17 research outputs found

    ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”: ์ •์ˆ˜๋ก ์ , ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ , ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ก ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์ž„์„ ํฌ.Continued fraction is a formal expression of the iterated fraction which is investigated in various perspectives; metrical number theory, hyperbolic geometry, and combinatorics on words. In this thesis, we consider three topics related to continued fractions. One of the important properties of continued fraction is that the classical continued fraction gives an algorithm to generate the best approximation of every irrational as the principal convergents. We define a new continued fraction which we call odd-odd continued fraction. We prove that the odd-odd continued fraction gives best-approximations among the rationals whose denominators and numerators are both odd. The second topic is Lรฉvy constants of real numbers whose continued fraction expansions are Sturmian words. Lรฉvy constant is the exponential growth rate of denominators of principal convergents of a continued fraction. We prove the existence of a real number whose continued fraction is a quasi-Sturmian word. Also, we show that the set of the Lรฉvy constants of real numbers whose continued fractions are Sturmian words or periodic words is the whole spectrum of the Lรฉvy constants. The last topic is about quasi-Sturmian colorings of trees. We characterize quasi-Sturmian colorings of regular trees by its quotient graph and its recurrence functions. We find an induction algorithm of quasi-Sturmian colorings which is similar to the continued fraction algorithm of Sturmian words.์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๊ผด๋กœ์„œ ์ธก๋„๋ก ์  ์ •์ˆ˜๋ก , ์Œ๊ณก ๊ธฐํ•˜, ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ชจ์™€ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™€์ˆ˜์ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์ธ ํ™€์ˆ˜-ํ™€์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ ˆ๋น„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์ˆ˜์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋ ˆ๋น„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ ˆ๋น„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ค€-์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ค€-์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ชซ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์™€ ์žฌ๊ท€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ค€-์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 2 Generalization of continued fractions 7 2.1 Regular continued fraction 7 2.1.1 Basic properties of continued fractions 8 2.1.2 Gauss map and related dynamical systems 12 2.2 Coding of geodesics on the modular surface 15 2.2.1 Hyperbolic surface 15 2.2.2 Cutting sequences with Farey tessellation 17 2.3 Bowen-Series map 21 3 Continued fraction related to ฮ˜-group 28 3.1 Romik dynamical system 28 3.2 Even integer continued fraction 30 3.3 Odd-odd continued fraction 34 3.3.1 Continued fraction with odd/odd convergents 34 3.3.2 Diophantine properties of odd-odd continued fraction 51 3.3.3 Relation with EICF and the regular continued fraction 53 4 Combinatorics on words 60 4.1 Factor complexity 60 4.2 Sturmian words 63 5 Levy constants of Sturmian continued fraction expansions 66 5.1 History 66 5.2 Levy constants of Sturmian continued fraction 69 5.2.1 Existence: Proof of Theorem 5.2.1 69 5.2.2 Spectrum: Proof of Theorem 5.2.2 76 6 Colorings of trees 91 6.1 Preliminaries 91 6.1.1 Colorings of trees 91 6.1.2 Sturmian colorings of trees 94 6.1.3 Linear, intermediate and exponential complexities 96 6.2 Quasi-Sturmian colorings 98 6.2.1 Quotient graphs of quasi-Sturmian colorings 99 6.2.2 Evolution of factor graphs 104 6.2.3 Quasi-Sturmian colorings of bounded type 107 6.2.4 Recurrence functions of colorings of trees 110 Abstract (in Korean) 121Docto

    Idiom Comprehension Deficits in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Korean Autism Social Language Task

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    PURPOSE: High-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves pragmatic impairment of language skills. Among numerous tasks for assessing pragmatic linguistic skills, idioms are important to evaluating high-functioning ASD. Nevertheless, no assessment tool has been developed with specific consideration of Korean culture. Therefore, we designed the Korean Autism Social Language Task (KASLAT) to test idiom comprehension in ASD. The aim of the current study was to introduce this novel psychological tool and evaluate idiom comprehension deficits in high-functioning ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants included 42 children, ages 6-11 years, who visited our child psychiatric clinic between April 2014 and May 2015. The ASD group comprised 16 children; the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group consisted of 16 children. An additional 10 normal control children who had not been diagnosed with either disorder participated in this study. Idiom comprehension ability was assessed in these three groups using the KASLAT. RESULTS: Both ASD and ADHD groups had significantly lower scores on the matched and mismatched tasks, compared to the normal control children (matched tasks mean score: ASD 11.56, ADHD 11.56, normal control 14.30; mismatched tasks mean score: ASD 6.50, ADHD 4.31, normal control 11.30). However, no significant differences were found in scores of KASLAT between the ADHD and ASD groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that children with ASD exhibit greater impairment in idiom comprehension, compared to normal control children. The KASLAT may be useful in evaluating idiom comprehension ability.ope

