119 research outputs found

    ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๊ณ„ ์Œ๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์•ˆ๊ฒฝํ˜„.The distinct structure and flow properties of capillary suspensions, i.e., ternary solid/fluid/fluid systems including two immiscible fluids, make these new slurries promising candidates for the fabrication of Li-ion battery electrodes. In this thesis, we investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Li-ion battery electrode prepared with capillary suspension processing. First, we investigate how the capillary suspension processing affects the structure and flow of the wet battery paste as well as the adhesion of the dry anode layer. It is found that the distribution of SBR particles, frequently used as a binder in the graphite slurries, is changed when the capillary suspension concept is applied. Combining rheological, interfacial and structural investigations reveals that the SBR particles are localized at the interface of both liquid phases, and the amount of added SBR and the energy input for dispersing the secondary fluid offer extra degrees of freedom for adjusting the flow properties and microstructure according to processing and product demands. Most importantly, at a given SBR content, the adhesion strength of the capillary-suspension-type graphite slurries to the current collector is substantially higher than that made from conventional slurries. This novel approach promises battery electrodes with extended durability at a low binder content and improved electrical conductivity. Second, we control the drying characteristics and mechanical stability by applying the concept of capillary suspension to the battery slurry. The network structure formed inside the slurry using the capillary suspension processing is confirmed by the rheological properties and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images. It is found that the pendular bridges of the secondary fluid restrict the rearrangement of particles during drying, and thus lower the residual stress of the electrodes as evidenced by the drying stress and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Due to the reduction in residual stress and porous structural features, the capillary suspension-based electrodes are more sustainable to severe deformation such as repetitive bending. In conclusion, this thesis proposes a new method that can dramatically enhance the mechanical properties and stability of electrodes that could possibly be applied to the next-generation battery technology.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๊ณ„ ์Œ๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก(Capillary suspension)์€ ์ž…์ž์™€ ์„œ๋กœ ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‘ ์œ ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฒŒํฌ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ 2์ฐจ ์œ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง„ ์‚ผ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก๊ณผ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํž˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Li-ion battery ์ „๊ทน ์ œ์กฐ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ฐœ๋…์„ battery ์ „๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์ธ SBR ๋ฐ”์ธ๋”์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ณ€ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ, ๊ณ„๋ฉด ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ SBR ๋ฐ”์ธ๋” ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒŒํฌ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ 2์ฐจ ์œ ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” SBR ๋ฐ”์ธ๋” ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏน์‹ฑ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” SBR ๋ฐ”์ธ๋”์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ทน ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ์ง„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ธ๋”์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ค‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ก์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ FT-IR ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ์ „๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ 2์ฐจ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ๊ณต๊ทน๋ฅ ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ทน ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ์ž”์—ฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด, ์™ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ „๊ทน์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์˜ ์•ก์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ค‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์™„์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 0 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Outline of the thesis 6 Chapter 2. Background 9 2.1 Capillary suspension 10 2.2 Structure formation of the capillary suspension 13 Chapter 3. Experimental methods 14 3.1 Materials 15 3.2 Sample preparation 17 3.3 Rheological Characterization 19 3.4 Microstructure observation and structure analysis 20 3.5 Emulsion formation and characterization of the interfacial properties 21 3.6 Adhesion force measurement 22 3.7 Drying stress 23 3.8 Porosity measurement 25 3.9 3-point bending and repetitive bending test 26 3.10 FT-IR 27 Chapter 4. Results and discussion 28 4.1 Controlling binder distribution in the capillary suspension 29 4.1.1 Effect of the SBR binder on the rheological properties 30 4.1.2 Structure analysis of the capillary suspensions with the SBR added and different mixing times 36 4.1.3 Distribution of the SBR particles in the capillary suspension 39 4.1.4 Adhesion characteristics of the conventional and capillary suspension-type slurries 45 4.1.5 Conclusion 51 4.2 Drying behavior and mechanical properties of capillary suspension battery electrode 55 4.2.1 Effect of the secondary fluid on the rheological properties 56 4.2.2 Drying stress and porosity of the electrode depending on the amount of the secondary fluid 60 4.2.3 Structure analysis of the capillary suspensions in the drying process 64 4.2.4 Mechanical properties of the conventional and capillary suspension type electrodes 70 4.2.5 Conclusion 77 Chapter 5. Summary 81 References 86 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 93๋ฐ•

    ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ PM2.5์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด์Šน๋ฌต.์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 2.5 ยตm ์ดํ•˜์ธ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5)๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํก์ž… ์‹œ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํํฌ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์— ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๋Š” PM2.5์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ์‡„์„ฑ ํ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ํ์•”, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. PM2.5์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, PM2.5์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ PM2.5์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ํŒŒ์•…์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ’ํ•˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ PM2.5์˜ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋œ PM2.5์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ €๊ฐ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ 1๋…„๋™์•ˆ 1์ผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— PM2.5๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์› ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์˜ PM2.5 ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ PM2.5์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ผ์ฆ, ๋…ธํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ PM2.5 ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 35 ใŽ/m3 ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ณ ๋†๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ด 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ฑ„์ทจ๊ธฐ์— ์„์˜์„ฌ์œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚ ์งœ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ถœ์•ก์€ ๋ฌด๊ทน์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ 60 ์—ฌ ์ข…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€๋ณ‘์› ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋‚ด๊ณผ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ์ผ์ฐจ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹คํ™˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์•Œ์นธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹์ƒ ์ž์—ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์˜ค์—ผ์›๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์„ํƒ„์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐœํ˜„, ๋…ธํ™” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ PM2.5์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ 2019๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ค‘ 294๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ 2019๋…„ 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ค‘ 226๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 26๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ PMF์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์ด์ฐจ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ, ์ด์ฐจ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ, ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์˜ค์—ผ์›, ์‹์ƒ ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›, ์†Œ๊ฐ์‹œ์„ค ์˜ค์—ผ์›, ํ† ์–‘ ์˜ค์—ผ์›, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธํ›„ ํ•ด์—ผ์ž…์ž ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…/์„ํƒ„ ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ์˜ค์—ผ์›๊ณผ ์„ํƒ„ ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด์˜จ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด PM2.5์˜ 50% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์ฐจ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฐจ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PSCF ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ PM2.5์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ ๋ณ„ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ๋ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ž์–ด ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฑ„์ทจ๊ธฐ์— ์„์˜์„ฌ์œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚ ์งœ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ถœ์•ก์€ ๋ฌด๊ทน์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ 59 ์—ฌ ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ทน์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ 52 ์—ฌ ์ข…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€๋ณ‘์› ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋‚ด๊ณผ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PM2.5 ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋†๋„์™€ ์œ ๊ธฐํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋†๋„์™€ IL-8์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์„œ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, PM2.5์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋†๋„ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹คํ™˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์‹์ƒ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋””์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹œ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์›์˜ ์ด์ฐจ ์œ ๊ธฐํƒ„์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›๊ณผ ์ธ์œ„์  ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์›์˜ ์ด์ฐจ ์œ ๊ธฐํƒ„์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ๊ถค์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ค‘ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘ 1์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ IL-8 ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹์ƒ์—ฐ์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘ 1์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ IL-8 ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์ฐจ ์œ ๊ธฐํƒ„์†Œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›(์ž์—ฐ์ /์ธ์œ„์ )๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„œ์šธ์€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์†Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ตญ์ง€์  ์ด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค.Substantial economic growth due to the rapid development has caused severe air pollution in East Asian countries. One of the most concerned air pollutants is fine particulate matter (PM2.5) due to its ability to penetrate deeply into the lung through inhalation and elicit adverse health effects such as local and systemic inflammation. Among East Asian countries, South Korea and China are one of the most polluted countries which have been actively pursuing on reducing PM2.5 concentrations by implementing air quality policies. In spite of the efforts toward PM2.5 reduction, South Korea and China are still suffering from high PM2.5 concentrations. Since long-range transboundary air pollution affects neighboring countries, it is important to perform a comprehensive investigation in the major cities of both countries. This study focused on assessing the impact of organic extracts of PM2.5 collected in Seoul, South Korea on primary human lung epithelial cells and identifying the relevant components and sources which induced lung epithelial cell injury. Twelve selected PM2.5 samples from May 2016 to January 2017 were used to evaluate the effects of organic compounds of PM2.5 on inflammation, cellular aging, and macroautophagy in human lung epithelial cells isolated from healthy donors. Organic extracts of PM2.5 specifically induced neutrophilic chemokine, interleukin-8, via extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. While average PM2.5 mass concentrations, OC and EC had no significant correlations, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes were the most relevant components of PM2.5 with neutrophilic inflammation. Vegetative detritus and residential bituminous coal combustion sources were strongly correlated with neutrophilic inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation. Though numerous studies are available on the characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in South Korea and China, studies on simultaneous ground-based PM2.5 monitoring and source apportionment in two countries are not available. In this study, simultaneous daily ground-based monitoring of PM2.5 in Seoul and Beijing was conducted and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was utilized for the source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in the two sites. While nine contributing factors were identified, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, mobile, biomass burning, incineration, soil, and aged sea salt sources were commonly found in both sites. Additionally, industry combined with coal combustion and oil combustion sources were identified in Seoul site and industry and coal combustion sources were identified for Beijing site. Ionic species (SO42โˆ’, NO3โˆ’, and NH4+) accounted for more than 50% of the total mass concentration of PM2.5, and secondary nitrate and secondary sulfate were the most dominant sources in both sites. Since secondary aerosols are largely affected by precursors from primary emissions and meteorological conditions, the variations in the heating (November 15th to March 15th) and non-heating (March 16th to November 14th) seasons were analyzed. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) maps showed that the potential source areas of secondary nitrate and secondary sulfate for Seoul and Beijing were in mostly located in north and east china, thus both sites are affected by regional and long-range transport. During the heating season, industrial complex areas in northern China were shown as potential source areas for Beijing and coal-fired power plants near the Yangtze River and Henan province were identified as potential source areas for Seoul. During the non-heating season, coastal areas in eastern China to west part of South Korea were found to be potential source areas of secondary nitrate and secondary sulfate in both sites. This study focused on investigating the characteristics of organic compounds and sources of the PM2.5 organic extracts collected in Seoul, South Korea, and Beijing, China, and evaluated the production of PM2.5 organic extract induced IL-8 on human lung epithelial cells. The expression levels of IL-8 in Beijing were significantly higher than that of Seoul. Moreover, organic compounds within PM2.5 were found to be more important in inducing neutrophilic inflammation than PM2.5 mass concentrations itself. For Seoul, PAHs and biomass burning source showed strong correlations with IL-8 expression levels. However, organic compounds such as aliphatic diacaids, alkylcyclohexanes and alkanoic acids showed positive correlations with expression levels of IL-8 at Beijing. In addition, biogenic SOC and anthropogenic SOC showed strong correlations with IL-8 expression levels. The results indicated that organic compounds and sources which play important role in inflammation at Seoul and Beijing are different.Chapter 1. Backgrounds 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Objectives of the study 7 3. References 9 Chapter 2. The impact of organic extracts of seasonal PM2.5 on primary human lung epithelial cells and their chemical characterization 15 Abstract 17 1. Introduction 19 2. Materials and methods 21 2.1 Sampling site and collection procedure 21 2.2 Organic extraction of the collected PM2.5 samples 21 2.3 Cells 22 2.4 Cell viability 22 2.5 Protein extraction and western blot analysis 23 2.6 Multiplex bead assay 23 2.7 GC/MS analysis and OC/EC analysis 23 2.8 Source apportionment of organic compounds in PM2.5 using CMB model 24 3. Results 25 3.1 The effect of PM2.5 organic compounds on cell viability in lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) 25 3.2 The effect of PM2.5 organic compounds on cytokine production and the expression of aging and macroautophagy markers in BEAS-2B cells 27 3.3 The effect of PM2.5 organic compounds on inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation in primary HAECs 31 3.4 Analysis of PM2.5 constituents correlated with inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation 34 3.5 Analysis of CMB results correlated with inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation 44 4. Discussion 49 5. Conclusions 52 References 53 Chapter 3. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China 61 Abstract 63 1. Introduction 65 2. Methods 67 2.1 Description of sampling sites 67 2.2 Sampling procedure and chemical analyses 67 2.3 Source apportionment using PMF 68 2.4 Conditional probability function (CPF) 69 2.5 Backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) 70 3. Results and Discussion 72 3.1 Seasonal variations of chemical constituents of PM2.5 72 3.1.1 Seoul 75 3.1.2 Beijing 76 3.2 Source apportionment 78 3.3 Potential source contribution function results for heating and non-heating seasons 102 4. Conclusions 106 References 108 Chapter 4. Characteristics of PM2.5 organic extracts from Seoul and Beijing on human lung epithelial cells 123 Abstract 125 1. Introduction 127 2. Materials and methods 129 2.1 Sampling sites and collection procedure 129 2.2 PM2.5 chemical analyses 129 2.3 Cell culture and exposure 130 2.4 Source apportionment of organic compounds in PM2.5 using PMF 131 2.5 Trajectory cluster analysis 131 3. Results and discussion 132 3.1 PM2.5 and chemical constituents 132 3.2 PMF results 139 3.3 Cluster analysis and expression levels of IL-8 at Seoul and Beijing 149 4. Conclusions 153 References 155 Chapter 5. Conclusions 163 1. Summary 165 1.1 The impact of organic extracts of seasonal PM2.5 on primary human lung epithelial cells and their chemical characterization 165 1.2 Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China 166 1.3 Characteristics of PM2.5 organic extracts from Seoul and Beijing on human lung epithelial cells 167 2. Conclusions 169 APPENDIX 173 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 179๋ฐ•

    Expanding its therapeutic utility against solid cancers

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ด์šฐ์ธ.Over two decades ago, the proteasome was considered a risky or even untenable therapeutic target. Today proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are a mainstay in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and have sales in excess of three billion US dollars annually. More importantly, the availability of PIs has greatly improved the survival and quality of life for patients with MM. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is the second-in-class PI with much improved efficacy and safety profiles over bortezomib, the first-in-class PI, for MM therapy. Despite the remarkable efficacy of CFZ against MM, the clinical trials in patients with solid cancers yielded rather disappointing results with minimal clinical benefits. The potential for improvement remains and the development and optimal use of PIs for solid cancer therapy continues to be an active area of research. Rapid degradation of CFZ in vivo and its poor penetration to tumor sites is considered to be major factors limiting its efficacy against solid cancers. To expand the utility of CFZ to solid cancer therapy, the aim was to overcome the pharmaceutical limitations of CFZ, and current findings may provide important insights in the development of next-generation PIs. As one of approaches to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of CFZ, a novel polymer micelle-based formulation of CFZ was developed. In the previous report, polymer micelles (PMs) composed of biodegradable block copolymers poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) were shown to improve the metabolic stability of CFZ in vitro. In Chapter I, in vivo anticancer efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed using CFZ-loaded PM composed of PEG-PCL-deoxycholic acid (CFZ-PM). Despite in vitro metabolic protection of CFZ, CFZ-PM displayed in vivo anticancer efficacy in mice bearing human lung cancer xenograft (H460) comparable to that of the clinically used cyclodextrin-based CFZ (CFZ-CD) formulation. The plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of CFZ-PM were also comparable to those of CFZ-CD. The residual tumors that persisted in xenograft mice receiving CFZ-PM displayed an incomplete proteasome inhibition. In summary, these results showed that despite its favorable in vitro performances, CFZ-PM formulation did not improve in vivo anticancer efficacy and accessibility of active CFZ to solid cancer tissues over CFZ-CD. Thus, it seems to be necessary to consider potential confounding factors in translating in vitro results to in vivo settings and to develop another type of nanoformulation with an enhanced in vivo stability. In Chapter II, it was investigated whether a nanocrystal (NC) formulation enhances in vivo stability and anticancer efficacy of CFZ against breast cancer. The surface of NC was coated with albumin in order to enhance the formulation stability and drug delivery to tumors via interactions with albumin-binding proteins located in and near cancer cells. The novel albumin-coated NC formulation of CFZ (CFZ-alb NC) displayed improved metabolic stability and enhanced cellular interactions, uptake, and cytotoxic effects in breast cancer cells in vitro. CFZ-alb NC also showed greater anticancer efficacy in a murine 4T1 orthotopic breast cancer model than CFZ-CD. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential of CFZ-alb NC as a viable formulation for breast cancer therapy. These studies may provide valuable insights into the future efforts to validate the potential of CFZ-based therapy for breast cancer and to develop effective CFZ delivery strategies that can be used to treat solid cancers.ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ข€ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ธ carfilzomib (CFZ)์€1์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ข€ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ธ bortezomib๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. CFZ์€ bortezomib ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ epoxyketone pharmacophore๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์ธ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ข€์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CFZ์˜ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ backbone๊ณผ epoxyketone ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งง์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ œํ˜•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด CFZ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™๋ ฅํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ ํ˜•์•” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” CFZ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ œํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ˜•์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ๊ณผ ํด๋ฆฌ์นดํ”„๋กœ๋ฝํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋งˆ์ด์…€์— CFZ์„ loading ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ in vitro ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ CFZ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋งˆ์ด์…€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ œํ˜•(CFZ-PM)์˜ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ H460๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹๋œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. CFZ-PM๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœ ๋ฑ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ CFZ ์ œ์ œ (CFZ-CD)๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CFZ-PM์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์ด CFZ-CD๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , CFZ-PM์ด ์ด์ข… ์ด์‹ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ํ์•” ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CFZ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ํ์•” ์กฐ์ง์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ข€์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ์ œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ CFZ ์„ ์•”์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ œํ˜•์˜ CFZ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ CFZ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ฒด๋‚ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ œํ˜•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•˜์— CFZ์„ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CFZ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ์ œํ˜•์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ์ด ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋œ CFZ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ์ œ์ œ (CFZ-alb NC)๋Š” 280nm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์•ฝ 80%์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ loading content๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. CFZ-alb NC ์€ in vitro ์™€ in vivo ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, CFZ solution๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ์นจํˆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋…์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CFZ-alb NC์„ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ 4T1๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹๋œ BALB/C ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค orthotopic ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํˆฌ์•ฝ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†์ด CFZ-CD๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํ•ญ์•” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”CFZ-alb NC์— ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ์ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์กฐ์ง์— ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ SPARC๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•จ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ CFZ-alb NC ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ์ œ์ œํ™”์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................................I CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................................................III LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................VII INTRODUCTION: The review of next-generation proteasome inhibitors for cancer research..............................1 1. Proteasomes............................................................................................................................................2 2. Proteasome inhibitor drugs in clinical use for cancer therapy....................................................................4 2.1. Bortezomib (BTZ, PS-341, Velcade): Rise of proteasome inhibitors as an anticancer agent..............5 2.2. Carfilzomib (CFZ, PR-171, Kyprolisยฎ): Novel mode of proteasome inhibition.....................................8 2.3. Ixazomib (IXZ, MLN9708, Ninlaroยฎ): First oral proteasome inhibitor drug.......................................12 3. Drug resistance (acquired or de novo): Major hurdles in improving PI therapy.........................................13 4. Development strategies for next-generation proteasome inhibitors........................................................14 4.1. Immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors..........................................................................................15 4.2. Peptide-based proteasome inhibitors..............................................................................................15 4.3. Non-peptide-based proteasome inhibitors......................................................................................15 4.4. Application of drug delivery system on proteasome inhibitors.........................................................17 CHAPTER I. Polymer micelle formulation for the proteasome inhibitor drug carfilzomib: Anticancer efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in mice...................................................................................................................19 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................20 2. Material and methods............................................................................................................................21 3. Results...................................................................................................................................................24 3.1. Physicochemical properties of CFZ-PM............................................................................................24 3.2. In vivo anticancer efficacy of CFZ-PM in H460 xenograft mice.........................................................25 3.3. Proteasome inhibition in post-treatment xenograft tumor tissues and whole blood samples collected from mice that received CFZ-PM or CFZ-CD.....................................................................................25 3.4. Comparison of plasma PK profiles of CFZ-PM and CFZ-CD in ICR mice.............................................28 4. Discussion.............................................................................................................................................29 CHAPTER II. Expanding therapeutic utility of carfilzomib for breast cancer therapy by novel albumin-coated nanocrystal formulation................................................................................................................................32 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................33 2. Material and