가 18-20시간으로 길며 체내에서 안정적인 농도를 보이므로, 흡연을 파악하는 주요 바이오마커로 널리 사용하고 있다. 연구 방법: 국민건강영양조사 2014년-2021년도 만 6세-18세 어린이 청소년의 요 코티닌 자료원을 활용하여, 어린이 청소년의 요 코티닌 추세 및 이를 통한 간접흡연 추세를 파악하고자 하였다. 자가보고식 설문에서 현재 직접 흡연자라고 응답한 참가자는 간접흡연자 분석에서 제외되었다. 추세분석으로 위해서는 복합표본 가중치를 고려한 단순선형회귀분석을 이용하였다. 또한 가구원의 흡연 행태에 따라 해당 가구 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연 노출 확률을 확인하고자 하였다. 성인의 흡연 행태는 병용흡연(전자담배와 일반담배), 전자담배 흡연, 일반담배 흡연의 세 그룹으로 더미 변수화 하였으며, 청소년의 요 코티닌 농도를 결과 변수로 하여 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 모든 분석에는 R version 4.1.3이 사용되었다. 결과: 첫째, 6-18세 어린이 청소년의 요 코티닌 평균값의 추세는 2014년-2021년 감소하고 있다. 둘째, 요 코티닌을 통해 추정한 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연 노출 또한 6-9세, 10-12세, 13-15세, 16-18세 모든 연령군에서 동일 기간동안 감소하였다. 셋째, 가구 흡연행태와 관련하여, 병용흡연을 하는 가구에서 청소년의 간접흡연 노출 확률이 비흡연 가구에 비해 3.50배 높았으며(Odds ratio 3.50, CI 2.20-5.56), 일반담배 흡연 가구에서는 2.63배(Odds ratio 2.63, CI 2.02-3.41) 높았다. 전자담배만 흡연하는 가구에서는 비흡연 가구와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (Odds ratio 0.95, CI 0.49-1.84). 연령그룹별로 비교하였을 때, 6-9세 연령 그룹에 비해 16-18세 연령 그룹에서 간접흡연 노출 확률이 배 높았다(Odds ratio 1.66, CI 1.21-2.30). 가구 요인 관련해서는 가구소득이 가장 높은 5분위수 가구에 비해 가장 낮은 최하 1분위수 가구에서 2.57배 (Odds ratio 2.57, CI 1.45-4.55), 중하 2분위수 가구에서 1.57배 (Odds ratio 1.57, CI 1.05-2.36). 주거 형태별로 보았을 때 아파트에 비해 단독주택에서 1.5배 (Odds ratio 1.50, CI 1.10-2.04) 간접흡연 노출 확률이 높았다. 결론: 2014-2021년 기간동안 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연 노출은 감소추세이다. 하지만 여전히 간접흡연 노출은 발생하고 있으며, 특히 우리의 연구에서는 가정 내에서의 흡연행태에 따른 간접흡연에 주목하였다. 결론적으로 병용흡연자가 있는 가구에서 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연 노출 확률이 가장 높았으며, 연령별로는 16-18세 청소년에서 가장 높은 것으로 드러났다. 청소년의 경우 학교 등 집 외에서의 활동 시간이 어린이에 비해 길기 때문에 공공장소에서의 간접흡연 노출도 고려해야 한다. 결론적으로 어린이 청소년의 간접흡연을 보다 줄이기 위해, 보건학적 개입이 여전히 필요하며 특히 규제가 어려운 가정환경 내 간접흡연 방지를 위해서는 보다 적극적인 방식의 금연 캠페인과 정책이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 주요어 : 어린이, 청소년, 간접흡연, 코티닌, 병용사용, 전자담배, 일반담배 학 번: 2022-24876Introduction: Secondhand smoke(SHS) has various health effects, including sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and sleep disorders, so children and adolescents must be protected from secondhand smoke. However, numerous studies shew that SHS exposure among children and adolescents at home and in public places is still serious. In particular, SHS at home is relatively free from social regulations such as smoking free policy. Home should be the place where children and adolescents protected, but paradoxically, it is also a place where they are easily exposed to SHS. In addition, electronic cigarettes, which produce less smoke and odor and can be used relatively easily indoors, are introduced recently, there is concern that the possibility of children and adolescents exposed to SHS may increase. Meanwhile, self report questionnaires commonly used in smoking-related research have been shown to have the potential for false reporting in the case of adolescents and women. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, has a long half-life of 18-20 hours and shows a stable concentration in the body, so widely used as a major biomarker to presuming smoking status. Method: Using the urine cotinine data source of aged 6 to 18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2014-2021, we sought to identify trends in urine cotinine and SHS in children and adolescents. Participants who responded that they were current smokers in the self report questionnaire were excluded from the analysis. For trend analysis, simple linear regression analysis considering complex sample weights was used. In addition, we presume the effect of the smoking behavior of household members on the probability of exposure to SHS for children and adolescents in that household. Adult smoking behavior was converted into a dummy variable into three groups: dual use (electronic cigarette and conventional cigarette smoking), electronic cigarette use, and conventional cigarette use. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed using adolescents' urine cotinine concentration as the outcome variable. R version 4.1.3 was used for all analyses. Results: First, the trend of average urine cotinine values in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years is decreasing from 2014 to 2021, especially decreased in the age groups of 6-9, 10-12, and 16-18. Second, exposure to SHS in children and adolescents estimated through urine cotinine decreased in all age groups: 6-9 years, 10-12 years, 13-15 years, and 16-18 years. Third, regarding household smoking behavior, the odds of adolescents exposure to SHS with dual use were 3.50 times higher than in non-smoking households (Odds ratio 3.50, CI CI 2.20-5.56), and in households with regular cigarette use, 2.63 times higher (Odds ratio 2.63, CI 2.02-3.41). Households only e-cigarettes use showed no significant difference from non-smoking households (Odds ratio 0.95, CI 0.49-1.84). By age group, the probability of exposure to SHS was 1.61 times higher in the 16-18 year old age group compared to the 6-9 year old age group (Odds ratio 1.66, CI 1.21-2.30). Regarding household incomes, compared to households in the highest quintile, household income was 2.57 times higher in households in the lowest 1st quintile (Odds ratio 2.57, CI 1.45-4.55), and 1.58 times higher in households in the lower and middle 2 quintiles (Odds ratio 1.57, CI 1.05-2.36). Conclusion: Exposure to secondhand smoke among children and adolescents is decreasing during the period 2014-2021. However, SHS still occurs seriously, our study focused on SHS exposure associated with tobacco use types. In conclusion, the probability of exposure to SHS was highest among adolescents in households with dual use, and by age, highest among adolescents aged 16-18. In the case of adolescents, exposure to SHS in public places should also be considered because they spend more time outside the home than children. To further reduce SHS among children and adolescents, public health intervention is still essential, and more vigorous campaigns are needed to prevent SHS in homes where it is particularly difficult to regulate. Key words: children, adolescents, secondhand smoke, cotinine, dual use, electronic cigarettes, regular cigarettes Student number: 2022-24876Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Literature review 4 1.3 Purpose of research 9 Chapter 2. Methods . 10 2.1 Data sources and study participants. 10 2.2 Measurements . 10 2.3 Statistical analysis 11 Chapter 3. Results . 16 3.1 Analysis of cotinine trends . 16 3.2 Trend analysis of cotinine for Secondhand Smoker 18 3.3 Binary Logistic Regressions 21 Chapter 4. Discussion 28 Chapter 5. Conclusion 33 Reference . 34 Abstract in Korean . 43석