    Comparison of aripiprazole and other atypical antipsychotics for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review of efficacy and tolerability

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    OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole with that of other atypical antipsychotics by examining patients with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) at a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in a university hospital in Korea. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 127 pediatric patients with bipolar disorder aged 4-18 years treated at Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric, Yonsei University Severance Hospital between January 2010 and October 2011 to collect demographic and clinical data. Using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales, we evaluated levels of severity of and improvements in symptoms at the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth hospital visits. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 12.29ยฑ3.47 years. The sample included 91 (71.7%) male and 36 (28.3%) female patients. Aripiprazole was prescribed to 62 (48.8%) patients, risperidone to 52 (40.9%), quetiapine to 11 (8.7%), and paliperidone to two (1.6%). Patients treated with aripiprazole had lower CGI-Severity (CGI-S) scores than did patients treated with other atypical antipsychotics at the second and third visits. The CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) scores of patients treated with aripiprazole were lower at the second visit. Treatment with atypical antipsychotics was well tolerated, and no serious or fatal side effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The present retrospective chart review suggests that atypical antipsychotics may be effective and safe for the treatment of patients with PBD. In particular, treatment with aripiprazole may be more effective than treatment with other atypical antipsychotics in the early phase. These results should be verified in future multi-center controlled studies.ope

    Theory of mind as a mediator of reasoning and facial emotion recognition: findings from 200 healthy people.

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    OBJECTIVE: It was proposed that the ability to recognize facial emotions is closely related to complex neurocognitive processes and/or skills related to theory of mind (ToM). This study examines whether ToM skills mediate the relationship between higher neurocognitive functions, such as reasoning ability, and facial emotion recognition. METHODS: A total of 200 healthy subjects (101 males, 99 females) were recruited. Facial emotion recognition was measured through the use of 64 facial emotional stimuli that were selected from photographs from the Korean Facial Expressions of Emotion (KOFEE). Participants were requested to complete the Theory of Mind Picture Stories task and Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the SPM score (t=3.19, p=0.002, ฮฒ=0.22) and the overall ToM score (t=2.56, p=0.011, ฮฒ=0.18) were primarily associated with a total hit rate (%) of the emotion recognition task. Hierarchical regression analysis through a three-step mediation model showed that ToM may partially mediate the relationship between SPM and performance on facial emotion recognition. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that higher neurocognitive functioning, inclusive of reasoning, may not only directly contribute towards facial emotion recognition but also influence ToM, which in turn, influences facial emotion recognition. These findings are particularly true for healthy young people.ope

    Functionality Assessment of the Seismic-Damaged Lifeline Systems under Cascading Failures

