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    ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ๋ถ€๋ฒ„์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋ก ๊ณผ ์…ฐ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด(Shakespeare)์˜ ใ€Ž๋ฆฌ์–ด์™•ใ€(King Lear)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ด์ข…์ˆ™.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ใ€Ž๋ฆฌ์–ด์™•ใ€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„๊ทน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ „์ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทน์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์™€ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ์ค‘์„ธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž์•„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ์„œ ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž์•„์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋…ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™ฉ์•ผ์—์„œ ์ ˆ์ •์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—๋“œ๋จผ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋„ˆ๋ฆด๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„๊ตฌํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์„œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๋„์ฐฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋„๊ตฌํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ๋งˆ์ € ๋„๊ตฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ฝ”๋”œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์ผ„ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์— ๊ฒฝ๋„๋œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹ ์  ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ์ƒ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์žฌํŽธ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ญ‡ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—๋“œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—๋“œ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ดํƒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ์Œ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ์™€ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋Š” ์ฝ”๋”œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๊ธฐํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์š•๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ™˜์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ ๋‚˜๋ผํ•œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‹ ์  ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ฝ”๋”œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š”, ์ •์ž‘ ๋ฆฌ์–ด์™€๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ์—๋“œ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์— ๊นŠ์ด ์นจ์œค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ทน์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—๋“œ๋จผ๋“œ๋Š” ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์—์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ง์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ง๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋“œ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๋ถ€๋ฒ„์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋ก  5 โ…ข. ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ฝ: ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค 42 1. ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ํƒ€์ž ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ 42 2. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„๊ตฌํ™” 67 โ…ฃ. ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์‹คํŒจ: ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ 80 1. ์ƒ์— ๊ฒฝ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 80 2. ์‹ค์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ 110 โ…ค. ์ด์ฒด์  ํŒŒ๊ตญ: ๋น„์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ์™€ํ•ด 131 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  155 Bibliography 157 Abstract 167Docto

    ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง„๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํŒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์—์˜ ์‘์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กฐ์„ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์„ฑ์šฐ์ œ.Structural health monitoring (SHM) is essential to large structures for safety and economic benefits. In order to monitor the condition of structures, statistical analysis using machine learning algorithms has been used in recent years. Conventional vibration-based monitoring approaches generally utilize modal parameters of mode frequency, modal damping, or mode shape. The issue is that damages are generated locally and may not considerably influence the modal parameters, especially under ambient vibrations. Recent works on ambient noise interferometry have shown that the noise cross-correlation of diffuse fields can be useful for SHM application. Based on this recent signal processing method, the vibration-based SHM using diffuse fields is developed in this dissertation. A laboratory experiment is investigated on an aluminum plate with two accelerometers. A hand-held impact hammer is operated for the excitation and two types of damages are examined. From the cross-correlation of diffuse fields between two receivers, damage-sensitive statistical features are extracted. The performance is analyzed according to various environmental conditions and damage types applying a novel damage detection algorithm, support vector machine (SVM). Meanwhile, in flow monitoring of a pipeline-riser system, early recognition of severe slugging is important to prevent negative impacts including structural damage and low production. In this dissertation, a new monitoring approach using vibration signals of accelerometers is suggested. A main characteristic of accelerometer that vibration signals are significantly different between stable