Evaluation of Optical Quality Parameters and Ocular Aberrations in Multifocal Intraocular Lens Implanted Eyes

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlations between optical quality parameters obtained from the double-pass system and ocular aberrations obtained from the ray-tracing aberrometer in multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implanted eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eyes from 20 patients were enrolled in this study. Modulation transfer function cutoff frequency, The Strehl ratio, objective scatter index, and objective pseudo-accommodation obtained from the double-pass system were compared with root mean square (RMS) total aberration, RMS higher-order aberration, and spherical aberration obtained from the ray-tracing aberrometer. Additionally, parameters of the double-pass system and ray-tracing aberrometer were compared with manifested refraction values and subjective visual acuity, respectively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant correlation between optical quality parameters obtained from the double-pass system and ocular aberrations, except between the Strehl ratio and RMS total aberration (r=-0.566, p=0.018). No significant correlations were found between the parameters of both devices, and manifested refraction values or subjective visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Optical quality parameters, especially the Strehl ratio, in multifocal IOL implanted eyes were affected by RMS total aberration. Further studies based on accurate measurements of ocular aberrations and additional optical quality parameters are needed to delineate relationships between optical quality parameters and ocular aberrations in multifocal IOL implanted eyes.ope

Marx' Aesthetics And Its Meaning in Korean Cultural Movements of 1980s

What art must in our actual life, can be distuted in many aspects. In Marx philosophy the concept of art has undergone a radical change. Marx concept of art is undoubtedly concentrated on the point that art should not be separated from labor. In other words, art is so closely connected with labor in the sense that the nature of art call not be grasped correctly, insofar as art and labor represent different meanings in our life. Art must be accepted as the necessary element of humanity like labor itself. Art is, like labor, the productive activity that realizes the creative essence of human being. The intention of the paper to clarify Marx understanding of art is motivated by our historical situation, for since 1980 the main stream of cultural movements in our society tends to accept Marx aesthetics as a prime guideline. It is undeniable that there arise many problems if one tries to apply Marx aesthetics directly to the theory of cultural movements in Korean seciety. In my opinion, this is the very reason why we should first of all clarify Marx