(The) effect of minocycline on the expression of desmoglein in keratinocytes.

의과학사업단/석사[한글]Minocycline은 세균감염외에도 여드름, 주사, 괴저성 농피증, 급성 두창상 태선양 비강진, 지속성 수장족저 농피증, 유천포창등의 질환에 사용되고 있으며, 이런 질환에서 minocycline의 치료효과는 minocycline의 항균작용 외에 항염증작용과 면역억제작용으로 설명할 수 있다. 특히 여드름에 대한 minocycline의 치료효과는 항균작용, corynebacterium acne로부터의 lipase와 collagenase억제 외에 면포형성억제작용등으로 설명하고 있으나, 아직 그 정확한 기전은 밝혀져 있지 않다. 연구자는 minocycline이 여드름 병변에서 각질형성세포의 세포간 부착에 영향을 주어 면포형성억제 작용이 있다는 가정하에 이를 증명하기 위하여 각질형성세포 부착에 가장 중요한 역할을 하는 desmoglein(Dsg)에 대한 minocycline의 영향을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 사람 각질형성세포와 HaCaT세포, A-431세포를 배양한 후 minocycline을 투여하여 형태학적인 변화를 살펴보고 간접면역형광검사를 시행하여 Dsg의 단백 발현과 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응(Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)을 이용하여 Dsg mRNA의 발현에 대해서 살펴보았다. 실험결과 저칼슘 배지에서 배양한 각질형성세포와 HaCaT세포 및 A-431세포는 minocycline을 40㎍/㎖투여하였을 때 각질형성 세포간 부착이 억제되는 현상을 관찰하였다. 면역형광검사를 시행하여 Dsg의 단백 발현을 조사한 결과 각질형성세포와 HaCaT세포, A-431세포에서 minocycline을 40㎍/㎖ 투여하여도 Dsg단백발현은 변함이 없었다. 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응검사를 시행하여 Dsg mRNA 발현을 본 결과 각질형성세포와, HaCaT세포, A-431세포에서 minocycline의 혈장내 치료농도의 약 10배인 50㎍/㎖ 농도까지 투여하여도 Dsg mRNA 발현에는 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 minocycline이 각질형성세포 세포간 부착을 저해하지만 그 기전은 Dsg mRNA나 단백 발현에 영향을 주어서가 아니라 다른 기전에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 핵심되는 말: minocycline, 각질형성세포, 부착, desmoglein, 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응, 면역형광검사 [영문]Minocycline is one of the most widely used antibiotics in dermatology. In addition to the infectious condition, it also has been used in the treatment of various noninfectious dermatologic disease including acne, rosacea, pyoderma gangrenosum, prurigo pigmentosa, pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, pustulosis palmaris and plantaris, bullous pemphigoid, and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Pharmacologic mechanisms of minocycline in these disease can be explained by its anti-inflammatory effects, such as inhibition of neutrophilic chemotaxis and immunosupressive properties. Efficiency of minocycline has been demonstrated in acne vulgaris. It reduces the level of cutaneous surface lipids and is active against propinebacterium acnes. Furthermore an anticomedogenic effect of minocycline has recently been discovered. However, the mechanism of anticomedogenic effect of minocycline can not be just fully explained by its many properties which is already known. Thus we evaluated the effect of minocycline on the adhesion of keratinocyte to understand the anticomedogenic effect of minocycline. Desmosomes are most important adhering junction in stratified epithelia. The desmogleins(Dsgs) are belong to the desmosomal cadherin and it was found to be the target antigen in the pemphigus In this study, we examined the effect of minocycline on the expression of Dsg using cultured human keratinocytes, HaCaT cell line, and A-431 cell line. Morphologic analysis and indirect immunofluorescence study was performed to evaluate the expression of Dsg in keratinocytes treated with minocycline. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed to study the effect of minocycline on Dsg mRNA expression of keratinocytes. The results are as follows. 1. Human keratinocyte showed loss of intercelluar attachments at the concentration of 30㎍/㎖ of minocycline when cultered in a low calcium media. 2. Indirect immunofluorescent study of Dsgs using cultured human keratinocytes, HaCaT cell line and A-431 cell line as a substrate revealed that there is no difference in the expression of Dsg between minocycline treated cells and minocycline untreated cells. 3. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that there is no difference in the expression of Dsg mRNA in culuted keratinocyte, HaCaT cell line and A-431 cell line between minocycline treated cells and minocycline untreated cells. . As a result, minocycline has no effect on the expression of Dsg protein and Dsg mRNA. Therefore the mechanism of minocycline induced loosening of cell adhesion is not dependent on the direct effect of minocycline. Key Words : minocycline, keratinocyte, adhesion, desmoglein, RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescent studyope

A Case of Faun Tail associated with Tethered Cord Syndrome

Tethered cord syndrome is a kind of spinal dysraphism with low-lying conus frequently associated with intraspinal lipoma, diastematomelia or fibrous band. The clinical manifestations varies from long periods of no overt symptoms to back pain, scoliosis. progressive neurological deficit of legs and incontinence. Therefore the diagnosis requires a strong clinical suspicion and aggressive investigation. It shows various cutaneous manifestations including hyperpigmentation, skin dimple, dermal sinus or hypertrichosis. This 34-year-old female patient has had a lozenge shaped hair tuft with terminal hair on the lumbosacral area since her birth. Her MRI scan showed dermal sinus and a low-lying conus at the lower border of L5. The filum terminale was also thickened. These findings are compatible for tethered cord syndrome.ope

Quality of Life of Acne Patients

Background: Although acne is extremely prevalent, few studies have focused on what the patient with acne vulgaris experiences. Furthermore, despite recent advances in the accurate measurement of health outcomes, few studies have discussed the influence of acne on discrete aspects of patients’ experiences such as their quality of life. Object: To determine the influence of acne vulgaris on the quality of life of adult dermatology outpatients, we performed cross-sectional and longitudinal questionnaire study. Method: Sixty patients with acne vulgaris attending appointments with their dermatologists. Findings using Skindex, a validated 29-item instrument to measure the effects of skin disease on patients’ quality of life. Results are reported as 3 scale scores (functioning, emotions, and symptoms) and a composite score (average scale score). In addition, dermatologists rated the clinical severity of patients’ skin disease. Higher Skindex scores indicate greater effects on quality of life. Results: Patients with acne experienced functioning and emotional effects from their skin disease comparable with those of patients with psoriasis, but experienced fewer symptoms (for patients with acne and psoriasis, respectively, Skindex functioning scores of 14.9 and 22.8 [p=0.08]; emotion scores, 39.2 and 38.9 [p=0.95]; and symptoms scores, 29.5 and 42.1 [p<0.05]). Skindex scores were higher in older patients than in younger patients, and patients aged 40 years or older were less likely to report improvement in their acne after 3 months (43% vs 85%; p<0.05). Among patients reporting no improvement in their acne, older patients reported greater effects of their acne on their quality of life. Furthermore, in multivariate analyses, older adults reported more effects of acne on their quality of life than younger adults, even after controlling for sex and acne severity as judged by the dermatologist. Conclusions: Acne vulgaris significantly affects patients’ quality of life. Sex, age, severity of acne and duration of acne can effect on quality of life of acne patients.ope

The Korean Version of Skindex-29

Background: Most available dermatologic quality-of-life measures were written in English. So these must be tranalated for use in Korea. Our purpose was to translate and adapt cultrually into Korean a skin-related quality-of-life measure Skindex-29, and to begin preliminary assessments of its reliability and validity. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation questionnaire studies were performed. Two hundred and sixty adult outpatients and healthy people responded to the Korean version of Skindex-29. Evaluations of the semantic equivalence of back-translated items, reliability, construct validity, and content validity of the Korean version were the main outcome measures. Comparison between the Korean version and other versions of Skindex-29 (Spanish and American) responses was also performed. Results: Five problematic items required a second translation and back-translation to achieve satisfactory agreement with the original instrument. The final Korean version of Skindex-29 was internally reliable. The instrument demonstrated both construct and content validity. As hypothesized, scores for dematologic patients were higher than those of healthy persons and scores for patients with inflammatory diseases were higher than those of persons with isolated skin lesions. Skindex scale scores of the Korean version and other versions of Skindex-29 were similar. Conclusions: We have developed a semantically equivalent translation of Skindex-29 in Korean. Our preliminary evaluation of its measurement properties suggests that it is a reliable and valid measure of the effects of skin disease on the quality of life in Korean patients.ope