methods...........................................................................................................................35 3. Result and discussion............................................................................................................................43 3.1. Preparation and characterization of CFZ-alb NC..............................................................................43 3.2. Enhanced physical and metabolic stability of CFZ-alb NC.................................................................46 3.3. Enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxic effects of CFZ-alb NC in breast cancer cell lines...................48 3.4. Enhanced in vivo anticancer efficacy of CFZ-alb NC in BALB/C bearing 4T1 breast cancer cell...........51 3.5. Comparison of PK and BD profiles of CFZ-alb NC with CFZ-CD........................................................53 3.6. SPARC-dependent uptake of CFZ-alb NC to cancer cells...................................................................57 4. Supporting information.........................................................................................................................60 4.1. Supporting experimental methods..................................................................................................60 4.2. Supporting table.............................................................................................................................63 4.3. Supporting figures..........................................................................................................................64 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................70 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................72 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก.......................................................................................................................................................83 APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................................................85Docto

    5'-3' exoribonuclease Rat1์— ์˜ํ•œ RNA ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ II์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ์ข…๊ฒฐ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ์ด์ค€ํ˜ธ.The 5-3 exoribonuclease Rat1 promotes termination of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) on protein-coding genes, but its underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Using in vitro transcription termination assay, I have found that RNAPII is prone to terminate more effectively by Rat1/Rai1 when its catalytic site is disrupted due to NTP misincorporation, proposing that paused RNAPII often found in vivo near termination sites might adopt similar configuration for Rat1 to trigger termination. Intriguingly, Rat1 does not terminate E. coli RNAP, implying that specific interaction between Rat1 and RNAPII may also contribute to termination. Furthermore, the efficiency of termination increases as the RNA transcript being degraded by Rat1 gets longer. It suggests that Rat1 may generate a driving force for dissociating RNAPII from the template while degrading the nascent transcripts to catch up the polymerase. These results indicate that multiple mechanistic features contribute to Rat1-mediated termination of RNAPII.ABASTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------ ii LIST OF FIGURES -------------------------------------------------------------------- iii-iv LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------ vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. RNA Polymerases II and transcription process ---------------------------------- 1 1.2. Importance of transcription termination study ----------------------------------- 7 1.3. Two distinct termination pathways: for mRNAs vs non-coding RNAs ------ 7 1.4. The role of Rat1 and characterization of its interacting partners -------------- 8 1.5. Previous studies on Rat1/Rai1/Rtt103 complex regarding transcription termination in-vitro ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.6. Characteristics of RNAPII movements:pausing, backtracking and reactivation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.7. RNAPII pausing induced by NTP misincorporation via template misalignment ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 1.8. Sequence-specific RNAPII pausing ---------------------------------------------- 19 1.9. Aims of this study ------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Strains and plasmids construction ----------------------------------------------- 22 2.2. Protein expression and purification ---------------------------------------------- 22 2.3. in-vitro transcription termination assay ------------------------------------------ 23 2.4. ATPase activity assay -------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.5. Helicase assay ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.6. Western blot ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 3. RESULTS 3.1. in-vitro transcription termination assay ------------------------------------------ 27 3.2. Purification of RNAPII and Rat1/Rai1 recombinant proteins ---------------- 27 3.3. Rat1/Rai1 terminates efficiently RNAPII in the presence of ATP in-vitro - 27 3.4. Rat1/Rai1 does not have an ATPase activity ----------------------------------- 28 3.5. NTP misincorporation induces RNAPII pausing and enhances termination by Rat1/Rai1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 3.6. Other yeast 5-3 exoribonucleases can terminate RNAPII efficiently at least in-vitro. Rat1/Rai1 cannot terminate E. coli RNAP in-vitro. ----------------- 38 3.7. The length of RNA degraded by Rat1 affects RNAPII termination --------- 43 3.8. 5-3 exoribonuclease activity of Rat1 is essential for RNAPII termination -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 4. Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 5. References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 6. Abstract in Korean --------------------------------------------------------------------60Docto

    ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณ„์—ดํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์ด์ฐฝํฌ.์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„์—ดํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” CI ๋“ฑ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ทธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ยท์ˆ˜์ทจ์˜ ์ ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€, ์ง€์ฃผํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์— ์ง€์ฃผํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ง€์ฃผํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน CI ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” CI ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ทจ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„์—ดํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ถ„์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ด€์ฒญ์—์„œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ52์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ–‰์œ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์—†์–ด ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ด€์ฒญ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ด€์ฒญ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์นจ์ต์  ํ–‰์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” CI ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฒ•, ๋…์ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ธ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์ธ ์‹ค์งˆ๊ณผ์„ธ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‹ค์งˆ๊ณผ์„ธ์›์น™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ์ œ14์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์ด ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์† ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์งˆ๊ณผ์„ธ์›์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป๋Š” ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด์ž๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ„ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ต๊ณผ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ต์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์†๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ89์กฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์€ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ œ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ• ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก์— ๊ณฑํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์š”์œจ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌดํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•, ์ˆ˜์ต์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•, ์›๊ฐ€์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ๊ณต์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌดํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ• ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ์„ธ์ฒญ, ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์œ„์›ํšŒ, ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 6 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 14 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 21 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ์˜ ์˜์˜ 21 1. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 21 2. ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜์˜ 23 3. ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ 26 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 28 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 30 1. ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 30 2. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•-์ธ์ ‘ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 33 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ-์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ 47 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† 50 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ 51 1. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 51 2. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 52 3. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 63 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ-์ƒํ‘œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 65 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์† ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 66 1. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์†์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 67 2. ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถ€์žฌ 74 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 76 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์†์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 78 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 78 2. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์†์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋œ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  78 3. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์†์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 97 4. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ 120 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ๊ท€์†์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ท€์† 127 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 127 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 128 3. ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 131 4. ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ 138 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 141 ์ œ5์žฅ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 143 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 143 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 145 1. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทœ์ • ํ˜•์‹ 145 2. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  148 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 157 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 158 1. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์ •์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 158 2. ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญยท๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 160 3. ๋ฌดํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 168 4. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ 175 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 179 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  182 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 189 Abstract 193Maste

    NLR-Finder: An Easy and Efficient Annotation Tool for the NLR Superfamily in Plant Genomes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •๋†์ƒ๋ช…์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2017. 2. ์ตœ๋„์ผ.Gene annotation is an essential process to identify gene structures and define biological functions. It is an important step for subsequent analyses including gene cloning and identification of genes for agricultural traits. However, current gene annotation misrepresents the whole gene repertoire due to biased gene model construction. Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) superfamily is one of the poorly annotated gene families in plants. The NLR family tends to be clustered in genomes by segmental and tandem duplications, which makes the gene annotation challenging. The NLR-Finder was developed for unbiased genome-wide identification of the NLR superfamily in assembled plant genomes. The NLR-Finder firstly detects candidate NLR gene regions by extending 30 kb to both sides of all the identified NB-ARC domain regions. Secondly, evidence-based NLR genes are predicted by aligning published proteins and transcriptome sequences to the candidate gene regions. Thirdly, additional NLR genes are extracted using an ab initio prediction approach. Lastly, final NLR gene models are generated by integration of the evidence- and ab initio-based NLR genes. The re-annotation was performed using the NLR-Finder on 17 different plant genomes. On average, public annotation tools identified about 310 genes, whereas the NLR-Finder annotated about 497 genes. In Gossypium hirsutum and Vigna radiata, the number of re-annotated genes tripled compared to that of publicly available data. The re-annotated genes were successfully validated by comparing with high-quality annotations of Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Solanum lycopersicum. This study demonstrated that the NLR-Finder provides an easy-to-use and efficient method to annotate the NLR superfamily in plant genomes.INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEWS 3 Gene annotation 3 Annotation errors 4 Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS 8 Plant genomes, protein data, and transcriptome collection 8 Workflow of the NLR-Finder 10 RESULTS 16 Transcriptome raw data preprocessing and reference assembly 16 Re-annotation of NLR genes with the NLR-Finder 16 Validation of the NLR-Finder using high-quality plant genomes 22 DISCUSSION 30 REFERENCES 33 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 37Maste

    ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activity ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์ด์Šน๋ฌต.๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, World Health Organization (WHO)์˜ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ์•”์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” 1๊ธ‰ ๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 2.5ใŽ› ์ดํ•˜์ธ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5)๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํํฌ ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activity์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. PM2.5์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ cold season๊ณผ warm season์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ cold season ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC)๊ณผ SO42-๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ข…๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ cold season ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ธˆ์†์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ „์ฒด PM2.5 ๋†๋„์˜ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ ์Šค๋ชจ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ ROS activity์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ „์ด๊ธˆ์†์ธ Cr๊ณผ Zn๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ As๊ณผ V์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ soil, mobile, industry, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  oil combustion ๋“ฑ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ industry, soil, mobile ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  SIA๊ณผ ROS activity๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.Substantial increase in level of particulate matter has raised concerns in South Korea recently. Ambient particulate matter is classified as Group I carcinogen (IARC, 2013) and multiple epidemiological studies has demonstrated adverse health effects due to exposure of particulate matter. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) which has a diameter less than 2.5 ยตm is likely to penetrate deeply into lung and is known to be eliciting adverse health effects. A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted on adverse health effects of PM-related diseases and mortality rate, yet particulate matter (PM)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity at the cellular level has not been actively studied in Korea. This study assessed PM-induced oxidative potential by exposure of collected ambient PM2.5 samples to the rat alveolar macrophage cell line. The characteristics of PM2.5 in Korea were further characterized by linking chemical constituents and contributing sources to ROS. PM2.5 mass concentration during the cold season was relatively higher than mass concentration during the warm season and chemical constituents except for Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC) and SO42- followed similar trends. The concentration of crustal elements was especially high during the cold season which can be an indication of long range transport of Asian dust. Water soluble organic carbon and water soluble transition metals (Cr and Zn) were also shown to be correlated to oxidative potential and metals such as As and V were shown to have a high contribution to ROS activity according to stepwise multiple linear regression. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results identified six factors that can be interpreted as soil, mobile, industry, secondary inorganic aerosol, secondary organic aerosol and oil combustion. Moreover, through Principal Component Regression (PCR), industry, soil, mobile and SIA were shown to be statistically significant sources in a relation to ROS activity.I.Introduction 1 II.Experimental Methods 4 1.Sample collection and analysis 4 2.Macrophage ROS analysis 6 3.Data analysis 7 III.Results 8 1.Chemical constituents 8 2.Correlation between ROS activity and chemical species 14 3.Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression 16 4.Association of ROS activity and sources 18 4.1.Principal Component Analysis 18 4.2.Principal Component Regression 20 IV.Discussion and Conclusion 21 V.References 28 VI.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 35Maste

    ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๊ณ„ ์Œ๊ทน ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ด์Šน์ข….Mechanical properties of Li-ion battery slurry applying the concept of capillary suspension were investigated with regard to the interaction between a binder and the secondary fluid. Capillary suspension, which exploits capillary force induced by small amount of the secondary fluid, provides an innovative alternative for battery material offering advantageous features for processing and end use properties. This concept could be properly applied under an adequate understanding of the influence of the secondary fluid in industrial paste. In this study, the interaction between styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) binder of Li-ion anode battery slurry and the secondary fluid octanol was determined by altering mixing protocol and binder content. Consequential variation in mechanical properties such as rheological properties and adhesion characteristics were measured. The role and the distribution of the binder in the capillary suspension were examined by microscopy and interfacial tension measurement. An accurate understanding of this interaction may enable us to optimize targeting mechanical properties of the materials through the concept of capillary suspension.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Experimental methods. 6 2.1. Materials 7 2.2. Sample preparation. 7 2.3. Rheological characterization 10 2.4. Adhesion force measurement 10 2.5. Investigation through microscopy. 11 2.6. Interfacial tension measurement. 11 Chapter 3 Results and discussion 13 3.1. Rheological measurement 14 3.2. Adhesion force measurement 26 3.3. Microscopy and interfacial tension analysis. 31 Chapter 4 Conclusion 36 Reference. 39 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ 42Maste

    A Study on the Poetry of Oh kyu-won

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ๊น€์œ ์ค‘.์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ถ• ์œ„์—์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ ์‹œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‹ค์žฌ์™€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ, ์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” 4๏ฝฅ19์„ธ๋Œ€๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ธ€ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ธ€๋กœ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์„ธ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€์—์„œ 4๏ฝฅ19์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์ธ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ทœ์› ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์„ 4๏ฝฅ19์„ธ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์ด ์‹œ์ž‘(่ฉฉไฝœ) ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋…์žฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–ต์••์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์€ ํš์ผํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํš์ผํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด, ์ถ”์ƒํ™”๋œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฐœํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜„์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์จ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ(1970๋…„๋Œ€)์—๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹ค์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ธฐ(1980๋…„๋Œ€)์—๋Š” ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐ(1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„)์—๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์— ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๊ด€์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์ธ ๋‚ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์‹œ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ชจ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹œํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ€๋”ช์น˜๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ธ์€ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒ€์ž์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ํƒ€์ž(๋Œ€์ƒ)์™€ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์ ˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ขํ˜€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ทน์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ธ์€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ ์ฐจ ํš์ผํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์‹ ์‹คํ—˜์‹œ๋“ค(ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””์‹œ, ํ•ด์ฒด์‹œ)์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ด ํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์—์„œ ํ†ต๋กœ, ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๊ณ ์‹œ์ง‘๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ด€์€ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํฐ ๋ณ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์‹œ๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ๋กœ์จ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ค์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋น„์šฐ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „๋žต์ด ์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๊ณต, ๊ตฌ๋ฉ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์—†์Œ(ํ—ˆ๊ณต, ๊ตฌ๋ฉ)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋กœ์จ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ทœ์›์€ 40๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘(่ฉฉไฝœ) ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์— ๋‹ต์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ™œ๋™ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ด ์‹œ์ธ์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 14 2. ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 25 2.1. ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์™ธ 25 2.2. ์ƒ์ง• ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌํ™” 36 3. ๊ท ์—ด๋œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐํš 47 3.1. ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์•„์ด์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณ„ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์‹œ๋„ 47 3.2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ 71 4. ๋‚ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 84 4.1. ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๊ด€์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 84 4.2. ํ—ˆ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ ํ˜•์ƒํ™” 95 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  107 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 110 Abstract 117Maste

    ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ ์‹คํƒœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผํƒ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ์„ฑ์ข…์ƒ.์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์šฐํ›„์ฃฝ์ˆœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค€๊ณต์ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ฃผํƒ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•ยท์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„(๊ธธ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด์˜ ์žํˆฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ)์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํŠน์„ฑยท์ด์šฉ ์–‘์ƒยท ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ๋‹จ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋ฉด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐํ˜• ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ง€ ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฐ‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๋„๋ฉดํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€์šฉ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์šฉ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž์™€์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์„ค์น˜, ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ ์กฐ์„ฑ, ํ…ƒ๋ฐญํ™œ๋™, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋‹จ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™•๋ณด, ์ƒํ™œ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ด์žฅ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ€์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธํ˜„ ์ค‘์•™๊ธธ์˜ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ ์ ์œ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํœด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๋กœ์˜ ์ ์œ , ์ง€์ƒ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณตํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™œ ์ž‘์—…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํœด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„,์ทจ๋ฏธ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์  ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌธยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ , ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํš์ผํ™”๋œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํ˜น์€ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ ์œ  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์œ , ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฐํƒ€์„ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ œ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ€์šฉ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ž…์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์งง๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ€์šฉ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋“์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ๋ˆ๋…ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…๋ง›์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์ด ์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ๋งŒ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 4 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 3. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 15 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 16 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ผ์ƒ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 17 1์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ 17 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ 17 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ณ€์ฒœ 19 2์ ˆ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 20 1. ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ 20 2. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 21 3์ ˆ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์‹ค์ฒœ 31 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ 32 2. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ž๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 35 4์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 37 1. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 37 2. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 39 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์‹คํƒœ 40 1์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 40 1. ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 41 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 42 2์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„ 53 1. ๋ณ€์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ •๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” 53 2. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„ (๋งตํ•‘) 60 3์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ž”1๋™ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 76 1. ์ƒ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ 76 2. ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ 95 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ณ€์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 102 1์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 103 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝใ€€ 103 2. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ(Needs)์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณ€์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ 109 3. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ€์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ 112 2์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 113 1. ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ _ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 113 2. ํƒ€ํ˜‘ _์ œํ•œ์  ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํŽธ 114 3. Actor network 116 3์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜ 117 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  124 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 127 Abstract 131Maste
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