flow and unstable flow is advantageous for early recognition of severe slugging. An experimental study is performed in the pipeline-riser system, where six accelerometers are installed from the bottom to the top of the vertical riser. Different environmental conditions are generated by changing water and gas superficial velocities. Simple statistical parameters and linear prediction coefficients are extracted from vibration data for online recognition. The SVM and neural network (NN) are applied for binary classification, and the NN is used for multiclass classification. The performance is evaluated according to the signal length with different sensor locations. Though this dissertation is focused on the damage detection in the plate structure and unstable flow monitoring of the pipeline-riser system, the suggested methods can be useful with appropriate feature extraction for many SHM problems, such as blockage detection in the pipeline, condition monitoring of ship structures, and monitoring of building structures.๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง(structural health monitoring)์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜, ๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ฐ์‡ , ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ์€ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง„๋™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ƒ๊ด€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์žฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง„๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํŒ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ํ•ด๋จธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ƒ๊ด€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์†์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŠน์ง• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œํฌํŠธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋จธ์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง„๋™์›์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์†์ƒ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ-๋ผ์ด์ € ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” severe slugging์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ severe slugging์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์œ ๋™๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ง„๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋น ๋ฅธ severe slugging์˜ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ผ์ด์ €์— ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ ์†๋„ (superficial velocity)๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ์„ ํ˜• ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํŠน์ง• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ง„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œํฌํŠธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋จธ์‹ ์„, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‰ด๋Ÿด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์„ผ์„œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ์ง€์™€ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ-๋ผ์ด์ € ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ๊ฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ์˜ ๋ง‰ํž˜ ๊ฐ์ง€, ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ, ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ ์šฉ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Figures v 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Structural health monitoring 1 1.2. Damage detection on the aluminum plate 2 1.3. Severe slugging detection in the pipeline-riser system 6 1.4. Organization of the Dissertation 8 2 Machine learning algorithms for structural health monitoring 14 2.1. Principal component analysis (PCA) 15 2.2. Support vector machine (SVM) 17 2.3. Neural network (NN) 24 3 Damage detection on the alumimum plate 28 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Theoretical background 31 3.3. Experiment and data processing 36 3.4. Damage detection 44 3.5. Summary and conclusions 60 3.6. Acknowledgement 61 4 Severe slugging detection in the pipeline-riser system 67 4.1. Introduction 68 4.2. Theoretical background 71 4.3. Experimental apparatus and procedure 78 4.4. Classification method 88 4.5. Classification results and discussion 94 4.6. Summary and conclusions 100 4.7. Acknowledgments 102 5 Summary 108 Appendix 111 A.1. Classification without PCA in damage detection on the plate 111 A.2. Optimized parameters in severe slugging detection 113 A.3. Classification with additional features of frequency domain signals 116 Abstract (In Korean) 117Docto

    The mechanism of AlF4--induced regulation of [Ca2+]i oscillations in rat pancreatic acinar cells

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™ ์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Aluminum fluoride (AlFโ‚„^-)๋Š” ๋น„ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ G-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์นผ์Š˜์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ์ฅ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋†๋„์˜ AlFโ‚„^-๊ฐ€ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ cholecystokinin (CCK)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ oscillation์ด ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์นผ์Š˜์— ๋งค์šฐ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” AlFโ‚„^-์™€ CCK์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  AlFโ‚„^-๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์นผ์Š˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ํฐ์ฅ์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ collagenase digestion ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นผ์Š˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ fura-2๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AlFโ‚„^-์™€ CCK๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ lag time์€ CCK์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3.8 ยฑ 0.4 ๋ถ„, AlFโ‚„^-๊ฐ€ 16.6 ยฑ 1.9 ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  amplitude๋Š” CCK๋Š” 149.2 ยฑ 29.3 nM, AlFโ‚„^-๋Š” 83.5 ยฑ 10.5 nM๋กœ AlFโ‚„^-์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์ด CCK์— ๋น„ํ•ด lag time์ด ๊ธธ๊ณ  amplitude๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์นผ์Š˜์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ IPโ‚ƒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ด‰์‡„์ œ์ธ caffeine๊ณผ capacitative Ca^2+ entry (CCE) channel ๋ด‰์‡„์ œ์ธ genistein์— ์˜ํ•ด oscillation์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ AlFโ‚„^-์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์— ์†Œํฌ์ฒด์˜ IPโ‚ƒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณผ CCE channel์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ ์œ ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ AlFโ‚„^-์— ์˜ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ CCE channel๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ oscillation์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , thapsigargin์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ AlFโ‚„^-๋Š” CCK์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์นผ์Š˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ค„์–ด์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” AlFโ‚„^-๊ฐ€ ์นผ์Š˜์„ ์†Œํฌ์ฒด ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ^45Ca^2+์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋„์˜ AlFโ‚„^-๋Š” SERCA๋ฅผ 21 ยฑ 3.8 % ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ SERCA ์–ต์ œ ์ •๋„๋Š” AlFโ‚„^-์˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ AlFโ‚„^-๋Š” plasma membrane Ca^2+ ATPase (PMCA)๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ PMCA์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ AlFโ‚„^-๋Š” G-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผœ IPโ‚ƒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œํฌ์ฒด์˜ Ca^2+ ATPase๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์‹œ์ผœ CCE channel์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AlFโ‚„^-์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ „์— SERCA ๋ฐ CCE channel์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. -------------------- ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง : AlFโ‚„^-, ์นผ์Š˜ oscillation, ์นผ์Š˜ ์œ ์ž…, SERCA, ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ ์„ธํฌ [์˜๋ฌธ] Aluminum fluoride (AlFโ‚„^-), a non-specific G-protein activator, is known to activate intracellular Ca^2+ signaling. Previous reports have shown that, in rat pancreatic acinar cells, AlFโ‚„^- induces baseline spike type of [Ca^2+]_i oscillations, the typical pattern of cholecystokinin (CCK)-evoked [Ca^2+]_i oscillations. However, there is a big difference between AlFโ‚„^-- and CCK-induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations: i.e. AlFโ‚„^--induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations are strongly dependent on extracellular Ca^2+ whereas CCK-evoked [Ca^2+]_i oscillations primarily depend on Ca^2+ stored in IPโ‚ƒ-sensitive Ca^2+ pools. Therefore, in the present study, I have examined the signaling pathway involved in the generation of AlFโ‚„^--induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations. Pancreatic acinar cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, and changes in [Ca^2+]_i were determined using spectrofluorometry in fura-2 loaded single acinar cells. AlFโ‚„^- induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations with longer latency and smaller amplitude compared with CCK-evoked [Ca^2+]_i oscillations. The oscillations stopped rapidly by the removal of extracellular Ca^2+ or by the addition of caffeine, an IPโ‚ƒ receptor inhibitor, and genistein, an inhibitor of capacitative Ca^2+ entry (CCE) channels. These results suggested that maintenance of [Ca^2+]_i oscillations by AlF4- required both Ca^2+ entry through CCE channels and Ca^2+ release from IPโ‚ƒ-sensitive Ca^2+ pools. However, the initiation of [Ca^2+]_i oscillations was entirely dependent on intracellular Ca^2+ pools because AlFโ‚„^- generated short-lived [Ca^2+]_i spikes even in the absence of extacellular Ca^2+. Measurement of ^45Ca^2+ influx into the isolated microsome has revealed that AlFโ‚„^- directly inhibits sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2+ ATPase (SERCA) dose-dependently. In addition to this, the amount of Ca^2+ stored in the IPโ‚ƒ-sensitive Ca^2+ pools was shown to be reduced during the stimulation of acinar cells with AlF4-. AlFโ‚„^- inhibited the activity of plasma membrane Ca^2+ ATPase (PMCA) partially but the activity of PMCA during AlFโ‚„^- stimulation was higher than that of unstimulated cells. Therefore, the strong dependency of AlFโ‚„^--induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations on extracellular Ca^2+ is probably due to the partial inhibition of SERCA. This was supported by the observation that the partial inhibition of SERCA activity by low concentration of thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor, made the CCK-induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations more extracellular Ca^2+-dependent. In conclusion, Ca^2+ entry through CCE channels plays a critical role in the maintenance of AlFโ‚„^--evoked [Ca^2+]_i oscillations. The partial inhibition of SERCA activity by AlFโ‚„^- may be responsible for the reduced role of intracellular Ca^2+ pools and the increased role of Ca^2+ influx in the AlFโ‚„^--induced [Ca^2+]_i oscillations. Our data highlight the importance of SERCA in the maintenance of [Ca^2+]_i oscillations in the physiological state.ope

    Transient effects on the risk of occupational injuries as an acute events : a case-crossover study.

