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    ์•„ํฌ์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ E4์ด ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด๋™์˜.Introduction: This study aimed to investigate whether midlife cognitive activity and physical activity moderate the relationship between apolipoprotein E ฮต4 (APOE4) and in vivo Alzheimers disease (AD) pathologies. Methods: In total, 287 non-demented older adults (mean age 72 years) from the Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimers disease cohort were included. Participants underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment including the evaluation for midlife CA and physical activity, [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (PET), [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, structural MRI, and APOE genotyping. We used linear regression and regression-based mediated-moderation models for statistical analyses. Results: Neither midlife cognitive activity nor physical activity moderated the effect of APOE4 on ฮฒ-amyloid (Aฮฒ) retention itself. Midlife cognitive activity significantly moderated the effect of APOE4 on hippocampal volume: APOE4 carriers had smaller hippocampal volume than non-carriers at relatively high cognitive activity state, but not at relatively low cognitive activity condition. Midlife physical activity significantly moderated the effect of Aฮฒ retention, which was closely related to APOE4, on AD-signature region cerebral glucose metabolism (AD-CM): Higher Aฮฒ accumulation was associated with lower AD-CM in relatively low physical activity condition, whereas no such association was observed in relatively high physical activity state. Conclusions: The findings suggest that high midlife cognitive activity may accelerate hippocampal atrophy induced by APOE4, whereas high midlife physical activity may delay AD-related cerebral hypometabolism by weakening the influence of APOE4-associated Aฮฒ retention.์„œ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์ด ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ APOE4์™€ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋น„์น˜๋งค๋…ธ๋…„๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ APOE4์™€ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค์ธ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 287๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์น˜๋งค ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ APOE ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , [11C]-PiB PET์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์นจ์ฐฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , FDG-PET์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ MRI๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์€ APOE4์˜ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์€ APOE4๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” APOE4 ๋ณด์œ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ณด์œ ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์€ APOE4์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ์ด ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ์ด ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ธ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์€ APOE4์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋งˆ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์€ APOE4์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ-๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.I. Introduction 1 II. Material and Methods 3 III. Results 16 IV. Discussion 32 V. References 40 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 53Docto

    ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ์ „

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‡Œ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ •์ฒœ๊ธฐ.One of the most intriguing of the human brain's complex functions is the ability to store information provided by experience and to retrieve much of it at will. This capability of memory processing is critical to humans survival โ€“ that is, humans guide their actions based on a given stimulus (e.g., item) in an environment, and can do so even when the stimulus is no longer present owing to the memory of the stimulus. A fundamental question of memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Since Scoville and Milners characterization of patient H.M., who demonstrated severe recognition memory deficits following damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL), the hippocampus has been extensively studied as one of the key neural substrates for memory. In line with this, several experiments have been conducted on exploring the roles of the hippocampus in various ways. One is confirming the causality of the hippocampus in the memory process using direct electrical stimulation to the hippocampal region. The other is investigating the neural correlates of hippocampus using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) field potential and single neurons action potential known as spike recorded directly from the hippocampus. The present thesis is focused on providing direct electrophysiological evidence of human hippocampus in episodic memory that may help fill the gap that remained in the field for several years. Here, I will show how direct hippocampal stimulation affect human behavior and present characterized neural correlates of successful memory in the hippocampus. In the first study, building on the previous findings on the hippocampus, I sought to address whether the hippocampus would show functional causality with memory tasks and elicit different neural characteristics depending on memory tasks applied. I found hippocampal stimulation modulated memory performance in a task-dependent manner, improving associative memory performance, while impairing item memory performance. These results of the task-specific memory modulation suggest that the associative task elicited stronger theta oscillations than the single-item task. In the second study, I tested whether successful memory formation relies on the hippocampal neuronal activity that engaged preceding an event. I found that hippocampal pre-stimulus spiking activity (elicited by a cue presented just before a word) predicted subsequent memory. Stimulus activity during encoding (during-stimulus) also showed a trend of predicting subsequent memory but was simply a continuation of pre-stimulus activity. These findings indicate that successful memory formation in human is predicted by a pre-stimulus activity and suggests that the preparatory mobilization of neural processes before encoding benefits episodic memory performance. Throughout the study, the current finding suggests the possibility that the intervals of poor memory encoding can be identified even before the stimulus presented and may be rescued with targeted stimulation to the hippocampus even before the stimulus presented.์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ž๊ทน์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ž๊ทน์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒ์กด์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์ €์žฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์žŠํ˜€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”๋นŒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ƒ์‹ค์ฆ ํ™˜์ž H.M.์€ ์ธก๋‘์˜์—ญ์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๊ทน์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ํ™œ๋™ ์ „์œ„์ธ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž๊ทน ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ธฐ์–ตํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๋‹จ์œ„์„ธํฌํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋งˆ์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ , ํ–‰๋™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์ €์ž๋Š” (ใ„ฑ) ํ•ด๋งˆ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , (ใ„ด) ์„ฑ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ์ž๊ทน์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๊ทน์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊นƒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Human Memory System 1 1.1. The hippocampus and memory 2 1.2. The structure of the hippocampus 3 CHAPTER 2: Human Memory Research: how to see a memory 4 2.1 Clinical rationale for invasive recordings with intracranial electrodes 4 2.2. Human intracranial EEG 6 2.3. Single unit activity recording and spike sorting in human 7 2.4. Direct brain stimulation study 9 CHAPTER 3: Human Memory Research: hippocampal activity for understanding successful memory formation 11 3.1. Functional role of human intracranial oscillatory activity in successful memory mechanism 11 3.1.1. Theta Oscillations 11 3.1.2. Gamma oscillations 13 3.2. Brain stimulation for memory enhancement 14 3.3. Single unit activity study in memory 15 CHAPTER 4: Purpose of the Present Study 17 SECTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 19 CHAPTER 5: The importance of the hippocampal oscillatory activity for successful memory: direct brain stimulation study 19 5.1. Abstract 20 5.2. Introduction 22 5.3. Materials and Methods 25 5.3.1. Patients 25 5.3.2. Electrode localization 25 5.3.3. Memory task 29 5.3.4. Brain stimulation 30 5.3.5. Neuropsychological memory test 31 5.3.6. Analysis of memory performance and electrophysiological data 32 5.4. Results 37 5.4.1. Hippocampal stimulation improves associative memory but impairs item memory 37 5.4.2. Stimulation-induced memory enhancement is reflected in increased theta power during retrieval 38 5.4.3. Associative memory elicits higher theta power than item memory during encoding 42 5.4.4. Successful memory encoding elicits higher theta power in both memory task 44 5.4.5. Stimulation-mediated memory effect is greater in subject with poorer baseline cognitive function 46 5.5. Discussion 48 5.5.1. Summary 48 5.5.2. Task-dependent effects of hippocampal stimulation on memory 49 5.5.3. Theta activity as a neural signature for memory enhancement 51 5.5.4. Clinical implications 52 5.5.5. Limitations 54 5.5.6. Conclusion 55 CHAPTER 6: Hippocampal pre-stimulus activity predicts later memory success 57 6.1. Abstract 58 6.2. Introduction 59 6.3. Materials and Methods 62 6.3.1. Patients 62 6.3.2. Electrodes 63 6.3.3. Task and Stimuli 64 6.3.4. Electrophysiological recordings and Spike sorting 65 6.3.5. Analysis of iEEG field potentials 66 6.4. Results 68 6.4.1. Behavioral results 68 6.4.2. Spiking properties of hippocampal neurons 68 6.4.3. Hippocampal pre-stimulus activity correlates with successful memory 70 6.4.4. Hippocampal pre-stimulus spiking activity correlates with high gamma field potentials 74 6.5. Discussion 78 6.5.1. Summary 78 6.5.2. Comparison with previous findings 78 6.5.3. Possible mechanism underlying pre-stimulus activity 79 6.5.4. Conclusion 82 SECTION 3. GENERAL CONCLUSION 83 CHAPTER 7: General Conclusion and Perspective 83 Bibliography 84 Abstract in Korean (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 93Docto

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ํ•™/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋’ค ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์กด๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ตฌ์ถ• ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์€ Ferrans, Zerxic, Wibur, & Larson(2005)์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์™ธ์ƒ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์นœ๋ฐ€๋„, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ƒ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ๋กœ 19๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 2๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์™€ 2๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” S์‹œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ผ๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”, ์ž๊ถ๋‚ด๋ง‰์•”์˜ ์ž๊ถ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ์€ Resilience Scale-14, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” Marital Intimacy Questionnaire, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋Š” Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, ์šฐ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ์€ MD Anderson Symptom Inventory, ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ Female Sexual Function Index, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋Š” Health Self-Rating, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2015๋…„ 3์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ž…์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฉด๋Œ€๋ฉด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS 18๊ณผ AMOS 21์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํ†ต๊ณ„, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ„์„, ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ฯ‡2, ฯ‡2/df, GFI, AGFI, RMSEA, RMR, CFI, NFI, NNFI์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ํ•ฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1.์ „์ฒด ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ฯ‡2=718.99(df=201, p<.001), CMIN/DF(ฯ‡2/df)=3.577, GFI=0.869, AGFI=0.820, RMR=0.054, NFI=0.892, NNFI=0.898, CFI=0.919, RMSEA=0.079์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ด 19๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ค‘ 14๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— 67.1%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ง€์ง€, ์šฐ์šธ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2.๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ฯ‡2=532.72(df=208, p<.001), CMIN/DF(ฯ‡2/df)=2.558, GFI=0.817, AGFI=0.758, RMR=0.090, NFI=0.844, NNFI=0.875, CFI=0.897, RMSEA=0.087๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ด 19๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ค‘ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— 82.8%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3.ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ฯ‡2=593.478(df=208, p<.001), CMIN/DF(ฯ‡2/df)=2.853, GFI=0.804, AGFI=0.740, RMR=0.095, NFI=0.834, NNFI=0.858, CFI=0.884, RMSEA=0.096 ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ด 19๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ค‘ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— 57.0%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ง€์ง€, ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€, ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์—๋Š” ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์กด๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž๊ถ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ 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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 2. ์ •๊ตฌํฅ.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused oxidative stress plays a key role in carcinogenesis. The POU domain transcription factor Oct-1 and catalase is closely associated with ROS. However, a correlation between these two key proteins has not been demonstrated before. In this report, we show that Oct-1 acts as an activator of catalase, by binding to the catalase promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. In addition, we suggest that Oct-1 is downregulated by ROS via CpG island methylation in its promoter. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epigenetic changes induced by ROS in the process of carcinogenesis.Maste

    Relationships between spiritual well-being, hope and fatigue in patients with malignancies on chemotherapy

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” Paloutzian๊ณผ Ellison(1982)์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •์„ฑ๋•(2000)์ด ๋ฒˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์ด 20๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ, ํฌ๋ง ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊น€๋‹ฌ์ˆ™๊ณผ ์ด์†Œ์šฐ(1996)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ด 39๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ, ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” Mendoza & Cleeland et al.(1999)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์ด 9๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ S ํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ 1๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ B ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ 1๊ฐœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์•”ํ™˜์ž 160๋ช…์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 120๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2011๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๋ณ‘์› IRB์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํŒ€์žฅ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ณ‘๋™ ํŒŒํŠธ์žฅ, ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋™์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์™€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด์กฐ์›์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋ฉด๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋ฉด์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS WIN 14.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ, ํ‰๊ท , ํ‰๊ท ํ‰์ ๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’, t-test, ANOVA์™€ Scheffe''s test ๋ฐ Pearson''s correlation coeffcients, ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ 60%๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” 84.2%๋กœ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 65% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์กธ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์ „ ์ง์—…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 70.8%๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 64.2%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 60% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ์ง€๊ฐ์€ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 77.5%๋กœ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 1.7%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 66.7%๋กœ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ข…๊ต๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 70% ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 33.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 60%์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต์ง‘ํšŒ ์ฐธ์„์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 39.2%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 1ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 60%์ด์ƒ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ •๋„๋Š” 80์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท ์ด 56.02์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„๋Š” 234์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท ์ด 189.41์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋ง์ •๋„๋Š” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๋Š” 90์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท ์ด 38.41์ ์œผ๋กœ mild ์ •๋„์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(r= .617, p= .000). ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(r=- .232, p= .011). ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(r=- .365, p= .000). 4. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€์กธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ค‘์กธ ์ด์ƒ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=3.59, p= .01), ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=5.22, p= .002), ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=11.89, p= .000), ์ข…๊ต์ƒํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์ƒํ™œ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=9.01, p= .026), ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=21.87, p= .000), ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ๋งค์ฃผ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=16.71, p= .000) ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 5. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์ „ ์ง์—…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€(t=2.36, p= .019), ์ข…์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(t=2.13, p= .035), ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=3.98, p= .010), ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=3.82, p= .012) ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 6. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(F=6.07, p= .001), ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค(t=-2.27, p= .025) ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 7. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ํฌ๋ง, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์ข…๊ต์ง‘ํšŒ์ฐธ์„, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์˜ 63.6%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์ค‘ ํฌ๋ง์ด 38.5%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ์ง€๊ฐ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์ „ ์ง์—… ์œ ๋ฌด๋กœ ํฌ๋ง์˜ 50.6%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด 38.1%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ํฌ๋ง, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด, ์ข…๊ต์ƒํ™œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ์œ ๋ฌด, ํ†ต์ฆ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋กœ ํ”ผ๋กœ์˜ 32.3%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 13.4%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ง ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ํ”ผ๋กœ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ณ ์ทจ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…•์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.restrictio

    Multidimensionality of motivation and organizational commitment: Gender differences

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    ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ด€ํ–‰ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ฐจ์ด์— ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™๊ธฐ(๋‚ด์žฌ์ ๏ฝฅ์™ธ์žฌ์  ๋™๊ธฐ, ๋ฌด๋™๊ธฐ, ์ฃผ์ž…์  ๋™๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋™๊ธฐ)์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…(์ •์„œ์ , ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ , ์ง€์†์  ๋ชฐ์ž…)์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์‹œ 25๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ์ฒญ ์†Œ์† 5๊ธ‰์—์„œ 9๊ธ‰ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› 718๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋™๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋™๊ธฐ(๋‚จ์„ฑ>์—ฌ์„ฑ)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ •์„œ์ , ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์†์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ์„ฑ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ์š”์ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ(๋ฌด๋™๊ธฐ(-)>๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค>์ฃผ์ž…์  ๋™๊ธฐ)๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ(๋ฌด๋™๊ธฐ(-)>๋‚ด์žฌ์ >์ฃผ์ž…์  ๋™๊ธฐ)๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์ด ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„์ฐจ์›์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Accompanying the considerable increase in female civil servants, attention has been paid to their motivation in terms of effective utilization of human capital. Despite policy interventions for gender equality, womens experiences tend to be different from their male counterparts under male-dominated practices and structures. Keeping this in mind and applying gender perspectives, this study explored the relation between motivation and organizational commitment. In particular, this study focused on gender differences and the multidimensionality of motivation (amotivation, intrinsic and external motivation, introjected motivation, and public service motivation) and organizational commitment (affective-continuance-normative). A survey of 718 civil servants in 25 district offices of the Seoul Metropolitan Government was conducted. The findings were that, excepting public service motivation, gender differences in motivation were not found. On the other hand, there were gender differences in affective and normative motivation: male employees were more highly motivated in terms of those two dimensions in comparison to their female counterparts. Relations between motivation and organizational commitment also differed by gender. On the one hand, for male civil servants, amotivation was a mostly negative antecedent to organizational commitment and public service motivation and introjective motivation followed. On the other hand, for female public servants intrinsic motivation rather than public service motivation was a relatively strong antecedent to organization commitment. Implications of the findings for gender equality and human resource management were discussed

    A Study of Perceptions of Preparation for Aging

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    ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ด€ ์ , ๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜๋ฃŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” Q ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ Q ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋Œ๋ด„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹œ๋กœ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ฐฐ๋ ค ์ž๊ธฐ์ค€๋น„ํ˜•(์—ฐ์†์ด๋ก ํ˜•), ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ฐฐ๋ ค ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋ฆฝํ˜•, ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฐฐ๋ ค ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ก ํ˜•์˜ ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜•์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋Œ€์‘ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‹์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ƒ์ด์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ์ฑ…์ž„์„ 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ 2์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค
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