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    ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„ GaN ์ด์ข…์„ฑ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์žฅํ˜ธ์›.III-nitride based semiconductors have advantages such as high quality, high efficiency, and long lifespan, and thus have attracted considerable interest in optoelectronic device applications such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and solar cells over the past decades. The GaN epitaxial layer is mainly grown on heterogeneous substrates such as Si, SiC, and sapphire because epitaxial growth using the GaN substrate is not possible for economic and technical reasons. Among them, the sapphire substrate is widely used due to its high quality, transparency, and high temperature stability, but many problems arise due to the difference in lattice constant from the epilayer and the difference in thermal expansion coefficient. Due to the difference in lattice constant, high density of threading dislocation that directly affect the efficiency of the optical device are generated in the epilayer, and due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient, a large compressive stress on the GaN thin film and wafer bow occurs during cooling at room temperature after the epilayer growth at high temperature. These problems hinder the realization of high-efficiency GaN-based optical devices. Compared to existing display technologies such as liquid crystal displays or organic light emitting diodes, micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are in the spotlight as a next-generation display technology because they have excellent characteristics such as high brightness, fast response speed, ultra-high resolution, and low power consumption. In particular, in fields such as virtual reality and augmented reality, which are expected to be highly demanded in the future, displays become closer to the human eye, and ultra-high-definition micro-displays are required. However, low external quantum efficiency (EQE), high level of leakage current, and immature micro-LED transfer technology are obstacles to commercialization. The fabrication of conventional micro-LED uses a plasma etching process to form individual micro-LEDs after growing a LED epilayer on a substrate. Non-radiative recombination is increased by exposure of the multi-quantum wells (MQWs) serving as an active layer, thereby causing high level of leakage current and low external quantum efficiency. In this study, a substrate with sapphire nano-membrane structures was proposed to obtain a high quality GaN epitaxial layer and to solve the problems of micro-LEDs. The growth of GaN on the sapphire nano-membrane was studied using an metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The GaN epitaxial layer grows in various shapes depending on the growth orientation and growth conditions, and various growth facets appear. In order to grow the desired micro-GaN epilayer on the sapphire nanomembrane, the study on growth behavior of GaN was first conducted to understand the growth aspect of the GaN on the sapphire nano-membrane. The fabrication of sapphire nano-membrane was carried out by photolithography, amorphous alumina deposition using atomic layer deposition (ALD), photoresist (PR) removal, and crystallization through a subsequent heat treatment process. The amorphous alumina layer is crystallized into a single crystal -phase alumina (sapphire) through solid phase epitaxy in the heat treatment process. In order to understand the growth behavior according to the growth direction, the growth of GaN was observed by varying the angle of the stripe pattern. The fastest lateral growth rate was seen in the stripe-shaped sapphire nano-membrane along with the sapphire [112 ฬ…0] direction, and it was confirmed that the lateral growth rate repeats the maximum and the minimum every 30ยบ rotation. By measuring the growth rate of facets formed differently depending on the direction, it could be understood that the growth shape of GaN was different according to the orientation. In addition, GaN grown in the bottom region between the membrane patterns was also observed. The Ga diffusion to the bottom region was inhibited by the GaN layer grown laterally on the membrane, showing the possibility that the GaN layer could be removed from the substrate by breaking the sapphire nano-membrane. Secondly, a discrete micro-sized GaN layers were grown by designing a pattern, based on an understanding of the growth behavior on the sapphire nano-membrane. Since the sapphire nano-membrane was a closed structure, ashing method using an oxygen plasma was proposed to remove the PR. By controlling the thickness and density of the membrane, the PR removal rate was observed, and as a result, sapphire nano-membrane of various sizes could be successfully manufactured using suitable conditions. The direction and size of the pattern were appropriately designed using the direction with the fastest and slowest lateral growth rates, and the GaN layers were merged only in the desired area, so that the micro-GaN separated from each other was grown. The micro-GaN layer had a 40% decrease in threading dislocation density (TDD) and a 36.5% increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared to GaN grown on a planar sapphire substrate. Finally, a discrete core-shell-like micro-LED array was grown on the 100 nm-thick sapphire nano-membrane without a harmful plasma etching process. It was confirmed that the sidewalls of MQWs were protected by p-GaN, and self-passivation by p-GaN is expected to prevent the decrease in EQE caused by the plasma etching process. TDD in the micro-LED formed on sapphire nano-membrane was reduced by 59.6% due to the sapphire nano-membranes, which serve as compliant substrates, compared to GaN formed on a planar substrate. In addition, Enhancements in internal quantum efficiency by 44% and 3.3 times higher PL intensity were also observed from it. Cathodic emission of 435 nm was measured in the c-plane multi-quantum well, while negligible levels of emission were observed in the lateral semipolar plane. Cathodoluminescence emission at 435 nm was measured from c-plane multiple quantum wells (MQWs), whereas negligible emissions were detected from semi-polar sidewall facets. A core-shell-like MQWs were formed on all facets, hopefully lowering concentration of non-radiative surface recombination centers and reducing leakage current paths. This study provides an groundbreaking platform for micro-LEDs by using sapphire nano-membrane.3์กฑ ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ, ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ, ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค, ๋ ˆ์ด์ €, ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๊ด‘์ „์ž ์†Œ์ž ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋™์ข… ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์—ํ”ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ Si, SiC ๋ฐ Sapphire์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์ข… ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ์€ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ, ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์—ดํŒฝ์ฐฝ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘์†Œ์ž ํšจ์œจ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ „์œ„ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์—ํ”ผ์ธต ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์—ดํŒฝ์ฐฝ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ›„ ์ƒ์˜จ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์‹œ์— ๊ธฐํŒ ํœจ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์— ํฐ ์••์ถ• ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด‘์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ์•ก์ • ํ‘œ์‹œ ์žฅ์น˜๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ ํœ˜๋„, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต ์†๋„, ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ ๋“ฑ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ™”์งˆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์–‘์žํšจ์œจ, ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ์ธต ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์–‘์ž์šฐ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์–‘์žํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„์˜ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์†ํ™”ํ•™์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„์— ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ์—ํ”ผ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ํฌํ† ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ, ์›์ž์ธต ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ, ํฌํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, ํ›„์† ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ธต์€ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ƒ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•ŒํŒŒ์ƒ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉฐ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด [112 ฬ…0] ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 30๋„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์™€ ์ตœ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก๋ฉด ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ์ €ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ ค ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์„ ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ๋ง‰ํžŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜์™€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก๋ฉด ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์€ ํ‰๋ฉด ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ด€ํ†ต์ „์œ„ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 40% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 36.5% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, 100 nm ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„์— ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ • ์—†์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋‹ค์ค‘์–‘์ž์šฐ๋ฌผ ์ธต์€ pํ˜• ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ด‘ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ๊ด€ํ†ต์ „์œ„ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 59.6% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€์–‘์žํšจ์œจ์ด 44% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 3.3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 435 nm์˜ ์Œ๊ทน ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์ด c๋ฉด ๋‹ค์ค‘์–‘์ž์šฐ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ทน์„ฑ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์–ด์‰˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์–‘์ž์šฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„๋ณต์‚ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 III-nitride semiconductors 1 1.1.1 General properties of III-nitride materials 1 1.1.2 GaN based LEDs and micro-LEDs 2 1.2 Technical issues with GaN based LEDs and micro-LEDs 8 1.2.1 Lattice mismatch and high dislocation density in GaN epilayers 8 1.2.2 Film stress and wafer bow 9 1.2.3 Low light extraction efficiency 10 1.2.4 Current issues with micro-LEDs 11 1.3 Compliant substrate and pendeo epitaxy 18 1.4 Epitaxial growth of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 24 1.4.1 Solid-phase epitaxy in amorphous Al2O3 nano-membrane 24 1.4.2 The growth of GaN on ultra-thin sapphire nano-membrane 24 1.5 Thesis contents and organization 31 1.6 Bibliography 34 Chapter 2. Experiments and analysis 41 2.1 Growth equipment 41 2.1.1 Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 41 2.1.2 Atomic layer deposition (ALD) 41 2.2 Analysis tools 44 2.2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) 44 2.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 44 2.2.3 Micro-Raman spectroscopy 44 2.2.4 Micro-photoluminescence (Micro-PL) 45 2.2.5 Cathodoluminescence (CL) 45 Chapter 3. The study on growth behavior of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Experimental procedure 53 3.3 Results and discussion 57 3.3.1 Fabrication of sapphire nano-membrane 57 3.3.2 Growth behavior of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane with various orientations 60 3.3.3 Growth behavior of GaN on spacing region with various orientations 67 3.4 Summary 70 3.5 Bibliography 71 Chapter 4. The growth of a discrete micro-GaN array with various sizes on sapphire nano-membrane 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.1.1 Micro-LEDs as an emerging display technology and current issues 77 4.1.2 Sapphire nano-membrane for micro-LEDs 81 4.1.3 Pattern design for discrete GaN dies by using growth behaviors of GaN on sapphire nano-membrane 81 4.2 Experimental procedure 86 4.3 Results and discussion 89 4.3.1 PR removal by asher for fabrication of the sapphire nano-membrane array 89 4.3.2 Growth of a discrete micro-GaN array 101 4.3.3 Threading dislocation density of micro-GaN layer 105 4.3.4 Optical property of micro-GaN layer 108 4.4 Summary 110 4.5 Bibliography 111 Chapter 5. A core-shell-like micro-LED array grown on sapphire nano-membrane 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Experimental procedure 123 5.2.1 Fabrication of a sapphire nano-membrane array 123 5.2.2 Epitaxial growth of a micro-LED array 124 5.2.3 Characterization 124 5.3 Results and discussion 127 5.3.1 Fabrication of a sapphire nano-membrane array 127 5.3.2 Epitaxial growth of a discrete micro-LED array 129 5.3.3 Characterization of a core-shell-like micro-LED array 132 5.3.4 Transfer of a micro-LED array for device fabrication 145 5.4 Summary 152 5.6 Bibliography 153 Chapter 6. Conclusions 161 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 165 List of publications 167Docto

