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    Shift Nurses Physical Health Status, Health Promoting Behaviors and Job Satisfaction

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๊ณ ์ง„๊ฐ•.๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์žฅ์• , ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„ ์ดํ–‰ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ํ”ผ๋กœ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 3์›” 13์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 18์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ 1๊ฐœ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ‘๋™, ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 97๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  7.29(ยฑ3.18)์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  7.29๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 8.63(ยฑ3.33)์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ ์ˆ˜์ธ 5์ ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ž ๋ณต๊ธฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ๋กœ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 7.38(ยฑ1.48)์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2.18(ยฑ0.42)์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1.52(ยฑ0.61)์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ํ”ผ๋กœ(r=-.385), ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„(r=.396)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฑ…์ž„(r=.213), ์˜์–‘(r=.253), ์˜์ ์„ฑ์žฅ(r=.510), ๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„(r=.373), ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(r=.465)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3) ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„(ฮฒ=.298, p=.001), ํ”ผ๋กœ(ฮฒ=-.328, p<.001), ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ(ฮฒ=.244, p=.007)์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„ ์ดํ–‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„ ์ดํ–‰ ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—…๋ฌด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ 1๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ 2๊ต๋Œ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Purpose: To identify the relationship between physical symptoms, sleep quality, fatigue, health promoting behaviors, and job satisfaction of the shift nurses, as well as to identify health-related factors affecting job satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on a total of 97 nurses working in shifts in general wards, intensive care units, and emergency room of a tertiary general hospital located in Seoul. The data were collected on March 13-18, 2018 via a questionnaire that included questions about physical symptoms, sleep quality, fatigue, health promoting behaviors, and job satisfaction. Results: The scores for physical symptoms averaged 7.29(ยฑ3.18), with the average of 7.29 in symptom experiences. The average score of the sleep quality was 8.63(ยฑ3.33), exceeding the reference score of 5 points and thus showing a poor sleep quality. The sub-areas of sleep quality, such as subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and daytime dysfunction, were relatively more problematicthe average score of 7.38(ยฑ1.48) demonstrated high levels of fatigue. The average score for health promoting behaviors was 2.18(ยฑ0.42), and the lowest score in the sub-area was for physical activitythe average score for job satisfaction was 1.52(ยฑ0.61), i.e. about the medium. Job satisfaction revealed a significant correlation with fatigue(r=-.385) and health promoting behaviors(r=.396), as well as showed a correlation with sub-areas of health promoting behaviors, such as health responsibility(r=.213), nutrition(r=.253), spiritual growth(r=.510), interpersonal relations(r=.373), and stress management(r=.465). After identifying health-related factors of job satisfaction, health promoting behaviors(ฮฒ=.298), fatigue(ฮฒ=-.328), and clinical career(ฮฒ=.244) were concluded to be significant variables that affect job satisfaction. Conclusions: An institutional framework that fits the current status in Korean hospitals should be constructed to reduce nurses work-related fatigue and to encourage nurses to actively participate in health promoting behaviors. Additionally, with the recent introduction of 12 hour shift work in Korea, further research is necessary in order to compare the disparity between nurses health status, health promoting behaviors, and job satisfaction depending on their form of shiftwork.๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 II. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1. ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ 7 2. ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋กœ 9 3. ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„ 13 4. ๊ต๋Œ€๊ทผ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 16 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 19 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 19 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 20 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 5. ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค 24 6. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 25 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 26 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ 27 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 30 4. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 33 5. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 35 6. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 39 7. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 41 V. ๋…ผ์˜ 43 VI. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 52 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54 ๋ถ€๋ก 63 Abstract 76Maste

    The Effect of the English Medium Instruction Based on Students' English Levels: Focusing on English Communication Ability, Learning Difficulty and GPA

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜(EMI)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜์–ด์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ํ•™์Šต๊ณค๋ž€๋„ ๋ฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„(GPA)์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜ ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ใ€Žํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œก์ข…๋‹จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2005ใ€์˜ 2๊ฐœ๋…„๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…๋‹จ ๋ถ„์„(ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•)๊ณผ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์–ด์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์–ด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์–ด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ค‘์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•™์Šต ๊ณค๋ž€๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„(GPA) ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๋น„์œจ์ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์˜์–ด์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ํ•™์Šต๊ณค๋ž€๋„, ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„(GPA)์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต ๋ณด์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(์–ดํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ํ•™์ƒ ์ƒ๋‹ด)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์˜์–ด๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•™์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜์–ด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This study aims at analyzing the effects of English Medium Instruction(EMI) on English communication ability, learning difficulties and academic achievement(GPA) of university students. The authors carry out a longitudinal analysis and a regression analysis to find causal relations between the EMI and other related variables using the Korean Education Panel Data 2005-2006. The analytical results show that EMI has the positive effect on the improvement of students English communication ability. Specifically, the effect of the EMI is differentiated according to students level of English fluency. Moreover, the effect of the EMI is also influenced by English learning environments and learning support programs including the content of language program, mentor system, and student counseling. Based on these results, the authors suggest that the universities should develop effective teaching strategies and methods considering the learners characteristics and his/her level of English fluency along with the adoption of the EMI to improve the university students English communication abilities

    IL-1ฮฒ promotes the ciliogenesis of human middle ear epithelial cells: possible linkage with the expression of mucin gene 8

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    CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that IL-1beta, increases ciliogenesis in NHMEE cells and that MUC8 protein may play a role in this process. OBJECTIVES: The morphology of the middle ear epithelium changes under various pathologic conditions. We compared the density of ciliated cells and the level of mucin gene 8 (MUC8) mRNA in the middle ear epithelial cells of mucoid otitis media (MOM) patients with those of normal controls. We also investigated the effect of IL-1beta on the ciliogenesis and expression of MUC8 mRNA in cultured normal human middle ear epithelial (NHMEE) cells. In addition, we localized the MUC8 protein in cultured NHMEE cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The surface morphology of NHMEE cells was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the level of MUC8 mRNA expression. After synthesis of MUC8 polyclonal antibody, we performed immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The density of ciliated cells was increased in the middle ear epithelium of both MOM patients and IL-1beta-treated cultures. Similarly, the expression of MUC8 was increased in both cases. MUC8 antibody was primarily stained on the ciliated cells of NHMEE cells.restrictio
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