Should We Recommend Ultrasonography for an Incidental Thyroid Nodule on Additional Cervicothoracic Sagittal T2-Weighted Image of Lumbar Spine MRI?

Purpose: To determine whether we should recommend ultrasonography (US) for an incidental thyroid nodule identified by additional cervicothoracic sagittal T2-weighted image (C-T sag T2WI) of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 61 patients who underwent both lumbar spine MRI and thyroid US between December 2011 and April 2015 was conducted. For all US-found thyroid nodules > 1 cm, investigators evaluated whether there was any correlation between thyroid nodule detectability by C-T sag T2WI and US features such as echogenicity, composition, or suspicion of malignancy. Results: Solid hypoechoic (2/4; 50%) or mixed echoic nodules (4/8; 50%) appeared to be found relatively more easily by C-T sag T2WI than more benign-looking solid isoechoic (1/4; 25%) or spongiform nodules (0/6; 0%). Among six nodules with ultrasonographic suspicion for malignancy, only one nodule was detected by C-T sag T2WI. Conclusion: If an incidental thyroid nodule is seen by C-T sag T2WI, it would be better to recommend thyroid US for identifying malignancy.ope

Three-Dimensional Fast Spin-Echo Imaging without Fat Suppression of the Knee: Diagnostic Accuracy Comparison to Fat-Suppressed Imaging on 1.5T MRI.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of three-dimensional fast spin-echo (3D FSE-Cube) without fat suppression (NFS) for detecting knee lesions, using comparison to 3D FSE-Cube with fat suppression (FS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-four patients who underwent 1.5T knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and 25 subsequent arthroscopic surgeries were retrospectively reviewed. Using arthroscopic results and two-dimensional images as reference standards, diagnostic performances of 3D FSE-Cube-NFS and FS imaging about lesions of ligament, meniscus, subchondral bone marrow edema (BME), and cartilage were compared. Scan parameters of 3D FSE-Cube imaging were previously optimized by a porcine knee phantom. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between detection rates of NFS and FS imaging for detecting lesions of meniscus and cartilage (p>0.05). However, NFS imaging had lower sensitivity for detection of medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears, and lower sensitivity and specificity for detection of BME lesions, compared to FS imaging (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: 3D FSE-Cube-NFS imaging showed similar diagnostic performance for detecting lesions of meniscus or cartilage compared to FS imaging, unlike MCL or BME lesions.ope

Effects of Post Biopsy Digital Rectal Compression on Improving Prostate Cancer Staging Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Localized Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of digital rectal-compression immediately after transrectal prostate biopsy (P-bx) for improving the accuracy of prostate cancer (PCa) staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2008 and June 2010, 94 consecutive patients who had a radical prostatectomy were included in our retrospective analysis. The exclusion criteria included a history of previous P-bx and surgery, a biopsy performed in another hospital, a number of biopsy cores different from 12, or a condition interfering with bleeding assessment. The subjects were divided into two groups, compression and non-compression. All enrolled patients took magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for PCa staging. RESULTS: The compression and non-compression groups were comparable with respect to several baseline characteristics. However, the total hemorrhage score of intraprostatic bleeding was significantly different between the groups, even with adjustment for the time from biopsy to MRI (compression:15.4 ± 2.32, non-compression: 24.9 ± 2.43, p<0.001). The intra-prostatic cancer location matching rate was higher in the compression group (78.0%) than in the non-compression group (70.2%) (p = 0.011). Overall accuracy of staging in compression and non-compression groups was 84.7% and 77.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that digital rectal compression performed immediately after prostate biopsy to reduce intraprostatic hemorrhage improves the accuracy for detection of PCa using MRI.ope

Severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with subclinical cerebro-cardiovascular atherosclerosis risk in Korean men

