92 research outputs found

    ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท  Streptomyces coelicolor์—์„œ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž WblC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋„

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์„์˜์žฌ.Many antibiotics target bacterial translation, a fundamental metabolic process of protein synthesis. Translation-inhibitory antibiotics interfere with ribosome and other translational apparatus by diverse mode of action. Bacteria exhibit intrinsic resistance to antibiotics by utilizing indigenous genetic factors. Many types of intrinsic resistance mechanisms are known, but it has been observed that there are many undiscovered mechanisms as well. Actinomycetes of the gram-positive phylum Actinobacteria include environmental microbes, animal and plant symbionts, and pathogens. Actinomycetes include Streptomyces, which not only produce most of the commercial antibiotics but retains many antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and Mycobacterium, which includes major pathogens causing antibiotic resistance problems such as M. tuberculosis. WblC or WhiB7 of actinomycetes is a factor conferring intrinsic resistance to translation-inhibitory antibiotics. WblC (WhiB7), along with HrdB (SigA) is known to bind to target gene promoters and activate transcription. WblC (WhiB7) target gene products execute multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms. However, the composition of WblC (WhiB7) regulon varies greatly among species as well as encompasses many genes of unknown functions. Moreover, there were several problems in the mode of defining WhiB7 regulon. On the other hand, while wblC (whiB7) is thought to be regulated by ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, experimental evidences were insufficient and, most of all, no explanations were suggested regarding how the transcriptional attenuation is suppressed during antibiotic stress. The regulatory targets of WblC in Streptomyces coelicolor were examined in this study. 7.8% of all S. coelicolor genes exhibited WblC-dependent changes in transcript level during antibiotic stress, and 312 of these genes were confirmed as WblC regulon with observed direct binding of WblC to the promoters. As in mycobacteria, promoters of 288 WblC-upregulated regulon genes had 2 promoter sequence elements and a WblC-binding site in common, and showed WblC binding and transcriptional activation correlated to the degree of conservation of these common sequences. On the contrary, promoters of 24 WblC-downregulated regulon genes had no consensus sequence and exhibited no recruitment of HrdB by WblC. Meanwhile, WblC also regulated expression of many noncoding RNAs other than the regulon genes. Many of the WblC regulon products were identified to associate with ribosome and function as novel antibiotic resistance factors. S. coelicolor WblC regulon consists of multiple known antibiotic resistance genes and several overrepresented functional groups of genes, especially those involved in translation. WblC caused increase in global intracellular translation rate and a corresponding increase in growth rate at low-concentration antibiotic stress conditions, which may be due to diminished effective antibiotic concentration or stimulation of translation by WblC regulon products. Proteins showing both antibiotic stress- and WblC-dependent increase in ribosome association were identified, most of which were products of WblC regulon and many of which were reported to relieve translation stress. Respective mutation of 3 ribosome associate protein-coding WblC regulon genes resulted in increased susceptibility to erythromycin and/or tetracycline, which were recovered by complementation of the mutated genes. This study also deals with the mechanism how transcriptional attenuation is suppressed during antibiotic induction of wblC. First, the sequence elements of transcriptional attenuation were confirmed to be conserved among most of the wblC leader sequences of actinomycetes. Then, transcriptional termination caused by the Rho-independent terminator (RIT) of the leader sequence was verified to attenuate wblC expression. Putative antiterminator RNA structures were conserved in wblC leader sequences of sub-clades of actinomycetes, and the putative antiterminator of S. coelicolor actually functioned as an mechanism facilitating transcription readthrough during antibiotic stress. Lastly, it was found that amino acid starvation can also induce wblC expression by suppressing premature transcription termination, implying that ribosome-mediated attenuation of wblC responds to diverse translation deficiencies.์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ €ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํš๋“ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ์ž‘๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ฌธ (Actinobacteria)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ชฉ (actinomycetes) ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ๋™์‹๋ฌผ ๊ณต์ƒ์ฒด, ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์šฉ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” Streptomyces ์†๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท  ๋“ฑ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด ์†ํ•œ Mycobacterium ์†์ด ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ชฉ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. WblC ํ˜น์€ WhiB7์€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ €ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ธ์ž์ด๋‹ค. WblC (WhiB7)๋Š” ์‹œ๊ทธ๋งˆ ์ธ์ž HrdB (SigA)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘œ์  ์œ ์ „์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. WblC (WhiB7) ํ‘œ์  ์œ ์ „์ž ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ WblC (WhiB7) ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ‘œ์  ์œ ์ „์ž๊ตฐ (์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ)์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ข… ๊ฐ„์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ์ดํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถˆ๋ช… ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ WhiB7 ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ wblC (whiB7)๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡  ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ฆ๋ช…์ด ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์‹œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡ ๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” Streptomyces