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌrestrictio

    Superhydrophobicity of Textile Membrane with Hierarchical Structured Roughness

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊ฐ•ํƒœ์ง„.Superhydrophobic surfaces have drawn a lot of interest both in academia and in industry because of the usability and their wide applications. Inspired by the extreme wetting states displayed by the natural materials, superhydrophobic surfaces have been widely fabricated by various techniques. In this work, superhydrophobic surfaces were manufactured by the spray-coating the hydrophobized silica nanoparticles on cotton textiles and superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride webs were produced by electrospinning. First of all, superhydrophobic and transparent surfaces on the cotton fabrics have been developed using the silica nanomaterials. Initially, trichlorododecylsilane was treated on the silica nanoparticles to lower the surface energy of the fabric. By simply spraying alcohol suspensions containing hydrophobized silica nanoparticles, the extremely water repellent coatings were formed on the textile fabrics. The effect of three type of alcohol solvent on the hydrophobicity of the coated cotton fabrics were examined by measuring the surface wettability. The treated cotton textiles in methanol exhibited the extremely water-repellent behavior with the water contact angles higher than 170ยฐ and the contact angle hysteresis lower than 10ยฐ. It proved to be essential to form the hierarchical morphology in achieving superhydrophobicity. Then, highly hydrophobic electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films have been developed from the electrospinning system by controlling the surface morphology. The PVDF was dissolved in a solvent with different concentrations of 8, 12, 16, and 20 w/v% to investigate the effect of the viscosity on the surface roughness and the hydrophobicity of the electrospun webs. The PVDF material was used due to its low surface energy, thus showing the inherent hydrophobicity. By controlling the surface structure by changing the concentrations, the PVDF webs with the hierarchical morphology, both nanometer- and micrometer-sized roughness, were successfully obtained. The beaded fiber structures with nano-sized fibers and micro-scaled beads and the highest roughness factor about 1.2ยตm were formed and that surface exhibited the contact angles about 150ยฐ with the contact angle hysteresis of 11ยฐ, and showing good water repellency. The fabricated PVDF membranes also showed the good oil-water separation ability and oil absorption capabilities as well, demonstrating as the stable oil sorbent material. With the excellent mechanical properties, the electrospun superhydrophobic PVDF membrane is expected to be applied to industrial oil-polluted water treatment material.โ… . Introduction 10 1.1 General Background 10 1.2 Theory of Superhydrophobicity 15 โ…ก. Superhydrophobic Surfaces on Cotton Fabrics 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Experimental Section 30 2.3 Results and Discussion 36 2.4 Summary 57 โ…ข. Superhydrophobic Electrospun PVDF Nanoweb 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Experimental Section 63 3.3 Results and Discussion 69 3.4 Summary 96 โ…ฃ. Concluding Remarks 97 References 98 Korean Abstract 104Docto

    ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง„๋™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋„์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ•ด์–‘ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ „๊ณต, 2015. 8. ์„ฑ์šฐ์ œ.ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์†Œ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์Œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ ยท์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋™ํ˜• ์„ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง„๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํŒ์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ง€์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์— ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ดˆ๋ก iii ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vi ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vii 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 2 2. 3์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ท ์งˆํ•œ ๋งค์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ 3 2.1. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ก  3 2.2. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ 5 2.2.1. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 2.2.2. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 7 3. ํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋„์ถœ ์‹คํ—˜ 11 3.1. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 11 3.2. ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ • 12 3.3. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋„์ถœ ๋ถ„์„ 17 3.3.1. ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„์„ 18 3.3.2. ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 23 3.3.2.1. ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 23 3.3.2.2. ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„ํ•  25 4. ํŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹คํ—˜ 28 4.1. ๋ถ„์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 28 4.2. ํŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 31 4.2.1. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐœ์ƒ 31 4.2.2. ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ถ„์„ 36 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  40 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 43 Abstract 46Maste

    "not to be" : Hamlet์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ์ •์‹ 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    ์žํ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก๊ฒฝํ—˜: ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์ตœํฌ์Šน.์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์šธ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๋†’์€ ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„ ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์„ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์šฐ์šธ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žํ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์žฅ์•  ์•ˆ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์ด๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์ „๊ณผ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์‘ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์œก๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ด๋ก , ์‹ค๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ง€์‹์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ "์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€?" ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Corbin & Strauss (2008)์™€ Strauss & Corbin (1998)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ 16๋ช…์œผ๋กœ, ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ 2014๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1์ธ๋‹น ๋ฉด๋‹ด ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1-2ํšŒ์˜€๊ณ , 1ํšŒ ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท  2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 15๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋‹ด์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— ๋…น์Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์™€ 26๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” '์ž๋…€์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ'์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. 3. ์ธ๊ณผ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ '์ •์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋…€: ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ, ๊ธธ์žก์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ดˆํ–‰๊ธธ'์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ '์žฅ์•  ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ: ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ๋Š๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„, ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋„, ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์˜ ์ •๋„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์žฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ '๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜: ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹ ๋…, ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์จ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€' ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ '์ถœ๋ฐœ์„  ์ฐพ๊ธฐ', '๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ', '์™„๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ', '๋Œ€์—ด์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ', 'ํ˜ผ์ž ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ค€๋น„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ'์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ '๋‹จ๋ จ๋œ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทผ์œก: ์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™, ์ž๋…€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์˜์‹์˜ ํ™•์žฅ'์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ž๋…€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌใƒป์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์–‘์œก์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์‚ด์•„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 โ…ก. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5 1. ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 5 2. ์žํ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 10 3. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 14 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 16 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ ํ™•๋ณด 20 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค 22 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 23 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 23 2. ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • 25 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 108 1. ์•„์Šคํผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก๊ฒฝํ—˜ 108 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 126 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 128 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 132 ๋ถ€๋ก 143 Abstract 151 List of Tables Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the participants 24 Table 2. Concepts and categories according to paradigm model 29 List of Figures Figure 1. Analysis steps in grounded theory 19 Figure 2. Process model of the parenting experiences of mother of children with Aspergers disorder 32 List of Appendixes ๋ถ€๋ก 1. ์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต๋ณด์„œ 143 ๋ถ€๋ก 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ๋™์˜์„œ 145 ๋ถ€๋ก 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ๋ชจ์ง‘ ๊ณต๊ณ ๋ฌธ 147 ๋ถ€๋ก 4. ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 149 ๋ถ€๋ก 5. ๋ฉด๋‹ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ 150Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 2. ๊น€๋ฏผ์ˆ˜.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ตํ‘œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ณ€์šฉ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ , ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ์†๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ตํ‘œ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ƒ์ง•๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ‘œ๋„์•ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์ด ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ง•๋ฌผ์˜ ์ œ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ƒ์ง•ํ˜•์‹์ด ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์— ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๊ตญ์‹ ๋ฏผํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉยทํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์  ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ํ•ญ์ผ์šด๋™์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 1919๋…„ 3.1์šด๋™์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ณต์€ ์ œ๋ณตํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ผ 1929๋…„ ๊ด‘์ฃผํ•™์ƒ์šด๋™ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ •๋œ ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ๋„ํ˜•ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ต๋ณต์˜ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๊ตํ‘œ์˜ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜๋ณต์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1937๋…„ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋„ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตํ‘œ๊ฐœ์ •๋ น์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ 1937๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ƒ์€ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ๋„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค ๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์ƒ์ง•์„ ๊ต๋ฌ˜ํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์€ํํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ†ต์น˜์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ง•ํ˜•์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ตํ‘œ๋„์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์ฃผ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋ผ๋„ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ๋„์•ˆ์–‘์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตํ‘œ๋„์•ˆ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ตํ‘œ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ฉด ์œผ๋ ˆ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์€ ํ•™๊ต๋งŒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ฒ ํ•™์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋‹ต์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐํ˜•์‹์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๋ฌธํ™”์ ยท์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Maste

    A Study on the Currency of Damages arising from International Business Transactions

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์„๊ด‘ํ˜„.์ฃผ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์šด์†ก์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜์—…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์†ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •์€ ์–ด๋Š ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”ํ•  ๋‚˜์œ„ ์—†์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์†ก์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์žฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์†ก ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1995. 9. 15. ์„ ๊ณ  94๋‹ค61120 ํŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1997. 5. 9. ์„ ๊ณ  96๋‹ค48688 ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋“ฑ์€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์›ํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋งŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ทจํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒœ๋„์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋งŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์™ธํ™”๋กœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ค‘ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ์†ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๋„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ5์žฅ๊ณผ ์ œ6์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์›๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ6์žฅ์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•™์„ค๊ณผ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์— ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ž…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”(departure)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ „ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ™”ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•  ์‹œ์— ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ œ5์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ7์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ8์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์™ธ๊ตญ ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ง‘์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ • ์ง“๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ394์กฐ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ „์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ์ •์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ด ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ394์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค€์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ด ์ธ์ •๋  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ™”๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ด ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ž๊ตญํ†ตํ™”๋กœ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์„ธ์—๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋˜ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์™ธํ™”๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐํ•ญ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์—†๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์„ ์›ํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ , ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด CISG์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” CISG์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ด์ž ํ›—๋‚  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ •์ง€์‡ผํ•‘(forum shopping)์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ •์ง€๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.This may not be a recent development but as we all know, modern technologies of transportation and the continuing shift toward market economies and free trade are creating an increasingly globalized world economy. The world is becoming a smaller place, as national boundaries are becoming more permeable and are gradually losing their economic significance. Naturally, disputes between transnational contracting parties have been increasing in size, number, and complexity, and for these transnational disputes, courts and arbitral tribunals are increasingly being called upon to choose among a variety of currencies involved in a single case. They may also have to convert foreign money obligations, which is a process that may be particularly important if one of the currencies involved either appreciates or depreciates in value within the relevant time period between the date of the breach of the contract and the date when judgment is to be rendered. Disputes posing the question on which currency should provide the reference point for the assessment of damages may not always present horrendously fatal discrepancies that can arise depending on which currency is chosen. However, the difference may occasionally be big enough to be worth litigating. So this research aims at analyzing the issue of currency of damages in the matter of international business transactions. In other words, it tries to determine in which currency damages concerning disputes arising from international business transactions should be awarded. After laying out the basic background analysis on damage, compensation, currency, and the relevant provisions from the leading legal instruments dealing with international business or commercial transactions, it delves into the past and the current approach of Korean courts on this subject. Then this research discusses how other countries have approached this matter, giving weight to the decisions of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom before and after the case of Miliangos of 1976. After lightly touching upon the issue of currency in terms of international arbitration, finally will follow an introduction of the recent case of Riverina, to which CISG was applied. In the rulings for this case Korean courts had, for the first time, adopted the approach of choosing the currency in which damage had actually occurred. Although there exist some leading decisions of Korean courts that deal with the issue of foreign currency and damages, not enough rulings have been accumulated to found a well-established approach of Korean courts on this issue. Still, it may be carefully presumed that Korean courts tend to award damages in Korean Won, even when damage from international transactions had occurred in a foreign currency, or when the governing law is not Korean law. The Supreme Court Decision of September 15, 1995 and the Supreme Court Decision of May 9, 1997 are the often-mentioned major decisions that reveal such tendency. Such approach is to a certain extent similar to the view that had prevailed in England before the case of Miliangos. For many years it was accepted in England that an English court was not permitted to order