    ์ •์„ฑ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์กฐํ•ญ๋งŒ.To resolve the question about a national identity and regional style of Architecture, young generation architects struggle to defend old value but dream for a better Australian way of life. Their affinity of pre-industrial vernacular tradition is reinterpreted by the tectonic refinement and their rejection of international influences adopted Glenn Murcuttโ€™s โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™ as the precedent. For that reason, โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™ has a value of the inside-out space which provides the sense of enclosure and the origins of human settlements. This value also supported their awareness towards to the local climate and the site. Glenn Murcuttโ€™s residential architectures in 1960-90s have evolved to suit regional climates over the period time. To solve the disconnection of British Cottage from the Australian landscape, Murcutt developed a long โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™ by adopting the idea of a โ€˜Californian bungalowโ€™ into the existing terrace houses. As such this paper investigates Murcuttโ€™s reinvention of the verandah space which became an ideal living platform or externalized inside-out space to reflect the local climate and terrain. Additionally, Murcutt installed adjustable layers to the wall such as shutters and louvers so that the occupant can coordinate with the โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™. This strategy promotes harmonious coexistence between nature and human beings as well as maintains the ecosystem by minimizing energy use. Since 2005, the BUILDING ACT for balcony expansion in Korea was legalized by the construct however balconies are mainly used for the expansion of residential spaces or warehouse. In contrast to โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™, this internalized inside-out space lost the main value of the balcony and ignored the option of the prospective occupant. Thus, the goal of this research is to resolve the dilemma of site-less residential architecture by analyzing Murcuttโ€™s evolutionary process of farmhouse based on his sustainable design strategies in non-technological ways. Murcutt's โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™ offers numerous implications for how locality is embodied in architecture, and it defines the identity of liberation from the entrapment of space while embracing human beings. Murcuttโ€™s โ€˜Non-Technological Ways of Thinkingโ€™ created a breathing wall by adding several layers of lightweight occupant control of passive systems to the exterior. This layering strategy reflects the wisdom of Aboriginal Australians and their use of the natural ventilation. Also this multi-layers walls has evolved to maximize the variability of a house. Yet Murcutt's houses only reflect the mild climate and locality of rural Australia, Murcuttโ€™s evolutionary process of design to completion and his cohesive craftsmanship could be a spiritual foundation that Korean architects should have, rather than the frequent use of technology. The local climate and environmental conditions of every city vary from place to place and every urban condition is different every site unique. There is no formula or single answer that can provide a categorical design solution. Therefore, by investigating analyzing the evolutionary process of Murcuttโ€™s โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™, the trend of the times and the modern meaning of regionalism is re-interpreted to pursue more environmentally-friendly and stable housing in the future. Murcuttโ€™s โ€˜Verandah Houseโ€™ became a footstep for subsequent architects (Anderson O'Gorman, Donovan Hill, Stutchbury and Pape) to allow the verandah to become an externalized interior space fused into one with the surrounding environment, rather than a separate space. Their verandah evolves into three perspectives that maximize Murcutt's non-technical ways of thinking and craftsmanship. Firstly, Verandah space is a productive hybrid space that focuses on people's behavior and activities from individual to group of people. Secondly, the newly reconstructed verandah space is an evolutionary medium that connects the historical nature of indigenous architecture that had been forgotten. This is a low-tech approach for life space and identity with some skills to keep up with trends in society's context and technology. Lastely, the verandah space is the centerpiece of negotiations that accommodates modern change. Consequently, this study could be an architectural list of insights, ideas, approaches, strategies, directions, layout, and local contexts. The new 21st-century Verandah House has further examined in this study. Their new sustainable house is not only reflect climatic and geographical characteristics an, but also provide an applicable โ€˜externalized interior spaceโ€™ anywhere, not just in rural areas or urban areas.์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‹œ ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์ง€(British Cottage), ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ(Californian Bungalow) ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์  ๊ธฐํ›„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ด๊ฒจ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ(Context)์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋งž์„œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ(Peter Muller)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ โ€˜Sydney School(์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์Šค์ฟจ)โ€™์šด๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์Šค์ฟจ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฑด์ถ•์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ (Rustic) ํˆฌ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ, ๋ชฉ์žฌ, ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์งˆ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์ธ ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ(Peter Muller), ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ์—(Richard Leplastrier) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท(Glenn Murcutt)์€ โ€˜์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„โ€™์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ฃผํƒ(Colonial Residential Architecture)์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€ ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท์€ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œํ‚จ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ฆ‰ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„(Inside-out space)์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ โ€˜๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค(Verandah House)โ€™๋Š” ํ›—๋‚  21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค(Anderson Oโ€™Gorman, Donovan Hill, Stuchbury and Pape)์—๊ฒŒ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จธ์ปท์˜ ์ •์„ฑ์ (Qualitative)์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋น„-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ (Non-Technological) ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„(Inside-out Space)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ’€์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋จธ์ปท์˜ โ€˜๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šคโ€™๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์กด, ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ, ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…์†์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ตํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋จธ์ปท์˜ โ€˜๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šคโ€™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด โ€˜๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คโ€™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํƒ์นจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, โ‘ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ(Hybrid)๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํ™œ๋™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. โ‘ก๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ์ž(Anti-bungalow) ์žฅ์ธ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ (Low-tech) ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ‘ข๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ์  ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  3 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 8 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 9 2. ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„(Inside-out Space)์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 10 2.1 '์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„'์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ 2.1.1 '์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„'์œผ๋กœ์„œ '๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ'์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 12 2.1.2 '์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„'์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 13 2.2 ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„ 2.2.1 Peter Muller(1927~) 18 2.2.2 Richard Leplastrier(1939~) 21 2.2.3 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋น„๊ตํ‘œ 23 3. ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท์˜ '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค' 24 3.1 ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท์˜ '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ง„ํ™” 3.1.1 ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 27 3.1.2 ์ง€๋ถ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 29 3.1.3 ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์™ธํ”ผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 32 3.1.4 '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค' ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„ํ‘œ 34 3.2 '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'์˜ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 3.2.1 '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  36 3.2.2 '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ธ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ…ํ† ๋‹‰ 37 3.2.3 '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒน์นจ 39 4. 21์„ธ๊ธฐํ˜• '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค' 40 4.1 ๊ธ€๋žœ ๋จธ์ปท '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค'์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„์† ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค 4.1.1 Anderson O' Gorman(1980~) 42 4.1.2 Donovan Hill(1993~) 44 4.1.3 Stutchbury and Pape(1992~) 46 4.1.4 ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด '๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹คํ•˜์šฐ์Šค' ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„ํ‘œ 47 4.2 ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  4.2.1 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ(Hybrid) ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 52 4.2.2 ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 55 4.2.3 ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 58 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  60 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 64 Appendix A Glenn Murcutt 67 Appendix B Anderson O' Gorman 80 Appendix C Donovan Hill 84 Appendix D Stutchbury and Pape 86 Abstract 90์„