aesthetics in its historical and philosophical background. Therefore, this paper attempts to elucidate Marx analysis of capitalism in tile main part. Marx insisted that art and labor are to be alienated in the capitalistic society owing to division of labor and the system of private possessions. That is to say, in the capitalistic society the creative essence of human being can not be realized the realization of human nature can be achieved where division of labor and the system of private possessions are disintegrated, that is, in the communistic society. We run from Marx that to realized human nature through art man must to primarily liberated from inhumane labor condition. For Marx the analysis of contradictions of capitalistic society aims at presenting the solution to overcome alienated humanity. Both the realization of humanity and the liberation from inhumane social conditions are connected in the concept of 'praxis' undeniably this concept of nit as 'praxis' throws a light to tile cultural movements of our society. Yet it must be admitted that it leaves many problems to be solved, for 'praxis' demands the exact understanding and study of our society.;인간의 현실적 삶 안에는 무수한 예술활동이 개입되어 있다. 그것을 맑스는 예술이 인간의 본질 적 요소로서 인간성(humanity)을 표현하고 실현하기 때문이라고 보았다. 그러므로 예술은 노동과 마찬가지로 인간의 창조적 본성을 표현하는 생산적 활동이다. 그러나 자본주의 사회 구조 안에서 예술은 소외되고 상품화된다. 그것은 인간이 자신의 본성을 잃게 하 또 자신의 노동력을 시장에 내다 팔아야만 하는 자본주의 원리, 즉 분업과 사유재산 제도에 원인이 있는 것이다. 맑스는 자본주치하에서 예술이 인간과 사회와의 관련없이 파악됨으로써 순수한 예술, 예술을 위한 예술로 다루어진다는 것에 주목하고 자본주의하에서의 예술은 곧 하나의 지배이데올로기로서 지배계급의 이익을 위해 봉사한다고 폭로한다. 이러한 왜곡된 예술을 타파하고 인간해방을 지향하는 예술의 이념을 가장 잘 드러내 주는 사회는 바로 공산사회라는 것이다. 그것은 그 사회가 인간을 구속하는 소외와 분업의 규정을 해체시킨 후에 도달하게 되는 사회이기 때문이다. 그러므로 자본주치 의 극복을 인간해방, 즉 진정한 예술이념의실현이게 된다. 본 논문은 맑스와 엥겔스가 자본주의를 분석하는 데 주된 관심을 두고 있었지만, 그 궁극적 목적은 자본주의 생산양식 속에서 소외되고 피폐화되는 인간의상황을 명확히 함으로써 자본주의적 모순해결의 실천이념을 드러내고자 하는데 있었다는 것을 강조한다. 따라서 맑스주의의 이념은 휴머니즘이며, 휴머니즘으로서의 맑스주의에 있어서 미학이론은 본질적 요소가 된다. 이러한 인식의 바탕 위에서 맑스 미학은 80년 이후 우리 사회에서 활발하게 제기 된 민중 문화운동론의 이념과 '실천'개념 안에서 연결되어진다. 왜냐하면 민중문화운동론은 예술을 인간의 사회적 조건을 변혁시키려는 운동론의 한 측면으로서 파악하고 있으며 민중에 대하여 역동적 역할을 인정하므로써 민중주체에 의한 예술을 요구하고 있다는 점 그리고 '지금 이곳'의 인간이 처해 있는 자본주의의 모순을 극복하려는 움직임을 보인다는 점에서 맑스 미학과의 연관성을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 물론 맑스 미학 자체에 제기되는 비판과 맑스 미학을 실제 현실에 적용하는 데에서 야기되는 문제점들을 간과해서는 안된다는 점은 분명한 사실이다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 예술이 인간의 현실적 삶에 본질적인 것, 즉 인간의 기본적 생존 그 자체에 필수적인 것이라는 맑스의 예술관을 통해서 현대의 소외, 왜곡된 예술과 반하여 진정으로 건강한 예술을 실현할 수 있는 인간적 삶의 조건이 성취되어야 한다는 명제를 확인하게 된다.논문개요 = ⅲ 서론 = 1 Ⅰ. 맑스 이전의 미학과 맑스주의 = 6 A. 예술의 개념 = 6 B. 맑스 이전의 미학과 그에 대한 맑스의 비판 = 7 C. 맑스의 변증법적 유물론과 사적 유물론 = 13 Ⅱ. 맑스 미학의 구조 = 18 A. 사회적 생산으로서의 예술 : 노동과 예술 = 19 B. 토대와 상부구조 : 예술의 불균등발전 = 26 C. 자본주의 하에서의 예술 : 분업과 소외 = 34 D. 예술과 인간해방 = 40 Ⅲ. 문화 운동론과 맑스 미학 = 46 A. 80년대 문화 운동론 = 46 1. 민증 문학론 = 53 2. 삶의 총제적 표현으로서의 미술 = 58 B. 맑스 미학적 관점에서 본 80년대 문화운동론 = 62 C. 맑스 미학의 한계 = 65 맺음말 = 70 참고문헌 = 72 Abstract = 8

국민건강영양조사(2010-2011)를 통해 분석한 건성안의 유병률 및 위험인자

Dept. of Medicine/석사Purpose: To assess socio-demographic and health-related risk factors associated with a dry eye in Korea. Methods: In 2010-2011, a total of 11,666 randomly selected national representative participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey underwent additional ophthalmologic examinations by the Korean Ophthalmologic Society. Subjects were asked to respond a question of “Until now have you ever been diagnosed to have a dry eye before by doctor (either eye)?” with possible choices of “no” or “yes.” To make data collection more accurate, subjects were also asked to answer another question of “Until now have you ever had a dry eye symptom before, for example dryness of eye or irritation senses?” In addition to this question, the subjects were inquired to reply a subsequence question which was emphasized “by doctor”. Independent variables were divided into four categories: 1) socio-demographic factors, 2) health examination variables, 3) health behavioral risk factors and 4) variables about eye. The risk factors for dry eye were identified by using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean age of the 11,666 participants of age 19 or older was 49.9 years (standard error: 0.2). Overall prevalence of dry eye diagnosed by doctor were 8.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 7.3-8.7%), and dry eye symptom were 14.4% (95% CI, 13.1~15.7%). History of any eye surgeries (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) =2.4, 95% CI, 2.0-2.9), female sex (aOR=2.0, 95% CI, 1.5-2.6), extremely stressful status (aOR=1.9, 95% CI, 1.2-2.9), and hypercholesterolemia of ≥240 mg/dL (aOR=1.3, 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), thyroid disease (aOR=1.7, 95% CI, 1.2~2.3) were independent risk factors for diagnosed dry eye syndrome (DES). Group with dry eye symptom showed same results with diagnosed DES. Among subjects who received an eye surgery, ptosis surgery (aOR = 4.9, 95% CI, 1.9-13.1), cataract surgery (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI, 1.7-2.9), refractive surgery (aOR=2.8, 95% CI, 2.1-3.8) compare to subject with no history of eye surgery before were more likely have dry eye. Conclusion: Ophthalmologists should be aware that past experience of ocular surgeries could be one of the most important risk factors of dry eye and have to focus on treating the dry eye problems in subjects who will receive an eye surgery or have already received. And it is important to educate the patients who were diagnosed with DES to be cautious about the risk factors and to improve their life style.restrictio

Comparison of optical quality parameters and ocular aberrations after wavefront-guided laser in-situ keratomileusis versus wavefront-guided laser epithelial keratomileusis for myopia

BACKGROUND: To compare optical quality, ocular scattering, and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). METHODS: A total of 47 eyes from 47 participants who had undergone LASIK (group I) or LASEK (group II) procedure at least 6 months prior were enrolled. Ocular aberrations and modulation transfer function (MTF) values measured using iTrace, a ray-tracing type aberrometer, were compared to MTF (modulation transfer function) cut-off values, Strehl ratio, and objective indices of scattering obtained using the Objective Quality Analysis System II (OQAS II). RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the postoperative optical quality parameters and the HOAs between both groups. In group I, the MTF cut-off value was significantly correlated with cylinder refraction (p = 0.037), and the objective scattering index (OSI) was positively correlated with spherical equivalent (p = 0.023). In group II, there was a statistically significant correlation between the OSI and achieved refractive correction (p = 0.001). Regression analysis showed that the OSI was the most significant predictor of MTF cut-off values after refractive surgery. Additionally, MTF values measured by OQAS were significantly lower than those measured by iTrace without correlation. CONCLUSION: Optical quality after refractive surgery may be influenced by not only ocular aberrations but also by scattering. Even though the accuracies of the machines used in this study to measure optical quality have yet to be proven, this study showed limited correlation among the values measured using the two different machines after refractive surgery. Therefore, for more generalized evaluation of visual function after refractive surgery, more advanced optical devices still need to be developed.ope