coelicolor์—์„œ WblC์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ‘œ์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S. coelicolor ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ 7.8%๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ WblC์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ 312๊ฐœ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ WblC์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” WblC ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ (regulon) ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. WblC์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” 288๊ฐœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ mycobacteria์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์„œ์—ด ์ธ์ž์™€ WblC ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๊ณตํ†ต ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” WblC ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, WblC ์˜์กด์  HrdB ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด WblC์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 24๊ฐœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์„œ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ WblC์— ์˜ํ•œ HrdB ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์œ ๋„๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ WblC๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ noncoding RNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. WblC ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ธ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S. coelicolor์˜ WblC ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ด€์—ฌ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. WblC๋Š” ์ €๋†๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์žฅ ์†๋„ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” WblC ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ํšจ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋†๋„ ์ €๊ฐ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ด‰์ง„์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ WblC์— ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด WblC ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ํ•ด์†Œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ erythromycin, tetracycline์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€์ด๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณด์™„ ์‹œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ wblC ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์œ ๋„ ์ค‘ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡ ๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท  wblC ์„ ๋„ ์„œ์—ด (leader sequence)์— ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡ ์˜ ์„œ์—ด ์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ๋„ ์„œ์—ด ๋‚ด Rho ๋น„์˜์กด์  ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ด wblC ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฐ์‡ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ๋ชฉ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ๋„ ์„œ์—ด ๋‚ด์— ๋ณด์กด๋œ ํ•ญ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ธ์ž (antiterminator) ์ถ”์ • RNA ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , S. coelicolor์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•ญ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ธ์ž ์ถ”์ • ์„œ์—ด์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡ ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•ด wblC ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ wblC์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์‡ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1-1. Translation-inhibitory antibiotics 1 1-2. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance of bacteria 2 1-3. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance of actinomycetes 3 1-4. WblC/WhiB7, a transcriptional regulator of intrinsic antibiotic resistance 4 1-5. Antibiotic resistance genes of WblC/WhiB7 regulon 7 1-6. Criteria of defining WblC/WhiB7 regulon 8 1-7. Regulation of antibiotic resistance by ribosome-mediated attenuation 9 1-8. Ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation of wblC/whiB7 12 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 13 2-1. Strains, plasmids, and reagents 13 2-2. Culture conditions 19 2-3. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) 19 2-4. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) 20 2-5. In silico sequence analyses 20 2-6. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) 21 2-7. In silico Analyses of gene-protein functions 22 2-8. In vivo 35S-methionine/cysteine incorporation assay 23 2-9. Ribosome isolation 23 2-10. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 24 2-11. Construction of mutant strains 25 2-12. Introduction of genes via integrative vectors 26 2-13. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test 27 2-14. S1 nuclease protection assay 27 2-15. Probe preparation for S1 nuclease protection assay 28 2-16. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) 29 Chapter 3. WblC-regulated targets in S. coelicolor 30 3-1. Direct target genes controlled by WblC 30 3-2. Promoter sequence motif of WblC-upregulated regulon 33 3-3. Different modes of WblC binding to activated and repressed regulon promoters 37 3-4. Noncoding RNA targets controlled by WblC 39 Chapter 4. Antibiotic resistance conferred by ribosome-associated proteins of WblC regulon 41 4-1. Functions of WblC-upregulated regulon gene products and relationship with antibiotic resistance 41 4-2. Maintenance of translation rate by WblC during antibiotic stress 48 4-3. Association of WblC-upregulated gene products with ribosome 51 4-4. Contribution of ribosome-associated WblC regulon gene products to intrinsic resistance 57 Chapter 5. The mechanism of wblC induction by translation stress 59 5-1. Conservation of ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation of wblC/whiB7 orthologs 59 5-2. Attenuation caused by leader RIT 61 5-3. Conservation of putative antiterminator structure in wblC leader sequences 64 5-4. Transcription readthrough caused by antiterminator formation during antibiotic stress 69 5-5. Induction of wblC by amino acid starvation 72 Chapter 6. Discussion 77 6-1. Transcriptional regulation by WblC 77 6-2. Antibiotic resistance and functions of WblC regulon 78 6-3. The mechanism of wblC induction by translation stress 79 Bibliography 81 Appendix 97 List of abbreviations 97 Abstract in Korean 99Docto

    ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊น€ํ˜•๊ด€.๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋…น๋ก์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์—๋ฅด์ผ€๊ณ ๋ฅด(Sรธren Kierkegaard, 1813 ~1855)์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ์›์ฃ„์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‚˜, ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ(Sigmu nd Freud, 1856~1939)๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ์ž์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๋™์ข…์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ผ์บ‰(Jacques Lacan, 1901~1981)์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์š•๋ง(ๆ…พๆœ›)์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋‚˜, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด์ž ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ’์š”๋กœ์›€์€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜, ์ธ๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜, ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํƒ€์žํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ž ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์š•๋ง์˜ ์ ˆ๋ง์€, ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€(ไธ–ไปฃ)์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ง์—…์  ์š•๋ง, ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์ž‰๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์›์ธ๋“ค์€ ์š•๋ง์ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์š•๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์• ์ •, ์šฐ์ •, ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์˜ ๊ท€์†, ์ธ์ •๊ณผ ์กด๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํ„ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ํ„ธ์€ ์‹ ์žฅ(่บซ้•ท)์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ์š•๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ์— ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ปค์ ธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ„ธ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋น„์œ ๋Š” ํ„ธ์„ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์›๊ด€๋…์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์€์œ (้šฑๅ–ฉ)์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ„ธ์ด ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ž˜๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์• ๋ธŒ์ ํŠธ(abject)์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ธ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋’คํ†ต์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฐ์•„(่ƒš่Šฝ), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๋งํ’์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋’คํ†ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ์ž(่ƒžๅญ)๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ž๋ž€ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ƒ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ์—†์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์•„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ํฌ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์•„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์•„๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํŠธ์™€ ์–‘์œก์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค(synapse) ์กฐ์ง์„ ์กฐํ˜•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ“ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๋ฐฐ์•„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด์ž ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ทผ์›์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๋งํ’์„ ์„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” Portrait๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋งํ’์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ์ด์ž ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋งํ’์„ ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ„ธ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ ๋ญ‰๊ฐœ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ด ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๋งํ’์„ ์€, ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ๊นŠ์€ ๊ทผ์›์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์›์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Šต๋„๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์€์œ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์••์ถ•์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ, ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šต๋„์˜ ์ธ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊พผ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๋•€์— ์ –์€ ์ด๋ถˆ์˜ ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•จ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ์„์˜ ๋ฒฝ์ง€์— ๊นŒ๋งฃ๊ฒŒ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•จ์„ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์šด์น˜ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์ธํ™” ๋œ ๋งํ’์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐœ์šดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์พŒํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ–‡๋ณ•์— ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๋„, ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ธฐํš์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์บ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•”์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šต๋„์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€, ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน์ด๊ณ  ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šต๋„์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ž ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋“์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๋˜์ฐพ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ˜์ถ”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •ํ™”์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.I am working on visualizing anxiety as a theme. The work was initiated by personal experience, which was realizing limitations to satisfy both my own professional desire as an artist and needs for living as a human being. This circumstance had led me to a pessimistic prediction of the future, then it moved into anxiety of my mind. At the same time, it constantly made me ask questions about my presence. This problem is not only for mine. These days, number of news and related statistics from the researchers tells us that anxiety is one of common mental state now, in further it allows to be viewed as one of humans deep nature. This shows that we need to face anxiety and to debate on it seriously. This is the proof to determine that the artistic expression of anxiety would have considerable weighty. I have defined three causes of my own anxiety : 'recogni tions', 'confusion due to uncertainty', and 'continuation of overreaction'. This is the result of considering the point where my desire is frustrated, and it functions as a measure to predict the process of failure. This is why I make pessimistic predictions about obtaining the values of affection, friendship, belonging to the group, recognition and respect that I desire as a social human being. I visualize this anxiety with a subject matter called hair. This subject matter reveals the psychological situation, allows for atypical interpretation, has an abject character through its expelled status, and operates in a metaphorical way. This is the most prominent thing which continually grows in one's body, where the growth of the height have stopped, because it seemed to resemble the growing anxiety in my mind, which was losing confidence in the achievement of social survival and desire. These works are divided into back head, embryo, and face and speech balloon according to each morphological motive. These three categories of work presents current anxiety, origin of anxiety, and anxiety that has expanded into social relations. Next, there is work based on humidity as a subject matter. This subject matter is not reproduced as a visual sign in painting, but has a meaning by indicating the situation. This means that the present life is wet because I cant get anything what I want. It looks like wet like sweaty blanket, and moist bread. On the other hand, dry means utopia that I want to reach, the dry means a life without anxiety. These subject matters mean present life and utopia in metaphorical way. They work as compressed expression of reality and ideal. These works are divided into 'wet', 'dry', and 'human body between wet and dry'. This study of express anxiety in painting was conducted with the aim of confronting and understanding anxiety, which is a part of myself and a part of contemporary human beings. As our original mental part, anxiety is tried to be abandoned, however it would bring back to our mental part. I tried to talk about this anxiety through work, and to respond further. And by doing so, I want to ruminate on my own life, to use it as a trigger for purification, and to breathe with my companion in same contemporaries.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2.1 ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 2.2 ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 12 1) ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 12 2) ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 18 3) ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 23 4) ์ง„ํ™”์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 31 5) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  34 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„ 38 3.1 ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 39 3.2 ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 47 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ 57 4.1 ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋“ค 58 1) 1974๋…„ ์ƒ 58 2) ์ง์—…์  ์š•๋ง 61 3) ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 65 4.2 ์ž‘์—…์— ๋‚ดํฌ๋œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์›์ธ 68 4.3 ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 72 1) ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์  ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 72 2) ์• ๋ธŒ์ ํŠธ(abject)์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 78 3) ์€์œ ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 81 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ํ„ธ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 83 5.1 ๋’คํ†ต์ˆ˜ 85 5.2 ๋ฐฐ์•„ 107 5.3 ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๋งํ’์„  117 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์Šต๋„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 134 6.1 ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ 136 6.2 ๋ฐ”์ง ๋งˆ๋ฅธ 144 6.3 ์Šต๋„์˜ ์ธ์ฒด 153 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  162 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 166 Abstract 171Docto