    A study to Evaluate the Structural Integrity of the Plate Type Heat Exchanger using FEM Analysis

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    The purpose of this study is to evaluate a structural integrity of plate type heat exchanger considering the behavior of the global structure and is to perform finite element analysis and code calculation as the way to verify the structural integrity. Recently, the research on plate type heat exchanger has been focused on performance improvement considering the shape and size, however, this study is going to establish the criteria for the supporting structure of the plate type heat exchanger integrity. Structures under internal pressure flat plate, fixed frame and maximum bolt load were evaluated a structural integrity by performing code calculation The advantages of the plate type heat exchanger is that it is easy to assemble and disassemble, which is up to 1.5 times the actual weight of the evaluation of the structural integrity in carrying bar of body part. The allowable bending stress of the beam type structures which carrying bar and support column is applied to 0.66Sy and flat type like a base plate is applied to 0.6Sy. In addition, the maximum deformation allows 6 inch per 100ft. In this study, the pre-processing module using Visual Basic and ANSYS APDL has been proposed to save time in FE modeling and analysis to improve an accuracy.1. ์„œ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  2. ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 ํƒ„์„ฑ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ์ด๋ก  2.2 ๋ชจ๋“œํ•ด์„ ์ด๋ก  2.3 ์‘๋‹ต ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ก  3. ํ•ด์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํŒํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ 3.1 ํ˜•์ƒ 3.2 ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 3.3 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์‘๋ ฅ 4. ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 4.1 ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 4.1.1 ๊ณ ์ • ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์„ค๊ณ„ 4.1.2 ์•ต์ปค ๋ณผํŠธ ์„ค๊ณ„ 4.2 ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ 4.2.1 ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด 4.2.2 ํ•˜์ค‘ ์กฐํ•ฉ 4.2.3 ๊ฐ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์น˜ ๋น„๊ต 5. ๋‚ด์ง„ํ•ด์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.1 ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ 5.1.1 ์œ ํšจ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 5.2 ์‘๋‹ต ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํ•ด์„ 5.2.1 ์‘๋‹ต ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ 5.2.2 ์‘๋‹ต ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ณผํŠธ ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6. ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 6.1 ์ž๋™ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 6.1.1 ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์˜ ์ž๋™ํ™” 6.2 ์ „์ฒด ์ž๋™ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 6.2.1 ํ™”๋ฉด๊ตฌ์„ฑ 7. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ APPENDIX

    ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ–‰์ •์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์ •๋™์šฑ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์ดํ•ด๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์—…์ง‘์ค‘๋„์ด๊ณ , ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œก๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›(KEDI)์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œก์ข…๋‹จ์ž๋ฃŒ2013(KELS) 3, 4, 5์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ด 4,979๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์›๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•™๊ต ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—…์ดํ•ด๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์—…์ง‘์ค‘๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•™๊ต ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์„ ํƒํŽธ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ ๋•Œ, ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ˆ˜์—…์ดํ•ด๋„์™€ ์ˆ˜์—…์ง‘์ค‘๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—…์ดํ•ด๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์—…์ง‘์ค‘๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์„ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์  ๋ถ„ํฌ, ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์งˆ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€์ , ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study analyzed the moderating effect of class size on student's educational performance based on the fact that the learning process changes according to class size. Course variables are individualized teaching methods, interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers, and intermediate outputs are students' understanding and concentration of classes, and the final output is students' academic achievement. To this end, the analysis was conducted using the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Korean Education Longitudinal Data2013(KELS) provided by the Korea Educational Development Institute(KEDI), and the final analysis target was 4,979. A two-way fixed effect model was used to control the unique characteristics of an individual and the heterogeneity of time. First, the difference between students and school characteristics according to class size was examined at the level of descriptive statistics, and whether there were statistical differences in individualized teaching methods, interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers according to class size. Next, it was confirmed whether the influence of the class method and the relationship with teachers on the intermediate output, class understanding and class concentration, varies depending on the class size. Finally, we checked whether the effect of class method and relationship with teachers on the final output, academic achievement, varies depending on the class size, and analyzed only students who have experienced small classes for three years of middle school to examine the cumulative effect of small classes. The research results are as follows. First, there were differences in student and school characteristics according to class size, which suggests that there is an endogeneity due to self-selection bias in the distribution of class size. In addition, statistical differences according to class size were found in the individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationship with teachers. When the class size was small, the student perceived that the teaching method was more individual and interactive, and that the relationship with teachers was more positive. Second, the moderating effect of class size on class understanding and class concentration was shown. The smaller the class size, the greater the influence of individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationships with teachers on class understanding. In the case of class concentration, the above effect was confirmed only in the individualized class method. Third, there was no moderating effect of class size on academic achievement. In other words, the influence of individualized and interactive teaching methods and relationship with teachers on academic achievement did not appear differently depending on the class size. However, as a result of analyzing only students who have experienced small classes for three years, clear moderating effects of class size were found in individualized and interactive teaching methods, and relationship with teachers, suggesting that the effects of small classes are cumulative. This study confirmed that class size has an effect on students' educational performance by changing the learning process. Based on this, we discussed the biased distribution of overcrowded classes, class size and teacher quality and capacity, a comprehensive perspective on class size, and the cumulative effect of small classes, and suggested policy implications and academic implications to continue class size discussions.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ 10 1. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ •์˜ 10 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 3. 7.20 ๊ต์œก์—ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… 17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšจ๊ณผ 20 1. ๊ต์œก์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ 21 2. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 3. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ 26 4. ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 30 5. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 40 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 40 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ 41 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 2. ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 44 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 45 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 51 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ต ํŠน์„ฑ 53 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 59 1. ์ˆ˜์—…์ดํ•ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 59 2. ์ˆ˜์—…์ง‘์ค‘๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 61 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 62 1. ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ 62 2. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ 63 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ 66 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์  ๋ถ„ํฌ 66 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์งˆ, ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 67 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ธ‰๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€์  68 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ•™๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ 70 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  72 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 72 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 75์„

    ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊ถŒ์ผ์›….์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„๋Š” 2004๋…„ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ์ž์ฒด์šด์˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์œ ์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์€ ํ†ค๋‹น ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋งค๋…„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋Š” 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ตญ 161๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ ์šด์˜์€ ์œ ์ˆ˜์œจ์— ์–‘(+)์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ†ค๋‹น ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€์— ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ˆ˜์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ ์šด์˜์ด ํ†ค๋‹น ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์–‘(+)์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ , ํ†ค๋‹น ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€๋Š” ์œ ์ˆ˜์œจ์— ์Œ(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ ์šด์˜์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์šฐ์—ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ํ†ค๋‹น ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œ„ํƒ ์šด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์™„๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ„ํƒ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ํƒ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌโ€ค๊ฐ๋…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์•…๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Since the first private consignment began in 2004, the provincial water supply system has been operating in two types: private consignment operations and local governments' own operations. This study is intended to help local governments select types of local water supply operation by statistically analyzing the efficiency of each type of operation through economic feasibility as mediator variable. Efficiency was defined as the water flow rate and customer satisfaction level, economic feasibility was defined as the overall cost per ton, and 161 local governments nationwide were analyzed using the water supply statistics published annually by the Ministry of Environment from 2004 to 2017. Studies have shown that private consignment operations have had a significant positive impact on the water flow rate. The effect of private consignment operation was shown to have a significant positive impact on the total supply cost per ton, and the total supply cost per ton had a negative impact on the water flow rate. The type of operation did not have a statistically significant impact on customer satisfaction. This shows that private consignment operation has a negative economic effect due to higher operational efficiency, but customer satisfaction level is difficult to analyze and total supply cost per ton has increased. In order to further enhance the effect of consignment to the private sector, it needs to have a positive economic impact and supplement customer satisfaction. To this end, efforts to lower overall costs and proper management and supervision of trustees are needed, and regular customer complaints need to be identified and continuous service supplementation is required.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ์œ„ํƒ 11 3. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€ 20 4. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ด๊ด„์›๊ฐ€ 23 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 35 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 35 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 36 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 38 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 38 2. ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 38 3. ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 39 4. ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 40 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 41 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 43 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 43 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 2. ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 3. ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 44 4. ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 45 5. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 47 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 47 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 50 3. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์šด์˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 59 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  62 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 62 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋…ผ์˜ 63 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 69Maste

    Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Features of Choroidal Nevi in the Korean Population