payment of debts or damages except in English currency. Therefore the amount due to the plaintiff in foreign currency had to be converted into one in sterling, and the exchange rate at the date the cause of action arose, for example the date of the breach of a contract or the commission of a tort, was used. However, in the case of Miliangos it was held that in certain circumstances English courts may, and in fact must, award judgment in a foreign currency. So nowadays in situations where it is apparent that the parties to the case had formed no intention as to what the currency of damages should be, the court chooses the currency which most truly expresses the plaintiffs loss. This case is a landmark case that has greatly influenced the views of the courts in not only England but also other countries. Therefore, this research suggests that in consideration of the principles of compensation, the increase of international business transactions, the current international trend on the matter of damages in foreign currencies, and the accurate application of governing law, there should be a deliberate modification on the Korean courts current approach.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2 ์ œ2์žฅ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ด๋ก  4 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 1. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์˜ 6 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ „๋ณด์›์น™ 7 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์›์น™ 9 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 10 1. ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์›๋ฆฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 10 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 11 ์ œ3์žฅ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์˜์˜ 13 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ 13 1. ํ†ตํ™” 13 2. ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ฃผ์˜ 14 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์™ธํ™”์™€ ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ 16 1. ์™ธ๊ตญํ†ตํ™” 16 2. ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ 17 ๊ฐ€. ๊ธˆ์ „์ฑ„๊ถŒ 18 ๋‚˜. ์ง„์ •์™ธ๊ตญ๊ธˆ์ „์ฑ„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ง„์ •์™ธ๊ตญ๊ธˆ์ „์ฑ„๊ถŒ 19 ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€์ œ โ€“ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ377์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ 20 ๋ผ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€์ œ โ€“ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ378์กฐ 20 ๋งˆ. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ 21 3. ํ†ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜์˜ 22 ๊ฐ€. ์™ธํ™”ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 22 ๋‚˜. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™์„ค ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€ํ†  23 1) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์˜ 23 2) ๊ฒ€ํ†  25 ๋‹ค. ์›์ƒํšŒ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์™ธํ™”ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 26 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ 27 1. ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์†Œ์†๊ตญ๋ฒ•(Lex Monetae) 28 2. ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•(Lex Causae) 28 3. ๋ฒ•์ •์ง€๋ฒ•(Lex Fori) 29 4. ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์†์ธ๋ฒ•(Lex Personalis) 30 5. ์ดํ–‰์ง€๋ฒ•(Lex Loci Solutionis) 31 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ†ตํ™” 35 1. ์†ํ•ดํ†ตํ™”์™€ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒํ†ตํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 35 2. ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ†ตํ™”์™€ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 36 ๊ฐ€. ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ†ตํ™” 37 ๋‚˜. ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ†ตํ™” 39 3. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 40 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์‹œ๊ธฐ 42 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 44 ์ œ1์ ˆ CISG 44 1. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 44 2. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 45 ์ œ2์ ˆ UNIDROIT Principles 47 1. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 47 2. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 48 ์ œ3์ ˆ PECL 49 1. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 49 2. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 51 ์ œ4์ ˆ DCFR 51 1. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 52 2. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 53 ์ œ5์žฅ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 54 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 54 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋ณ„ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 55 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 57 1. ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ378์กฐ์™€ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ 57 2. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1991. 3. 12. ์„ ๊ณ  90๋‹ค2147 ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒด ํŒ๊ฒฐ 59 ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 59 ๋‚˜. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 60 ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  62 1) ์ž„์˜์ฑ„๊ถŒ 62 2) ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€๊ถŒ 63 3) ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ 65 ๊ฐ€) ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด 65 ๋‚˜) ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด 66 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 68 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 69 1. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ - ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ394์กฐ 69 2. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 70 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 70 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1995. 9. 15. ์„ ๊ณ  94๋‹ค61120 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 70 1) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 70 2) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 72 3) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  73 ๊ฐ€) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 73 ๋‚˜) ์†ํ•ด์‚ฐ์ • ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์†ํ•ด์•ก์˜ ํ™˜์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ 74 ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 75 3. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 76 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 76 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1997. 5. 