    A Study on Accuracy Improvement for Object Detection with ASIFT

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๊น€์žฌํ•˜.์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดฌ์˜๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ธ์‹, ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. Local feature๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ธ์‹์€ local feature detector๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ local feature detector์ค‘ SIFT๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ SIFT๋Š” ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ž„ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด์— affine SIFT(ASIFT)๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ASIFT๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ์ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋’ค SIFT๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ fully affine invariant ํ•œ SIFT๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ASIFT ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ASIFT๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ keypoint๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค๋งค์นญ๊ณผ ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” distance filter์™€ angle filter ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” local object update ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. Distance filter๋Š” ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. Angle filter๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ฒ€์ถœ์‹œ ์ด์ „ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ object๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ์žฌ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” local object update ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ 0%์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฅ ์€ 90% ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iii ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vi ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 1 1.2 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 2.1 SIFT ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 4 2.1.1 Scale-Space Extrema Detection 5 2.1.2 Keypoint Localization 7 2.1.3 Orientation assignment 9 2.1.4 Local image descriptor 9 2.1.5 Keypoint matching 11 2.2 ASIFT ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 13 2.2.1 Camera model 13 2.2.2 ASIFT Algorithm Process 15 2.2.3 ASIFT์˜ ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์ฒด์ธ์‹ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 16 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ASIFT ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ธ์‹ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 3.1 ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ASIFT์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 19 3.2 Distance and Angle Filter 21 3.3 Local object update ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์žฌ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 28 3.4 ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ASIFT ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 33 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 35 4.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 35 4.2 Distance and Angle Filter ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 4.2.1 Distance Filter ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 4.2.2 Angle Filter ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 4.3 Local object update ์žฌ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 4.4 Proposed Algorithm ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 50 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  53 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54Maste

    A Survival Prediction Model for Rats with Hemorrhagic Shock Using an Artificial Neural Network

    Get PDF
    Purpose: To achieve early diagnosis of hemorrhagic shock using a survival prediction model in rats. Methods: We measured heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiration rate and temperature in 45 Sprague-Dawley rats, and obtained an artificial neural network model for predicting survival rates. Results: Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.992. Applying the determined optimal boundary value of 0.47, the sensitivity and specificity of survival prediction were 98.4 and 96.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Because this artificial neural network predicts quite accurate survival rates for rats subjected to fixed-volume hemorrhagic shock, and does so with simple measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and temperature (TEMP), it could provide early diagnosis and effective treatment for hemorrhagic shock if this artificial neural network is applicable to humans.ope

    Galvanic nystagmus in normal person

    Get PDF
    Background and objectives: Vestibulo-ocular reflex and vestibulo-spinal reflex are induced by transmatoid galvanic stimulation of vestibular system. Nystagmus and body sway are result of each reflex. Recently, videooculograph possible to record a minute ocular movement was commonly used, vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by galvanic simulation is easily documented. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the galvanic nystagmus in normal persons in order to better understand the physiology of the vestibular system. Materials and methods: Eye movement of 20 neurootologic normal subjects by both side tranmstoid galvanic stimulation (40cases) were analyzing by videonystagmography. Results: The direction of nystagmus in fast phase was to the negative electrode. Galvanic nystagmus was occurred all normal subjects when stimulus intensity was more than 2ใŽƒ. There was positive correlation between slow phase velocity(SPV) and electric current but negative correlation was noted between asymmery of SPV and electric current. Conclusions: It is suggested that the galvanic nystagmus test could be a new diagnostic tool for evaluation of vestibular status.ope

    Cortical Representation to Odorant Stimulation: Statistical Non-parametric Mapping of Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA)

    Get PDF
    Background: Although olfactory stimulation has been known to produce effects on human mood and cognition, the specific EEG patterns of activity was reported diversely. The purpose of this study was to investigate EEG changes by odorant using low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) in young healthy subjects. Methods: The EEG's of nineteen (10 males, 9 females) non-smoking right-handed college students were recorded after odorant stimulation. A nineteen-channel EEG was recorded referenced to linked ears before and during olfactory stimulation. Olfactory stimulation was presented with lavender essential oil by blotter method. The LORETA power was computed from ten 2-s epochs, separately for the different EEG frequencies. The power values were logarithmically transformed and paired sample t-tests were done for each voxel and frequency band (1.5-30 Hz). Statistical results were displayed 3-dimensionally on the standard brain template. Results: All subjects experienced positive feelings (relaxed and pleasant) by olfactory stimulation with lavender oil (p<0.01). The LORETA power of theta and alpha band was increased in the dorsolateral and medial frontal areas, predominantly in the posterior cingulate gyri. The alpha LORETA power was also increased in bilateral orbitofrontal regions and the left perisylvian region including the insular cortex. Beta power was increased in the posterior cingulated gyri and mesial temporal region, predominantly on the left side. Conclusions: These results suggest that olfaction associated with emotional feeling might induce brain electrical power changes not only in the limbic system but also in the neocortex with lateralization to the dominant hemisphere.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2004-01/102/2014017262/1SEQ:1PERF_CD:SNU2004-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:์˜ํ•™๊ณผSCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

    ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2003.Docto

    Characteristics of YBCO step-edge Josephson junction

    No full text
    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ,1996.Maste

    ๋…ธ๋ž‘ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์•„(่ƒš่Šฝ)์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํŠน์ด์  ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ ap1185์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญธ็ง‘,1997.Maste

    The Characteristics and Changes of Climate Change Adaptation Policy Network in Lao P.D.R.

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ์œค์ˆœ์ง„.๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์™„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์‘๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๋” ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„๋ถˆ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ธฐํ›„๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์› ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ž€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ดํ–‰๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋Œ€์‘ ์ค‘ ์ ์‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ์œ ๊ด€๋ถ€์ฒ˜์™€ ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์™„ํ™”์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์‘ํ–‰๋™ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(NAPA)๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์‹ค(Climate Change Office)์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์šด์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ(NSCCC)๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ๋”ํ•ด ์–‘์ž๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ตญ์ œ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด, ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ฒด, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ NAPA๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ถ€์„œ์ธ ์žฌ๋‚œ๊ด€๋ฆฌ?๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ตญ(DDMCC)์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์œ ๊ด€๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ์žฅ์ธ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ๋ฏธํŒ…(RTM) ํ•˜์œ„๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ?๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„ํš์— ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค€ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •์กฐ์ง๊ฐœํŽธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ๋ฏธํŒ…(RTM) ๋‚ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•˜์œ„๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์› ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 1) ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฐœ์š” 4 2) ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… 7 3) ์›ํƒํšŒ์˜(Round Table Meeting) 9 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 14 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ - ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก  14 1) ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐœ๋… 14 2. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 19 1) ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 19 2) ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 20 3) ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 20 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 1. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 22 1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ 22 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž(ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž) 24 3) ๋ถ„์„์š”์†Œ 29 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 1) ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 31 2) ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ 31 3) ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 33 โ…ฃ. ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„ 34 1. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ(2000๋…„ ? 2007๋…„) 34 1) ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 34 2) ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 36 3) ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 38 4) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 39 2. ์ˆ˜์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ(2007๋…„ ? 2011๋…„) 40 1) ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 40 2) ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 42 3) ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 46 4) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 49 3. ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๊ธฐ(2011๋…„ ? ํ˜„์žฌ) 50 1) ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 50 2) ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 51 3) ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 63 4) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 69 โ…ค. ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋น„๊ต 70 1. ์ •์ฑ…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 70 2. ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž 71 3. ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 73 4. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 74 5. ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋น„๊ต 76 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 79 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 81 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 82 โ–  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 85 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ์ฃผ์š”๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€๋ถ€์ฒ˜ 9 ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„์š”์†Œ 16 ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์œ ํ˜• 18 ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 27 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„์š”์†Œ 29 ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 32 ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 37 ์ˆ˜์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 45 ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๊ธฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ ์‘์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž 62 ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ํ–‰์œ„์ž 66 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต 71 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต 72 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต 74 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋น„๊ต 76 ๋ถ„์„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต 76 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ์ง€๋„ 4 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด์•ก 1966-2010 6 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ 7 RTM ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 10 ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 36 ์ˆ˜์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 42 ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 51 ์ •์ฑ…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต 78 ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋…ผ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 84 ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘ ์˜์–ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ 88Maste
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore