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    ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ total prostate specific a

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Prostate Specific Antigen(PSA)์€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ›„์˜ ์•” ์ง„ํ–‰์˜ ์ถ”์ ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด PSA (total PSA, t-PSA)๋Š” ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด PSA์™€ % ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA (free/total PSA, % f PSA)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด PSA์™€ % ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ human glandular kallikrein (hK2), hK2/free PSA and free PSA/(t-PSA x hK2) ratios, complex PSA, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, P501S, ceruloplasmin ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์€, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ampoterin์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , chromatin-๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ HMGB1 ๋†๋„๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘, ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ† ์ด๋“œ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ํ ์†์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ HMGB1์˜ mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์   ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ์ด PSA, % f PSA์™€ ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ HMGB1 ๋†๋„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์˜ ์ƒ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™•์ง„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ HMGB1 ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 29๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆํ™˜์ž (ํ‰๊ท ๋‚˜์ด 71์„ธ, 60-84์„ธ), 34๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ํ™˜์ž (ํ‰๊ท ๋‚˜์ด 70์„ธ, 55-86์„ธ), 21๋ช…์˜ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ (ํ‰๊ท ๋‚˜์ด 54.3์„ธ, 46-66์„ธ)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด PSA์™€ ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” E 170 module for Modular Analytics (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  HMGB1 ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ELISA๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ HMGB1 Kit(Shino-test, Kanagawa, Japan)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Gleason score์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ HMGB1 (P=0.1938)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ด PSA (P<0.0001)๊ณผ % ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA (P<0.0001)๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. HMGB1 (P=0.4701)์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•”์€ Gleason score์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ(โ‰ค7)๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ(โ‰ฅ8)์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ HMGB1์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค (P=0.2997, P=0.1931).๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” HMGB1 ELISA kit๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด์šฉ์˜ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ HMGB1์€ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด PSA ์™€ % ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์›”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ์•” ํ™˜์ž ๊ตฐ์„ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, HMGB1์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด PSA ์™€ % ์ž์œ ์„ฑ PSA๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay has provided a simple means of monitoring the progress of prostate cancer (P.Ca), either before or after treatment. However, total PSA (t-PSA) lacks specificity for the P.Ca and does not correlate well between t-PSA and free/total PSA ratio (% f PSA). Because of the limitations of t-PSA and % f PSA for diagnosis of P.Ca, investigators have searched for a new effective biomarker of P.Ca such as human glandular kallikrein (hK2), hK2/free PSA, free PSA/(t-PSA x hK2) ratios, complex PSA, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, P501S and ceruloplasmin.The high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) known as amphoterin is made up of chromatin-associated proteins and the concentration of HMGB1 in blood increased in many diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute lung injury. Recent studies showed that mRNA expression of HMGB1 could be increased in P.Ca, especially in patients who have been treated with androgen deprivation hormone therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum t-PSA, % f PSA and HMGB1 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of P.Ca.Twenty-nine of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients (mean age, 71 yr; 60-84 yr), 34 of P.Ca patients (mean age, 70 yr; 55-86 yr) and 21 of normal healthy donors (mean age, 54.3 yr; 46-66 yr) were enrolled. Serum t-PSA and free PSA were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with E 170 module for Modular Analytics (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) and quantitative HMGB1 assay was measured by a 2-step sandwich (ELISA) with HMGB1 Kit (Shino-test, Kanagawa, Japan).Serum t-PSA (P<0.0001) and % f PSA (P<0.0001), not HMGB1 (P=0.1938), were significantly different among P.Ca, BPH and healthy control groups without regard to Gleason score and hormone treatment. HMGB1 (P=0.4701, 0.2415) was still not significantly different between P.Ca patient with or without hormone treatment. Serum HMGB1 of the P.Ca group with both low (โ‰ค7) and high (โ‰ฅ8) Gleason score did not show statistical difference with those of the BPH and healthy control group (P=0.2997; Gleason scoreโ‰ค7, P=0.1931; Gleason scoreโ‰ฅ8).In conclusion, mRNA level of HMGB1 could be increased in P.Ca patients by androgen-deprived hormonal treatment or metastasis. However serum HMGB1 could not differentiate P.Ca patients with BPH and was not increased in P.Ca patients who had neither androgen deprivation hormonal treatment nor Gleason scoreโ‰ฅ8.ope