Comparison of Corneal Measurement Values between Two Types of Topography

Purpose: To compare the corneal measurements of Sirius and Pentacam in normal cornea and post-corneal refractive surgery patients. Methods: Subjects were tested by Pentacam (OCULUS, Wetzlar, Germany), and Sirius (CSO, Firenze, Italy). Measurements included central corneal thickness, thinnest corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, iridocorneal angle, corneal volume, pupil size, and curvature of cornea. Results: A total of 88 eyes from 44 patients were included in the present study. When comparing Sirius and Pentacam in the normal cornea, corneal thickness (p = 0.693), thinnest corneal thickness (p = 0.386), anterior chamber depth (p = 0.155), anterior chamber volume (p = 0.650), and pupil diameter (p = 0.124) did not differ significantly. Corneal curvature (p < 0.001), corneal volume (p = 0.023), and iridocorneal angle (p < 0.001) were statistically different. When comparing Sirius and Pentacam in post-corneal refractive surgery patients, corneal thickness (p = 0.056) did not differ significantly. There was a statistical difference in corneal curvature (p < 0.001), thinnest corneal thickness (p = 0.019), anterior chamber depth (p < 0.001), anterior chamber volume (p < 0.001), iridocorneal angle (p < 0.001), corneal volume (p < 0.001), and pupil diameter (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Anterior segment measurements with Pentacam and Sirius showed differences in post-corneal refractive surgery patients.ope

Conjunctival Flap Surgery for Calcified Scleromalacia After Cosmetic Conjunctivectomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term clinical course of scleromalacia with calcified plaque as a complication of cosmetic conjunctivectomy with topical mitomycin C (MMC) application and to introduce a surgical method for this complication using calcified plaque removal and/or conjunctival flap surgery. METHODS: Eleven patients (15 eyes, 17 lesions) were included in this retrospective study. The calcified plaque was removed with forceps and pterygium knife, and the thinned scleral lesion was covered with a conjunctival flap from an intact superior or inferior conjunctiva. RESULTS: There were no cases of scleral thinning or calcified plaque recurrence in patients who underwent conjunctival flap surgery. The mean interval between previous cosmetic conjunctivectomy with postsurgical topical MMC and the first surgical treatment for complications was 20.0 ± 6.4 months. The mean postoperative follow-up duration after last conjunctival flap surgery or calcified plaque removal was 11.6 ± 4.0 months. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral calcification and thinning progress as time passes after cosmetic conjunctivectomy with postsurgical topical MMC. Calcified plaque removal with conjunctival flap surgery can be an effective surgical management for this complication, returning blood supply to a thinned sclera.ope

Comparisons of Clinical Results after Implantation of Three Aspheric Intraocular Lenses

Purpose To compare the clinical results after implantation of three one-piece aspheric lenses, Acrysof IQ SN60WF, Tecnis 1-piece ZCB00 and the newly developed IOL HOYA AF-1 NY-60. Methods In total 66 eyes, one of three one-piece aspheric lenses, Acrysof IQ SN60WF, TECNIS 1-piece ZCB00 or HOYA AF-1 NY-60 was implanted after cataract extraction. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) were assessed at postoperative 3 months. Total spherical aberration, high order aberration and modulation transfer function of 5.0 mm pupil size zone were evaluated. Results There were no significant differences of UCVA, BCVA, the accuracy of postoperative refractive power and modulation transfer function among three groups. High order aberrations of the entire eye and internal optics showed almost no significant differences except some aberration values. Conclusions The newly developed intraocular lens, HOYA AF-1 NY-60 showed almost equal clinical results in comparison with Acrysof IQ SN60WF and TECNIS 1-piece ZCB00.ope

Influence of Pupil Size on Visual Acuity after Implantation of the TECNIS 1-Piece Intraocular Lens

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of pupil size on uncorrected visual acuity and spherical aberration of the TECNIS 1-piece intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: In this study 61 eyes were implanted with a TECNIS 1-piece IOL. Pupil size was checked by standard pupil card with cobalt blue light postoperatively. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) were assessed postoperatively. Total spherical aberration and high-order aberration for mesopic pupil size zone were measured. Results: There were no significant differences of spherical equivalent, age, preoperative astigmatism, BCVA between two groups, but small pupil group revealed better UCVA (p = 0.02) and lower ocular aberration than large pupil group. Conclusions: After cataract surgery, pupil size greater than 5.0 mm increases total aberration. Thus, visual acuity with small pupil after aspheric TECNIS 1-piece IOL implantation show better clinical result on uncorrected visual acuity.ope