BACKGROUND: No studies have reported the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and concurrent cerebral artery and coronary artery atherosclerosis simultaneously. We aimed at determining whether NAFLD, as assessed by ultrasound, is associated with subclinical cerebro-cardio vascular atherosclerosis (CCVA) by multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), and high resolution-magnetic resonance angiography (HR-MRA). This cross-sectional study included men in the general Korean population aged 20-70 years. RESULTS: A total of 1,652 men participated in the study (normal, n = 835; mild-to-moderate NAFLD, n = 512; severe NAFLD, n = 305). The risk of subclinical CCVA was positively associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.068; 1.054-1.081, p < 0.001), body mass index (OR 1.120; 1.08 0-1.162, p < 0.001), hepatic enzyme levels (OR 1.012; 1.001-1.023, p = 0.027; OR 1.006; 1.001-1.012, p = 0.036), fasting glucose (OR 1.021; 1.015-1.027, p < 0.001), triglycerides (OR 1.002; 1.000-1.003, p = 0.016), hypertension (OR 2.836; 2.268-3.546, p < 0.001), and diabetes (OR 2.911; 2.137-3.964, p < 0.001). Also, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with subclinical CCVA (OR 0.974; 0.965-0.982, p < 0.001). Compared with normal controls, the OR for subclinical CCVA after full adjustment was 1.46 in the mild-to-moderate NAFLD group (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10 to 1.93) and 2.04 in the severe NAFLD group (95% CI: 1.44 to 2.89). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that NAFLD is common among Korean men, and NAFLD severity on ultrasonography is associated with subclinical CCVA, as assessed by MDCT, and HR-MRA.ope

The Relationship between Usefulness of Musical Activities and Emotional Intelligence