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ฌธ์„œ.Lifeline system is a highly complex network consisting of diverse components that are spatially distributed and interconnected each other. As such, during an earthquake, it is common that the system encountered problems in maintaining reliable operation. Moreover, damage at a single-site component readily propagates to other interdependent components in same and different lifeline systems. In this context, many researchers have continued their efforts to offer useful indices to measure the degraded performance and to ensure the constant service supply of the lifeline systems. The essential research perspective, thus, shifts to understanding the secondary disruptions in the lifeline systems and how malfunctions arise. However, complex inter-dependency is still made challenges in estimating the lifeline system performance under abnormal conditions. Therefore, this research develops a comprehensive framework for functionality assessment of the seismic-damaged lifeline systems to solve the problems: (a) destruction due to ground shaking, (b) reduction of inflow due to internal/external dependency, and (c) demand fluctuation due to environment changes. In detail, target of estimation is divided into ground motion at particular site, common-cause failure, cascading failure (in terms of internal and external dependency), and escalating failure. In particular, this research use inoperability input-output model incorporating Bayesian network (BN) and System dynamics (SD). To be specific, BN can facilitate prediction of the probability of the unknown event base on the input information or spatial path analysis in situations of data scarcity. On the other hand, SD can be handled demand fluctuation during an earthquake. Due to the inherent uncertainty in earthquake occurrences, this research conducts scenario-based performance assessment using the data from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake. The analysis results show that the operational state of a component is even dependent through the availability of input inflow from adjacent components rather than its physical damage. Moreover, since the actions taken immediately following an earthquake can play a significant role on the extent of cascading failures, this research provides useful information for those with a concern in the community resilience maintaining.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background. 1 1.2 Problem Description 3 1.3 Research Objectives and Scope 9 1.4 Dissertation Outline . 14 Chapter 2 Theoretical Backgrounds 19 2.1 Types of Failures after an Earthquake. 20 2.2 Lifeline System Performance Metric 24 2.2.1 Static Functionality 24 2.2.2 Dynamic Functionality. 25 2.3 Researches on Interdependent Lifelines 28 2.3.1 Economic Theory based Approaches 28 2.3.2 Network based Approaches 32 2.3.3 Simulation / Modeling based Approaches. 35 2.4 Summary . 39 Chapter 3 Configuration of the Lifeline Network 42 3.1 Component Definitions 43 3.1.1 Power Supply System . 43 3.1.2 Potable Water Supply System 49 3.2 Seismic Fragility of a Component 55 3.3 Dependency between Components. 61 3.4 Summary . 66 Chapter 4 Functionality Assessment Framework. 68 4.1 Common-cause Failure Assessment . 69 4.1.1 Ground Motion Prediction . 69 4.1.2 Functionality of a Single Component . 77 4.2 Internal Cascading Failure Assessment. 80 4.2.1 Dependency in a Single Lifeline 80 4.2.2 Sub-Model using Inoperability Input-Output Model. 81 4.3 External Cascading Failure Assessment 87 4.3.1 Dependency between Different Lifelines. 87 4.3.2 Sub-Model using Bayesian Network . 88 4.4 Impact of Demand on the Lifelines Functionality 93 4.4.1 Demand Fluctuation due to Environmental Changes 93 4.4.2 Sub-Model using System Dynamics 93 4.5 Summary . 102 Chapter 5 Case Simulations and Experiments . 108 5.1 Power Network at Tohoku in Japan 109 5.1.1 Case Outline 109 5.1.2 Comparison with the Simulation Results 111 5.1.3 Additional Experiments . 114 5.2 Power and Water Network at Daegu in South Korea. 121 5.2.1 Case Outline 121 5.2.2 Comparison with the Simulation Results 125 5.2.3 Additional Experiments . 127 5.3 Summary . 141 Chapter 6 Applications for Improved Resilience 145 6.1 Identifying a Critical Component . 146 6.2 Suggestions of Restoration Management 153 6.3 Summary . 157 Chapter 7 Conclusions . 158 7.1 Research Results 158 7.2 Research Contributions 162 7.3 Future Research . 163 References 167Docto

    (A) Study of Focus on Form Task Design for Korean Aspect

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    A Study on Documentation of Multicultural Community

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2012. 2. ์˜ค์ˆ˜์ฐฝ.ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ 10๋…„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2006๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ยท ๋‹ค๋ฏผ์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ฃผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋กํ•™ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ˜„์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ค€ํ˜„์šฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฒฐ๋ฝ ์—†์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์€ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”, ์ฆ‰ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐ€์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ์†Œ์† ๊ธฐ๋ก์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™” ์‹คํ–‰์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ž๋ฌธ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€ ์šด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€, ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ํฌํ„ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋กํ™” ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ก์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ™” ํŒ€์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ง€์› ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋“ค ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•™ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋“ค์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.Maste

    ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 2. ๊น€์ค€๊ธฐ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณต์ง€๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์™€ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ€์–‘๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ, ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์š”์–‘์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ์‚ฌํšŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ๋…ธ์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์š”์–‘์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํšจ์œจํ™” ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณต์ง€ํŒจ๋„์˜ 1์ฐจ(2006๋…„)์—์„œ 5์ฐจ(2010๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ œ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ(difference-in-difference model)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์‹œํ–‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ๋„์‹œํ–‰ ํ›„๋ฅผ 2009๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ 2010๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ œ๋„์‹œํ–‰ ํ›„๋ฅผ 2010๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 2009๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 2009๋…„๊ณผ 2010๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, 2009๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์Œ(-)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์™€ ๋น„์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ คํ•œ ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ–‰์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด์„, ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด์„, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ฆ์ง„์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์œ ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋”์šฑ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹, ๊ณต์ ์—ฐ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋™์งˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œ๋„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ œ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด์™„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ 1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  2 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 11 1. ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ก  14 2. ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ก  14 3. ๊ตํ™˜์ด๋ก  15 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 16 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 23 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 24 2. ์ œ๋„๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 25 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 25 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 29 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ธ์ธ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 39 1. ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ์ด๋ชจ๋ธ(difference-in-difference model) ๋ถ„์„ 39 2. ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„(๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ช… ts) ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 3. ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ (๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ช… s1) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 4. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 57 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 63 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 65 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 68 Abstract 75Maste

    Discourse Functions of Tense-aspect Expression in Korean Research Articles

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ƒ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋‹ดํ™”์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์„ธ ํŽธ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ, -๊ณ  ์žˆ-, -์—ˆ-์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋˜, ํ•™์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์ด๋™๋งˆ๋””์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ ์ด๋™๋งˆ๋””๋ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„œ๋ก , ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ํ•„์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ, ๋…ผํ‰, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ฐœํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์–‘ํƒœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. -์—ˆ-์€ ํ•„์ž ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ, ํ˜„์žฅ์„ฑ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์„ ์‹œ์„ฑ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ, ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝํ™”, ๊ธฐ์ •์‚ฌ์‹คํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ -์—ˆ-์€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋…ผํ‰์ž์™€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•„์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. -๊ณ  ์žˆ-์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹œ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์–ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๋‹ดํ™” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ดํ™”์˜ ๋„์ž…, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ „์ด ํ‘œ์ง€, ์–‘ํƒœ์„ฑ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋ฅด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์ƒ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ „๊ณต์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. The purpose of article is to examine the discourse functions of the tense-aspect expression -ko iss- and simple present -ess- in research articles written in Korean. Three articles in the field of social welfare were analyzed. The simple present tense predominated in the articles introductions, theoretical background sections, and some conclusions, whereas the sections on methods, results, and summaries were in the past tense. The discourse functions of the simple present were to present main arguments, comments, and meta0discourse, and it was also sometimes used to make strong assertions and generalizations. The past tense as used in reporting the findings of previous research, the research procedures, and the results. The findings of this analysis of Korean research articles reveal that the simple present functions to express subjectivity, vividness, and generalization, whereas the past tense expresses situation in the past, specificity, background information, and factuality. The usage of -ko iss- in these written texts was not for deixis of physical time or aspect, but for a more abstract concept to introduce discourse, in transition from past to present, and as a marker of modality. In conclusion, it appears that the discourse functions of tense-aspect expression in Korean research articles differ from those in other genres

    Colorings of regular trees with linear subword complexity: first examples and properties

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ์ž„์„ ํฌ.์ •๊ทœํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๋Š” ์ฑ„์ƒ‰๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„ n์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ b(n)์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๊ทœํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜•ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ธ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ 2n+2์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ 2n์ธ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฌดํ•œ์ˆ˜์—ด ์ค‘ ์› ์œ„์˜ ํšŒ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋‹จ์–ด ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ 2n์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฌดํ•œ์ˆ˜์—ด๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฑ„์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.We study colorings of regular trees using subword complexity b(n), which is the number of equivalence classes of colored n-balls. We focus on colorings of linear subword complexity, especially colorings with b(n)=2n+2. We construct some colorings induced by circle rotations and prove fundamental properties of such colorings.Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Background 2.1 Trees, tree lattices and colorings of trees 2.1.1 Trees as Graphs 2.1.2 Trees as metric graphs 2.1.3 Tree lattices 2.1.4 Automorphisms of trees 2.1.5 Graphs of groups and edge-indexed graphs 2.1.6 Colorings of trees 2.2 Subword complexity 2.1.1 Word combinatorics 2.2.2 Subword complexity 2.2.3 Sturmian rays and trajectories 2.2.4 Sturmian colorings 2.2.5 Results of G. Rote 3. Colorings of regular trees with linear subword complexity 3.1 Construction of colorings induced from trajectories 3.1.1 From rays to trajectories with p(n)=2n 3.1.2 Construction of colorings with b(n)=2n+2 3.2 The sub-ball complexity of trajectories with subword complexity 2n 3.3 Exponential growth 3.4 Future work Abstract (in Korean)Maste
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