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    Choroidal nevus is a precursor of choroidal melanoma. Multimodal imaging has become vital in predicting the malignant transformation of choroidal nevi. This single-center, retrospective study analyzed clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging findings of 168 choroidal nevi (164 patients) of the Korean population. The mean age at presentation was 50 ยฑ 15 (range, 13-85) (women, n = 88 [53.7%]). Choroidal nevi (melanotic, n = 164 [97.6%]; postequatorial, n = 160 [95.2%]) were densely located between the optic disc and foveola (65.5%). The mean maximum linear basal diameter on fundus photography and thickness on optical coherence tomography were 2.97 ยฑ 1.51 mm and 521 ยฑ 297 ฮผm, respectively. On ultrasonography, the mean thickness was 0.87 ยฑ 0.60 mm. Choroidal nevi in women were associated with a higher maximum linear basal diameter (3.23 ยฑ 1.65 vs. 2.68 ยฑ 1.21 mm; p = 0.033) and age at diagnosis (52 ยฑ 14 vs. 47 ยฑ 16 years; p = 0.046) than those in men. Choroidal nevi with associated subretinal fluid (23.2%) presented with larger basal diameter (p = 0.049) and thickness on B-scan and optical coherence tomography (p < 0.001), but a younger age at diagnosis (p < 0.001) than those of dry nevi. This multimodal imaging study of choroidal nevi revealed some distinct characteristics, including topographic distribution, sex-related differences, and a younger age at diagnosis of nevi with fluid.ope

    Surgical Treatment of a Large Choroidal Melanoma

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    ๋ชฉ์ : ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์—์„œ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์ถœ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ์ฆ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ก€์š”์•ฝ: 48์„ธ ์—ฌํ™˜์ด 2๊ฐœ์›” ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์ฝ” ์ชฝ ์‹œ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ ธ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์•ˆ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ต์ •์‹œ๋ ฅ 0.6, ์•ˆ์ € ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์ข…๊ดด ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ € 17.1 mm, ๋†’์ด 14.2 mm์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์‹ ์  ์ „์ด๋Š” ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์‹ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธตํŒ ๊ณต๋ง‰์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋™์‹œ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  6์ฃผ ํ›„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์˜ค์ผ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ , ๋ฉ”ํ† ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ์ดํŠธ ์•ˆ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ๋ฒ ๋ฐ”์‹œ์ฃผ๋ง™ ์ฃผ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 2๋…„์งธ, ์‹œ๋ ฅ 0.01, ์•ˆ์•• 14๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ „์ด ์—†์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข… ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์ถœ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ๊ทผ์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ope

    ์†ก ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ ์œ ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ ค์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ

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    The diplomacy of Goryeo in the first half of the 12th century was the process of careful choices according to the international situation in East Asia. Goryeo had been leaving several diplomatic channels open while observing the complex international situation of East Asia. In particular, it was necessary to watch the change of the relationship between Jurchen and Song and set the diplomatic direction, while keeping the connection in amity with Song but not being invested. The first year of Injong of Goryeo in which Seo Keung arrived in Goryeo as a member of Songs delegation was when the difference of diplomatic position between Goryeo and Song had been subtly reveled. The intention of Goryeo was clearly reflected that is the landscape of Gaegyoung that Goryeo wanted to show to Songs delegation. Goryeo restricted visitors access Suncheongwan and the delegations path, and allowed them to guide and tour the spaces within Gaegyeong. Anhwasa temple slected by Goryeo was a place to commemorate the King Yejong of Goryeo and it was also a place where the results of diplomatic negotiations with Hwijong of Song during the King Yejong were arranged in places. By showing Anhwasa temple to Songs delegation, Goryeo could express that they value the diplomacy with Song. In order to emphasize the Taoism exchange, they also prepared a brief tour of the Bokwonkwan Palace for the delegation because they knew the situation of Song which had placed Taoism above Buddism. As they guided the monumental place of diplomacy with Song, it could have made a friendly bond with Goryeo. The next places were Soongsanmyo, Dongshinsa, and Bojesa where the ritual cermonies held for Song delegation. Soongsanmyo was the place they could share the memories of war against the Kitan, and Bojesa was the place a monk from Song had been stayed and they could find the part of social and cultural exchange of two countries. Dongsinsa was the place that Seo Keung could find out Goryeos history and, at the same time, Goryeo could show their own culture different with Song. In other words, Soongsanmyo, Dongsinsa, and Bojesa were where Songs delegation could experience the Goryeos culture, and understand the cultural differences of two countries. Seo Keungs view written in Goryeodokyung was basically a strangers but the spaces where he saw were selected and provided the frame of understand by Goryeo. Goryeo probably wanted to make them understand the cultural differences between two countries and to smooth the diplomatic negotiation with Song, while offering tours of main attractions to the delegation. The Gaegyeong tourists attractions for Songs delegation showed that Goryeo in the 12th century actively used the spaces in Gaegyeong for the diplomacy

    L`etude sur la police administrative en droit francais

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ,2010.2.Docto
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