    Analysis of China's university de-administration policy and changes in university governance

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ–‰์ •์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์‹ ์ •์ฒ .The purpose of this study is to derive implications for China's policy of de-administration of universities in the future by analyzing the complex educational policy of de-administration of universities from a more comprehensive and diverse perspective in the context of socialist China. The research problems of this study are as follows. First, what are the values and beliefs that induce the pursuit of improvement and change included in the Chinese university de-administration policy? Second, the policy of de-administration of Chinese universities was selected and formed in the context of what political and historical systems? Third, what are the perceptions of key stakeholders within Chinese universities on the content and implementation of the Chinese university de-administration policy? Fourth, how is the policy of de-administration of Chinese universities implemented and evaluated?Accordingly, this study analyzed the Chinese university de-administration policy in normative, structural, constructive, and technical aspects using the four-dimensional policy analysis model of Cooper, Fusarelli, and Randall (2004) as a conceptual analysis framework. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, at the normative level, it can be seen that China has designed numerous institutional mechanisms for the smooth progress of the university de-administration policy by issuing official letters of the forced-decision-opinion-opinion type at state agencies. All official documents include 'cancellation of the school administrative grade and administrative management model in project unit reform', and specifically, the language used shows that the transition from 'cancellation of the administrative management model' to 'promote de-administration'. It also repeatedly mentions "cancel the school administration grade and administration management model in business unit reform", emphasizing de-administration in external governance, and gradually emphasizing and encouraging de-administration in universities. In addition, "building a new relationship between government, school, and society", "simplifying government functions, transferring government rights", "reforming the administrative review system, and reducing micro-management" are all products of the global higher education trend, which has faced challenges. In addition, China's de-administration policy is aimed at modernizing the university governance system and governance capabilities, as shown by Chinese government official documents such as 'Complementing the university governance structure and modern university system', 'Complementing internal academic governance', etc. Second, as a result of examining the selection and formation of China's de-administration policy in terms of structure, 1) From the establishment of New China to the pre-reform and opening (1949-1977), the Communist Party of China imitated the Soviet Union and implemented a planned economic system. In other words, in China in the era of planned economy, the party and the government regarded universities as an extension of government agencies, that is, government departments, and implemented centralized management. In addition, the management inside the university was in the form of 'ordering above and executing below' according to the government's method. Externally, the autonomy of the establishment of universities was very limited, and internally, academic power did not function properly. 2) After the reform and opening (1977-2009), the existing external and internal administration phenomenon improved a lot due to the influence of the new market economy system, but due to the inertia of the system, the 'administration' phenomenon of various universities before the reform and opening remained different. In other words, government-related departments are still used to managing universities in the logic and manner of administrative management, and universities are still used to designing internal organizations in the administrative manner of the government. As a result, the phenomenon of external administration and internal administration of universities reached its peak socially, and thanks to the competence of the entire society, the policy of de-administration of universities could be approved and implemented at the national level. Third, as a result of analyzing how the core stakeholders of Chinese university internal governance perceive the Chinese university de-administration policy, it was found that academic decision-making, such as applying for new classes or research at universities in socialist China, is still limited by the government. In other words, in terms of administrative interference in education and research, teachers mentioned that it was difficult to apply for a new required subject while the school talent training program was already in place. However, it can be seen that there are relatively not many restrictions on faculty members in conducting their own research. In addition, within the university, leadership managers, some experienced faculty and administrative staff were accurately aware of their university's charter, internal decision-making, and de-administration policies. On the other hand, most faculty and administrative staff found that they lacked understanding of their university's charter, internal decision-making, and de-administration policies. Fourth, as a result of the technical analysis, the government began to emphasize the abolition of the existing administrative trend in human resource training institutions such as science research institutes and schools at the overall level from 2010. Furthermore, each type of school sought policies to establish and support management systems suitable for their characteristics, overcome administrative trends, and abolish existing administrative positions and administrative management models, prescribing charters by law, and managing schools accordingly. In doing so, most universities were encouraged to establish guidelines suitable for the situation of their schools, starting with universities of '211 process'. In conclusion, it can be said that the role of the government was relatively positive. Based on the above analysis results, this study derived policy recommendations for the policy of de-administration of Chinese universities.Key words: University de-administration, university administration, Cooper's four-dimensional policy analysis model, university governance, China์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์‹ ๋…์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ํƒยทํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋„ท์งธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ยทํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์„ Cooper, Fusarelli, Randall(2004)์˜ 4์ฐจ์› ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ ยท๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ยท๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์š”(็บฒ่ฆ)-๊ฒฐ์ •(ๅ†ณๅฎš) -์˜๊ฒฌ(ๆ„่ง) ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์™”์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๋ฌธ์—๋Š” โ€˜์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฐœํ˜์—์„œ ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ • ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด โ€˜ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์—์„œ โ€˜ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, โ€˜์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฐœํ˜์—์„œ ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ • ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด๋ž€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ โ€˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ–‰์ • ์ง๊ธ‰์˜ ํŽ˜์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์˜์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™ ์ง€์นจ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ โ€˜์ •๋ถ€-ํ•™๊ต-์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ โ€˜์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™” ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ด์–‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™, โ€˜ํ–‰์ • ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜- ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒโ€™ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์žฅํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚ ๋กœ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์ „์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ์ถ”์„ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ โ€˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์™„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ œ๋„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™, โ€˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์™„๋น„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™, โ€˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋“ฏ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์„ ํƒยทํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1) ์‹ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „(1949-1977)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์†Œ๋ จ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ , ์ฆ‰ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์„œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ โ€˜์œ„์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”โ€™ ํ˜•์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ž์œจ๊ถŒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ค„๊ณง ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„(1977-2009) ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ์˜ย ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋Œ€ํ•™ 'ํ–‰์ •ํ™”' ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ–‰์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™”์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ „ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ํž˜์„ ์ž…์–ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์—… ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์  ๊ฐ„์„ญ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต ์ธ์žฌ์–‘์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(ไบบๆ‰ๅŸนๅ…ปๆ–นๆกˆ)์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•„์ˆ˜๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ค ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ต์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋ จํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ต์ง์›๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์ง์›๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ—Œ์žฅ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •, ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ต์ง์›๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์ง์›๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ—Œ์žฅ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •, ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™ย ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€,ย ํ•™๊ตย ๋“ฑย ์ธ์žฌย ์–‘์„ฑย ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—ย ์‹ค์กดํ•˜๊ณ ย ์žˆ๋Š”ย ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ย ํ์ง€ํ• ย ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์—ย ๋งž๋Š”ย ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ย ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝย ๋ฐย ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์„ย ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ย ํ–‰์ •ํ™”ย ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ย ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐย ์‹ค์ œ๋กœย ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”ย ํ–‰์ •ย ์ง๊ธ‰๊ณผย ํ–‰์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌย ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ย ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œย ๋ฒ•์—ย ์˜ํ•ดย ํ—Œ์žฅ(็ซ ็จ‹)์„ย ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ,ย ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผย ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€˜211๊ณต์ •โ€™ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹ค์ •์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋น„๊ต์  ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 5 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ–‰์ • ํŠน์„ฑ 7 ๊ฐ€. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์„ฑ 8 ๋‚˜. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •์˜ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์„ฑ 13 2. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์„ฑ 19 ๊ฐ€. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 19 ๋‚˜. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ 22 3. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ–‰์ •ํ™”ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 38 ๊ฐ€. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 38 ๋‚˜. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ๋…ผ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 42 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 47 ๊ฐ€. Cooper์˜ 4์ฐจ์› ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 47 ๋‚˜. Cooper์˜ 4์ฐจ์› ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 57 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 61 1. ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ž๋ฃŒ 61 2. ๋ฉด๋‹ด ์ž๋ฃŒ 62 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ 62 ๋‚˜. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ณผ์ • 67 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 70 1. ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ฐจ์› 70 ๊ฐ€. ๅฎถไธญๆœŸไบบๆ‰ๅฑ•่ฆ(2010-2020) 74 ๋‚˜. ๅฎถไธญๆœŸ่‚ฒๆ”น้ฉๅ’Œๅฑ•่ฆ(2010-2020) 77 ๋‹ค. ไธญๅ…ฑไธญๅคฎไบŽๅ…จ้ขๆทฑๅŒ–ๆ”น้ฉ่‹ฅๅนฒ้‡ๅคง็š„ๅฎš 81 ๋ผ. ไบŽๆทฑๅ…ฅๆŽจ่‚ฒ็ฎกๅˆ†ไฟƒๆ”ฟๅบœ่ƒฝ็š„่‹ฅๅนฒๆ„ 84 ๋งˆ. ไบŽๆทฑๅŒ–้ซ˜็ญ‰่‚ฒๅŸŸๆ”ฟๆ”พๆ”พ็ฎกๅˆๅŒ–ๆœๆ”น้ฉ็š„่‹ฅๅนฒๆ„ 87 ๋ฐ”. ่‚ฒ้ƒจไบŽไธ€ๆญฅๅŠ ๅผบ้ซ˜็ญ‰ๆ กๆณ•ๆฒปๅทฅไฝœ็š„ๆ„ 90 ์‚ฌ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 92 2. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ฐจ์› 94 ๊ฐ€. ์‹ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „(1949-1977) 95 ๋‚˜. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ (1977-2009) 99 3. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ์ฐจ์› 102 ๊ฐ€. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 102 ๋‚˜. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 107 (2) ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •๊ณผ ํ•™์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 110 4. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ฐจ์› 116 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 121 1. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฒธ์ง ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ํ–‰์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ 121 2. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ—Œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ 124 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 127 1. ์š”์•ฝ 127 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 130 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 134 ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œ ํ˜• 19 ์ค‘๊ตญ 2021๋…„ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ช…๋‹จ 22 ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•  28 ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•  34 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ธ์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ 65 ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํƒˆ ํ–‰์ •ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๋ฌธ 72 ๊ตญ๋ฌด์›์ด ๊ณตํฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ทจ์†Œ๋œ ํ–‰์ • ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์Šน์ธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 119 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-1] ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€ 11 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-2] ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ 14 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-3] ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ 17 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2-4] Cooper์˜ 4์ฐจ์› ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 49๋ฐ•