This research examines the relationship between usefulness of musical activities and Emotional Intelligence for middle school children. It is argued here that music as an extracurricular activity has a positive influence on the intellectual development of young adolescents. This study proposes an insightful direction for musical activities in middle school in terms of enhancing Emotional Intelligence. The purpose of this study was to explore the current situation of musical activities in classrooms and to identify its usefulness in order to broaden our perspective of view regarding Emotional Intelligence and its active role in the class. In this regard, this relatively new concept of Emotional Intelligence can be better understood in practical realms an well as on academic spheres. To better grasp a pedagogical meaning of musical activities that play an important role in the juvenile stage of human development, the author of this thesis has conducted a survey in all the 8th grade students at &amp;quot;K&amp;quot; middle school in Seoul; participants were composed of 99 male students and 95 female students(194 students in total) and data were gathered through questionnaire on their educational background, their preferences and frequencies of musical activities, their recognition of its usefulness, and their Emotional Intelligence. Collected data were evaluated according to descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation analysis. Based on the survey, the following facts can be drawn about the Emotional Intelligence of the selected middle school participants in Seoul. First, the finding from the survey generally indicates a positive correlation toward the usefulness of musical activities; 3.73 points out of 5, near to 4 points, indicating affirmative. The question that recorded the highest point in the average is &amp;quot;Music activity gives vigor to my life.&amp;quot; The next was &amp;quot;Music activity soothes me.&amp;quot; Conversely, &amp;quot;Music activity increases my other intelligent capacities&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Music activity enhances my creativity&amp;quot; were the lowest records, 3.32 points and 3.49 points respectively. Second, it is demonstrated that Emotional field was recorded the highest in its degree of recognition of‘Emotional Intelligence’: 3.86 points; subsequently, ‘Everylife’with 3.81 points,‘Intelligence’with 3.43 points. The latter is the only field close to 3 points, indicating‘normal state’ Third, the Emotional Intelligence of the students ranks 97.41 points out of 135 points in 27 questions(5 points per question). To be specific, the positive aspect of Emotional Intelligence is shown in their response, recording 3.61 points out of 5 points. In particular, the most frequently answered question was &amp;quot;I know my anger has some limits&amp;quot; in the fourth section, with 4.27 points, followed by &amp;quot;I know well how I feel&amp;quot; with 4.11 points. The two questions that ranked in the last were &amp;quot;I don&amp;apos;t know how others feel&amp;quot; in the first section, and &amp;quot;Things don&amp;apos;t work out well when I have a conflict with my best friend.&amp;quot; in the fifth section, with 2.39 points and 2.46 points respectively. Fourth, in the bird&amp;apos;s eye view of this research, the highest rank of all the five Emotional Intelligence was &amp;apos;Emotional Utility&amp;apos;, with 4.01 points. Other fields were ranked in the following order: &amp;apos;Promoting Thoughts&amp;apos; in the second order with 3.78 points, &amp;apos;Empathy&amp;apos; in the third with 3.61 points, &amp;apos;Emotional Expression&amp;apos; in the fourth with 3.55 points, and the lowest was &amp;apos;Emotion Control&amp;apos; with 3.17 points. That &amp;apos;Emotion Control&amp;apos; was placed in the lowest rank suggests an urgent need for new adaption of music programs which help middle school students learn to control their feelings. Fifth, all the results except the fifth stage of emotional control show a positive correlation between the usefulness of musical activities and its recognition. It confirms that the more middle school children realize the usefulness of musical activities, the better their &amp;apos;Emotional Intelligence&amp;apos; is Sixth, the survey points out explicit discrepancies between genders as male students tend to show some degree of consistency in their perceptions of values of musical activities in the classroom, while female students don&amp;apos;t. In detail, the response of female middle schoolers to the questionnaire indicate no significant relation in the categories like &amp;apos;Emotional Utility&amp;apos; and &amp;apos;Emotion Control&amp;apos;; a meaningful correlation is discovered in &amp;apos;Promoting Thoughts&amp;apos; and &amp;apos;Aggregation&amp;apos; in the Intelligence field. The research has proven the significance of Emotional Intelligence to the educators who try to improve learning environment. The result is as follows; First, middle school students realize musical activities do excercise a positive influence on their emotion in everyday life. The students believe that musical activities merely have no direct effect on enhancing their intelligent capacity. Nonetheless, they consider that music gives vigor to one&amp;apos;s life and peace of mind in daily lives. Second, the current 8th graders at &amp;quot;K&amp;quot; middle school in Seoul have by large good Emotional Intelligence with 3.61 points out of 5. Furthermore, all four stages including &amp;apos;Emotional Capacity&amp;apos;, &amp;apos;Promoting Thoughts&amp;apos;, &amp;apos;Empathy&amp;apos; and &amp;apos;Expression Ability&amp;apos;, report in fairly good feat except only Emotional Control in its average level. Third, participants who answer in the affirmative in response to the usefulness of musical activities in everyday life have proven good emotional intelligence, with only exception to the emotion control. In general, a positive correlation is found for female students, although there were some exceptions such as &amp;apos;Utilizing Emotion&amp;apos;. This still suggests the need of music activities in middle school which can help control their emotion. To sum up, with so few scholarship based on Emotional Intelligence, I hope this research would further clarify the relation between detailed factors such as genres, places and frequencies of music. In so doing, better perceptions of Emotional Intelligence would be established in pedagogy and more effective solutions for students&amp;apos; musical activities would be made in the future.;본 연구의 목적은 중학생의 음악활동에 대한 유용성 인식과 정서지능과의 관계를 밝힘으로 정서지능 향상을 위한 음악활동의 방향을 제안하고 음악활동이 청소년기 중학생들에게 어떤 긍정적 가치를 제공하는지 알고자 했다. 이에 따라 중학생들의 실생활 속에서 이루어지고 있는 음악활동의 현황과 이러한 음악활동의 유용성을 인식하고 학생들의 정서지능과의 연관성 및 앞으로의 음악활동 방향에 대하여 생각해보고자 하였다. 연구자는 먼저 음악활동이 나타내는 교육적 의의와 가치를 탐색하고 연구 목적 달성을 위해 서울시 소재의 K중학교 2학년 재학 중인 전체, 남녀학생을 연구 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 남학생 99명과 여학생 95명으로 총 194명으로 구성되었다. 설문지는 학생 기초사항, 현재 음악활동에 대한 선호와 빈도, 음악활동 경험, 음악활동의 유용성 및 정서지능의 영역으로 구성되었다. 수집한 설문지에는 연구 문제에 따라 기술통계, 빈도분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관분석 등을 실시하였다. 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생들의 음악활동에 따른 유용성 인식은 긍정적인‘그렇다’에 가까웠다. 이를 총 11개 문항을 설문했으며, 유용성 인식의 최고 긍정도 5점 기준으로 전체평균은 3.73점으로 4점인‘그렇다’에 가깝게 나왔다. 평균이 가장 높게 나온 최상위의 문항은 생활 영역의‘음악활동은 내 삶의 활력과 즐거움을 준다.’이며 4.10점으로 가장 높은 수치로 나왔다. 다음은 정서 영역의‘내 마음을 편안하게 위로를 준다.’로 4.06점이었다. 역순으로 최하위는 지성 영역의‘음악활동은 다른 학습능률을 높여 준다.’로 3.32점과 지성 영역의‘나의 창의력을 개발한다.’로 3.49점이었다. 둘째, 음악활동에 따른 유용성을 생활, 정서, 지성 영역의 3가지 영역으로 나누어 살펴보면, 이 중 유용성 인식의 긍정도가 가장 높은 영역은 정서 영역으로 3.86점, 생활 영역으로 3.81점, 마지막으로 지성 영역은 3.43점으로 나타났으며 지성 영역은 전체 영역 중 유일하게 평균이 3점‘보통이다’에 가깝게 나타났다. 셋째, 학생들의 정서지능은 총 135점(27개항, 각 문항 5점) 기준에서 97.41점이다. 정서지능의 최고 긍정도 5점 기준에 3.61점으로‘자주 그렇다’에 가깝게 나타났다. 평균이 가장 높게 나온 최상위의 문항은 정서 활용(4단계)의‘나는 분노라는 감정에도 정도가 있다는 것을 안다.’는 4.27점으로 가장 높은 수치로 나타났다. 다음은 정서 인식 및 표현(1단계)의‘나는 나의 감정 상태를 잘 알고 있는 편이다.’로 4.11점이었다. 역순으로 최하위는 정서 인식 및 표현(1단계)의‘나는 다른 사람의 감정이나 기분을 잘 모르는 편이다.’로 2.39점이었다. 다음은 정서 조절(5단계)의‘나는 친한 친구라도 다투면 화가 풀리지 않는다.’로 2.46점이었다. 넷째, 정서지능의 5단계 중 가장 높게 나온 단계는‘정서 활용’으로 4.01점, 두 번째는‘사고 촉진’으로 3.78점, 세 번째는‘감정 이입’으로 3.61점, 네 번째는‘정서 인식 및 표현 능력’으로 3.55점, 제일 낮은 단계는‘정서 조절’로 3.17점이었다. 따라서‘정서 조절’은 유일하게 평균인 3점‘가끔 그렇다’에 가깝게 나타났다. 다섯째, 음악활동의 유용성 인식(생활, 정서, 지성 영역)에 따른 정서지능과의 관계에 있어서 5단계‘정서 조절’을 제외한 영역에서는 모두 양(+)의 상관관계가 나타났다. 이에 음악활동의 유용성 인식이 높을수록 정서지능의 최상위인 5단계‘정서 조절’을 제외한 정서지능의 모든 단계에서 비례관계로 나타났다. 여섯째, 남녀학생의 성별 특징에서 남학생의 유용성의 인식에 따른 정서지능은 전체 학생의 결과와 동일하게 일관된 현상으로 나타나지만 여학생은 전체 학생이나 남학생들과 같이 명확하게 일관되지 않았다. 여학생이 남학생의 유용성 인식 결과와 다른 영역은 유용성의 생활 영역의‘삶의 활력과 즐거움’,‘ 다양한 경험과 활동’,‘ 평소 생활에 도움’과 정서 영역의‘나의 정서를 순화한다.’, 지성 영역의‘나의 창의력을 개발한다.’의 설문 항목에서 여학생은‘정서 활용’과 ‘정서 조절’에서는 관계없음으로 나타났다. 그리고 지성 영역에 있어서 나머지 항목이‘사고 촉진’과‘합산’에서만 상관관계가 나타났다. 연구결과에 따라 다음과 같은 사실을 보여준다. 첫째, 중학생들은 음악활동이 자신들의 정서에 많은 영향을 주고 일상생활에도 좋은 영향을 주고 있다고 생각하고 있었다. 지적 능력 즉 창의력 개발이나 음악 외에 다른 학습 능률에 도움을 주고 집중력과 기억력을 향상시키는 데는 보통으로 인식하고 있었다. 특히 음악활동이 삶에 활력과 즐거움을 주고 마음의 평안과 위로를 주며 평소 생활에 도움을 준다는 점 등에 대해서는 긍정적으로 생각하고 있었다. 둘째, 현재 서울시 K중학교 2학년 학생들의 정서지능은 대체로 좋은 수준(5점 만점기준으로 3.61점)으로 정서 활용 능력, 사고 촉진, 감정 이입, 정서 인식 및 표현 능력까지는 총 5단계 중 대부분인 4단계가 양호한 수준으로 나타났다. 정서 조절만 유일하게 보통 수준이었다. 셋째, 음악활동이 정서와 생활에서 유용하다고 대체로 긍정적으로 생각하는 이 연구 대상의 학생들은 정서지능도 정서 조절 능력을 제외하고 좋은 수준으로 나타났다. 여학생들은 정서 조절 외에도 일부 항목에서는 정서 활용이 제외되고 지성 영역의 유용성에서는 사고 촉진과 합산만이 관계가 있음이 확인되었으나 그 외 영역은 전체 대상과 같이 긍정적인 결과가 나타났다. 따라서 이 연구결과를 기초로 향후 음악활동의 구체적인 실행방안 즉 음악활동의 종류, 장소, 빈도 등과 정서지능의 관계를 규명하여 학생들의 음악활동에 효율적인 방향과 교수방안이 심층 연구되고 효과적으로 수립되어 활성화되길 기대한다.Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 B. 연구 문제 5 C. 연구의 제한점 5 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 6 A. 음악활동의 기능 및 유용성 6 B. 정서지능의 구성 요소 8 C. 선행연구 고찰 12 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 및 절차 16 A. 연구 대상 16 B. 연구 절차 20 C. 연구 도구 22 D. 자료 처리 및 분석 방법 26 Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 분석 27 A. 음악활동 유용성 인식 분석 27 B. 정서지능 분석 29 C. 음악활동 유용성 인식과 정서지능 관계 31 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 39 참고문헌 43 부록1. 연구 참여 동의서 46 부록2. 설문지 47 ABSTRACT 5

Radiologic Findings of Behçet Syndrome Involving the Gastrointestinal Tract

Behçet syndrome is characterized by the histopathologic finding of nonspecific vasculitis in multiple organs. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the combination of clinical signs and symptoms. This disease involves the gastrointestinal tract in 10%–50% of patients, and the terminal ileum and cecum are chiefly affected. Barium study is useful in demonstrating the characteristic radiographic features of Behçet syndrome involving the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of deep, penetrating ulcers results in a high rate of complications, such as perforation, fistula, hemorrhage, and peritonitis. Furthermore, recurrence of disease adjacent to or at the surgical anastomosis is common. Computed tomography is useful in determining the extent of the lesions and in identifying cases in which complications are likely to occur. Familiarity with the various radiologic findings of Behçet syndrome involving the gastrointestinal tract helps in making an early diagnosis, as well as in establishing an appropriate treatment strategy.ope

How reliable is routine lumbar spine MRI for detection of renal cysts? Correlation with abdominal CT

BACKGROUND: Incidental renal cysts are a very common finding in routine lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is no report of the renal cyst detection rate on routine lumbar spine MRI. PURPOSE: To determine the renal cyst detection rate in routine lumbar spine MRI based on findings of abdominal computed tomography (CT), and to investigate if the largest renal cyst seen by abdominal CT could be also detected by routine lumbar spine MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 70 patients who underwent both routine lumbar spine MRI and abdominal CT between December 2011 and January 2014. The detection rate of all renal cysts>5 mm as well as the largest renal cyst seen by abdominal CT were assessed in routine lumbar spine MRI. RESULTS: On routine lumbar spine MRI, the detection rate of renal cysts was 46.5% (73/157) for>5-mm renal cysts and 68.0% (34/50) for>10-mm renal cysts, correlating with abdominal CT. The detection rate of the largest renal cyst seen by abdominal CT was 60.0% (27/45). Non-detection of the largest renal cyst could be caused by upper positioning (n = 7), lateral positioning (n = 6), or relatively small cyst size (n = 5). CONCLUSION: Approximately half of renal cysts>5 mm and two-thirds of renal cysts>10 mm were detected on routine lumbar spine MRI. However, radiologists should be aware that kidney lesions may not be included in the scan coverage of routine lumbar spine MRI.restrictio

