Effects of platelet-derived growth factor on dopaminergic neuron differentiation from neuronal stem cells in vitro.

의과학사업단/박사[한글]포유동물의 중추신경계를 구성하고 있는 신경세포와 별아교세포 및 희소돌기아교세포는 발생초기 뇌실부에 있는 신경상피에서 유래한다. 신경상피에서 유래된 신경간세포가 중추 신경계의 다양한 형태의 세포로 분화되는 기전은 아직 정확히 밝혀지지 않았으나, 세포외기질과 세포유착분자 그리고 여러 종류의 peptide growth factor 등이 관여하는 것으로 알려졌다. 신경간세포로부터 신경세포와 별아교세포 및 희소돌기아교세포로의 분화율은 배양액 내에 포함되는 cytokine의 종류에 영향을 받는다. 즉 신경간세포는 platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)에 의해 신경간세포로부터 신경세포로의 분화율이 증가되며, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 및 triiodothyronine (T3)에 의해서는 신경간세포로부터 각각 별아교세포 및 희소돌기아교세포로의 분화율이 증가된다. 본 연구에서는 신경간세포로부터 분화된 신경세포가 어떤 신경전달 물질을 함유하고 있는지, 그리고 어떤 cytokine이 신경간세포로부터 dopamine 신경세포를 분화시킬 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)를 포함한 무혈청 배양액으로 신경간세포를 배양했을 때 신경간세포로부터 별아교세포, 희소돌기아교세포, 신경세포가 모두 발현되었다. 2. 이때 분화된 신경세포 중 일부는 GABA 신경세포와 substance P 신경세포였으며, tyrosine hydroxylase를 발현한(tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-reactive, TH-ir) 신경세포나 serotonin 신경세포 등은 관찰되지 않았다. 3. PDGF는 신경간세포로부터 TH-ir 신경세포의 분화를 유도하였다. 그러나 EGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CNTF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor는 TH-ir 신경세포의 분화를 유도하지 못하였다. 4. PDGF가 신경간세포로부터 TH-ir 신경세포를 분화시키는 것을 tyrosine hydroxylase에 대한 western blot으로도 확인하였다. 이상의 실험결과로 PDGF는 신경간세포로부터 TH-ir 신경세포의 분화를 유도하는 것을 알 수 있었다. TH-ir 신경세포 분화유도 기전과 TH-ir 신경세포 발현율을 증가시키는 조건은 추후 연구할 과제로 생각한다. [영문]It is generally acknowledged that extrinsic factors such as cytokines, cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix components are important in generating cellular diversities observed in the central nervous system. Johe et al. reported that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) enhanced neuronal differentiation and that cilliary neurotrophic factor acted on stem cells to generate astrocytes. This study was undertaken to investigate which cytokine can differentiate dopaminergic neurons from neuronal stem cells obtained from fetal rat forebrains. Results are summarized as belows. 1. Neuronal stem cells cultured in EGF-containing serum-free medium subsequently differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. 2. Differentiated neuronal cells were immuno-reactive for γ-aminobutyric acid or substance P, but not for serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase. 3. PDGF converted neuronal stem cells into tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-reactive (TH-ir) cells, but epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cilliary neurotropfic factor, or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor did not. 4. PDGF-induced TH-ir cells from neuronal stem cells were confirmed using western blot. These results suggest that PDGF may be a important regulator in differentiation of TH-ir cells from neuronal stem cells, and cytokines can affect neurotransmitter phenotype of the neurons generated from neuronal stem cells.ope

Prostaglandin E₂and F₂α concentrations in human oviductal tissue during different phases of the menstrual cycle