    Studies on the isolation and ideintification of rumen fungi, characterization of celluloytic fungal enzymes, and its effects on nutrient digestion in sheep

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋™๋ฌผ์ž์›๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž์›๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Docto

    Polarization-controlled Photo-switching Resolves Dipole Directions with Super-spatial resolution

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    DoctorWe demonstrate an imaging method that can resolve two fluorophores within a diffraction limited spot and simultaneously determine their dipole orientations. The intensity of the fluorophore emission can be modulated by the angle between the molecular transition dipole and the excitation polarization. The rotation of the linearly polarized incident light alternately switches the two fluorophores on and off, which offers another distinct photo-switching way and the molecular orientation as well. The polarization-rotating total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was successfully applied for the 2D structure of DNA Holliday junction that is revealed by measuring the distance between Cy3 dyes stacked to its two ends with a ~10 nm spatial resolution and determining their in-plain dipole orientations. There are several advantages on this photo-switching super resolution microscopy utilizing the rotating polarization: 1) The imaging process is fast and simple since this technique is based on a non-stochastic control and the imaging by wide-field TIRF microscopy. 2) A super spatial resolution and a molecular orientation can be achieved simultaneously without the combination of two techniques. 3) The instruments in this technique are inexpensive compared to other super resolution microscopy (STED, PALM, STORM etc) that requires complicated and expensive instruments

    ์ œ2ํšŒ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ : ํ˜์˜ค์‹œ์„ค ์œ ์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ƒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(CM)๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์•„์‚ฐ์‹œ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€์„ ์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ -

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    ํ˜‘์˜ค์‹œ์„ค ์œ ์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ƒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(CM)๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ- ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์•„์‚ฐ์‹œ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€์„ ์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ - โ… . ์„œ๋ก  โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ : ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 1. ํ•ด์™ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹คํŒจ์‚ฌ๋ก€ : ๋ถ€์•ˆ๊ตฐ ํ•ตํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€ ์„ ์ •์˜ ์‹คํŒจ โ…ข. ์•„์‚ฐ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ 1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ : ์ƒ์ƒ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ…ฃ. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ
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