9. ์„ ๊ณ  96๋‹ค48688 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 77 1) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 77 2) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 78 3) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  79 ๊ฐ€) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 79 ๋‚˜) ํ†ตํ™”๋ฉด์ฑ…์กฐํ•ญ 81 ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2012. 10. 25. ์„ ๊ณ  2009๋‹ค77754 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 82 1) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 82 2) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 83 3) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  84 ๊ฐ€) ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์›ํ™”ํŒ๊ฒฐ 84 ๋‚˜) ์™ธํ™”์ง€๊ธ‰ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ 85 4. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด CISG์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 86 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ์š” 86 ๋‚˜. ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค 87 1) ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2013. 10. 18. ์„ ๊ณ  2012๋‚˜98043 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 88 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 88 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 89 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  90 (1) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CISG์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 90 (2) ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ธ์ • 91 2) ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2009. 7. 23. ์„ ๊ณ  2008๋‚˜14857 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 92 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 92 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 93 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  93 (1) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CISG์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 93 (2) CISG ํ•ด์„๋ก ์ƒ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๊ธ์ •๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 94 (3) ๋ณธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ CISG์™€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฉ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 95 (4) ์™ธํ™”์ง€๊ธ‰ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†ก์ด‰์ง„๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ก€๋ฒ• 97 3) ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2012. 9. 27. ์„ ๊ณ  2011๋‚˜31258, 31661 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 98 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 98 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 100 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  101 (1) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CISG์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 101 (2) ์™ธํ™”์ฑ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ธ์ • 102 (3) CISG ์ผ๋ฐ˜์›์น™์˜ ์ ์šฉ 103 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 103 ์ œ6์žฅ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 106 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 106 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์˜๊ตญ 108 1. ์„œ์–ธ 108 2. Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 118 3. Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ 110 ๊ฐ€. Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์š”์ง€ 110 ๋‚˜. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 111 1) 1966๋…„ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ฑ๋ช… 112 2) ์˜๊ตญ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ณ€๋™ 114 3) Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 116 4. Miliangos ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 117 ๊ฐ€. ์ ์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 117 1) The Folias ํŒ๊ฒฐ โ€“ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œ„๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 118 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 118 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 119 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  120 2) The Despina R ํŒ๊ฒฐ โ€“ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 122 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 122 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 122 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  123 3) The Texaco Melbourne ํŒ๊ฒฐ 124 ๊ฐ€) ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 124 ๋‚˜) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 125 ๋‹ค) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์ ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  126 ๋‚˜. ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ํƒœ๋„ 127 1) ์š”์•ฝ 127 2) ์™ธํ™”์ง€๊ธ‰ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด ์™„ํ™” 128 3) ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์šฐ๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 128 4) ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ™” 129 5) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํƒœ๋„์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 130 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 132 1. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ 132 2. ์ผ๋ณธ 134 3. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 135 4. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค 138 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 140 ์ œ7์žฅ ์ค‘์žฌ์—์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์„ ํƒ 142 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„œ์–ธ 142 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ค‘์žฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 143 1. ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๋น„๊ต์˜ ์‹ค์ต 143 2. ์ค‘์žฌ์—์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 144 ๊ฐ€. ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ 144 ๋‚˜. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ• 144 ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์›์น™ 146 ๋ผ. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ†ตํ™” 146 3. ๊ฒ€ํ†  146 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œํˆฌ์ž์ค‘์žฌ 147 ์ œ8์žฅ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 149 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„œ์–ธ 149 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 150 1. ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 150 2. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  151 ๊ฐ€. 1์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 152 1) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 152 2) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  152 ๋‚˜. ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 153 1) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ 153 2) ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  154 ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ 154 ์ œ9์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  156 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 159 Abstract 177Maste
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