의학과/석사[한글] 정자, 난자, 수정란을 운반하는 난관의 기능은 주로 근층의 수축력에 의하며, 이는 난소 호르몬. 자율신경계, Prostaglandin(이하 PG로 표기), VIP(vasoactive intestinal peptide)등이 관여하는 것으로 알려wu 있다. 특히 난관의 수축력에 미치는 PG의 영향에 관하여는 다양한 방법으로 연구되어 왔으나, 일치된 결론을 얻어내지 못했다. 본 연구자는 자궁근종, 자궁선종 및 자궁암 0기둥으로 전자궁적출술을 시행한 23예의 정상난관과 난관임신으로 난관절제술을 시행한 2예의 난관에서 PG의 농도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 정상난관 조직의 평균 PGE^^2 의 농도는 21.0±2.1 ng/g wet weight, PGF^^2α의 농도는 3.3±0.6 ng/g wet weight로서 PGE^^2 가 PGF^^2α에 비하여 6배나 높았다. 2. 여포기와 황체기 정상난관조직내 PGE^^2의 농도에는 차이가 없었으나, PGF^^2α의 농도는 여포기에 4.1±0.9 ng/g wet weight, 황체기에 2.2±0.5 ng/g wet weight로 황체기에 비하여 여포기에서 유의하개 높았다(P<0.01). 3. PGE^^2 의 농도는 폐경전후 정상난관 조직에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, PGF^^2α의 농도는 여포기 4.1±0.9 ng/g wet weight, 폐경기 2.1±0.7 ng/g wet weight로 나타나 여포기보다 폐경기 난관에서 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.01). 4. 난관부위에 따른 PGE^^2 의 농도는 팽대부 25.4±2.8 ng/g wet weight, 협부 13.6±2.2 ng/g wet weight로 협부에 비하여 팽대부에서 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 5. 난관부위에 따른 PGF^^2α의 농도는 팽대부 4.3±1.1 ng/g wet weight, 협부 2.2±0.4 ng/g wet weight로 협부에 비하여 팽대부에서 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 6. PGE^^2 의 농도는 정상난관에서 21.1±3.1 ng/g wet weight, 난관임신에서 23.4±6.3 ng/g wet weight로 유의한 차이는 없었으나, PGF^^2α의 농도는 정상난관에서 3.2±0.7 ng/g wet weight, 난관임신에서 1.5±0.5 ng/g wet weight로 나타나 난관임신에서 유의 하게 낮았다(P<0.01). [영문] Current research indicates that regulation of gamete transport through the oviduct is dependent on contractility of the smooth musculature. Estrogens, progesterone, catecholamines, prostaglandins(PGs) and vasoactive intestinal peptides(VIP) are known to affect myosalpingeal contractility, but despite many studies regarding the effect of PG on oviduct muscular activity and egg transport, there are no conclusive results. The following study shows the concentrations of PG obtained from the fallopian tubes of 23 cases of different gynecologic disorders who underwent abdominal hysterectomy and 2 cases of tubal pregnancy who underwent salpingectomy at Severance Hospital from Mar. 1991 to May. 1991 by radioimmunoassays following appropriate extraction and separation procedures. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The mean concentration of PGE^^2 in the fallopian tubes was 21.0±2.1 ng/g wet weight, and the mean concentration of PGF^^2α in the fallopian tubes was 3.3±0.6 ng/g wet weight, showing that the mean concentration of PGE^^2 was 6 times that of PGF^^2α(p< 0.01). 2. There was no difference in the PGE^^2 concentrations between the follicular and luteal phases of the fallopian tubes, but the PGF^^2α concentrations were 4.1±0.9 ng/g wet weight in the follicular phase and 2.2±0.5 ng/g wet weight in the luteal phase ,showing that the PGF^^2α concentrations in the follicular phase were significantly higher than in the luteal phase(p< 0.01). 3. There was no difference in the PGE^^2 concentrations between the normal and postmenopausal fallopian tubes, but the PGF^^2α concentrations were 4.1±0.9 ng/g wet weight in the follicular phase and 2.1±0.7 ng/g wet weight in the postmenopausal fallopian tubes, showing that the PGF^^2α concentrations in the follicular phase were significantly higher than in the postmenopausal fallopian tubes(p< 0.01). 4. The mean concentration of PGE^^2 according to different portion of the fallopian tubes was 25.4±2.8 ng/g wet weight for the ampullar portion, 13.6±2.2 ng/g wet weight for the isthmic portion showing significant difference(p< 0.01). 5. The mean concentration of PGF^^2α according to different portion of the fallopian tubes 4.3±1.1 ng/g wet weight for the ampullar portion, 2.2±0.4 ng/g wet weight for the isthmic portion showing significant difference(p< 0.01). 6. There was no difference in the PGE^^2 concentrations between the normal tubes and tubal pregnancies, but the PGF^^2α concentrations were 3.2±0.7 ng/g wet weight in the normal tubes and 1.5±0.5 ng/g wet weight in the tubal pregnancies showing significant difference(p< 0.01).restrictio

Verification of the Objectivity for Application of a Modified Glasgow Coma

Purpose: Rapid and accurate assessment of impaired consciousness is very important, especially for critically ill patients. Therefore, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) has been widely adopted in the assessment of adult and pediatric comas. But the GCS should not be used for small children who show various normal responses according to their developmental stage. Therefore, the objectivity of pediatric coma measurements was verified by applying the modified GCS to patients in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at a university hospital in Korea. Methods: The level of consciousness was evaluated for 200 cases who were admitted to a PICU from July 4, 2009 to September 18, 2009 and could show a verbal response, with our modified GCS for children. In addition, and we confirmed the frequency analysis and Kappa statistics with SPSS/WIN 17.0. Results: Kappa statistics which show inter-observer reliability were very good for all components (eye opening, verbal, and motor score) and was good for total GCS scores. Conclusion: It is concluded that our modified GCS is reliable. Therefore, reliable assessment for the level of consciousness is clinically practicable if enough training is supported