18F-FDG PET imaging of progressive massive fibrosis

PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate (18)F-FDG PET features of progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) and to determine the ability of FDG PET to differentiate pure PMF from PMF-associated lung cancer. METHODS: (18)F-FDG PET and chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in 9 patients with pneumoconiosis and PMF. Patients who showed active pulmonary tuberculosis on CT scan were excluded. Pure PMF was confirmed via either fine needle aspiration biopsy (n = 6) or 12 months follow-up CT scan (n = 3). CT features and PET findings were evaluated for distribution of fibrotic masses, consolidations, and nodules on CT scan and mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) of abnormalities depicted on PET scan. RESULTS: 14 masses were detected from nine patients. On chest CT scan, PMF masses were noted with surrounding small nodules and distortion of parenchyma. The size of the lesions ranged from 1.2 to 6.4 cm in maximum diameter. FDG PET scans identified metabolically active lesions in all patients. Maximal SUV ranged from 3.1 to 14.6 and mean SUV ranged from 1.4 to 8.5. CONCLUSION: FDG PET can identify PMF lesions as hypermetabolic lesions even without associated malignancy or tuberculosis. Therefore, it might have a limited role in the diagnosis of PMF with possible concurrent granulomatous inflammation or lung cancer.ope

Differential CT features of infectious pneumonia versus bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) mimicking pneumonia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the differential CT features of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) mimicking pneumonia and infectious pneumonia at the lung periphery. CT images were reviewed in 47 patients with focal areas of parenchymal opacification at the lung periphery. We evaluated the presence of ground-glass attenuation, marginal conspicuity of the lesion, CT angiogram sign, air-bronchogram sign, a bubble-like low-attenuation area within the lesion, presence of pleural thickening and retraction associated with the lesion, presence of pleural effusion and extra-pleural fatty hypertrophy, presence of bronchial wall thickening proximal to the lesion, and air-trapping in the normal lung near the lesion. BAC (n=18) depicted the presence of a bubble-like low-attenuation area within the lesion, whereas infectious pneumonia (n=29) represented the pleural thickening associated with the lesion and bronchial wall thickening proximal to the lesion (P0.05). The focal areas of the parenchymal opacification on the CT images may suggest infectious pneumonia rather than BAC when they show bronchial wall thickening proximal to the lesion and pleural thickening associated with the lesion, whereas BAC is characterized as the presence of a bubble-like low attenuation area within the tumor.ope

Computed tomography findings of pathologically confirmed pulmonary parenchymal endometriosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the localization of parenchymal pulmonary endometriosis and to correlate the CT findings with fiberoptic bronchoscopic and pathologic findings. METHODS: A prospective study of 5 patients presenting with catamenial hemoptysis was conducted. The CT scans and fiberoptic bronchoscopy were performed twice during and 2 weeks after menstruation. After the localization of the presumed bleeding focus, surgical resection was performed. RESULTS: The CT scans obtained during menstruation revealed a well-demarcated area of consolidation (n = 4) and ground-glass opacity (n = 5), whereas CT scans obtained after menstruation demonstrated ground-glass opacity (n = 4) or complete resolution of the previously noted lesion (n = 1). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy exhibited trails of blood clot at the orifice of the involved bronchi unilaterally (n = 4) or a thin bloody secretion in the bronchi bilaterally. Histopathologic examination of the resected specimens showed typical findings of pulmonary endometriosis. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography scans during and after menstruation were useful for the precise preoperative localization of parenchymal pulmonary endometriosis.restrictio