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    ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด (๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ๋ชฉ: ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด๊ณผ)์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์ด์ค€ํ˜ธ.The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest that cause serious economic damage worldwide. The objective of this study were (1) to examine the population genetic structures and diversities of B. tabaci MED from commercial tomato greenhouses in Korea by using eight microsatellite markers, (2) to compare the difference in life history characteristics of representative different genetic clusters of B. tabaci MED through single and cross mating experiments and to verify correlation between genetic clusters and life history characteristics, and (3) to investigate the insecticide resistance status of B. tabaci MED populations and to determine correlation between genetic clusters and three insecticide class resistance levels. In this study, the population genetic structures and diversities of B. tabaci MED were conducted among 35 populations of commercial tomato greenhouses in different geographic regions from 2016 to 2018 (17 populations in 2016, 13 populations in 2017, and five populations in 2018) using eight microsatellite markers. The average number of alleles per population (NA) ranged from 2.000 to 5.875, the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.218 to 0.600, the observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.061 to 0.580, and the fixation index inbreeding coefficient (FIS) ranged from -0.391 to 0.872 over the three years of the study. Some significant correlation (p < 0.05) was present between genetic differentiations (FST) and geographical distance, and a comparatively high proportion of variation was found among the B. tabaci MED populations. The B. tabaci MED populations were divided into two well-differentiated genetic clusters (cluster 1 and 2) within different geographic regions. Interestingly, its genetic clusters converged rapidly into one genetic cluster. We compared life history characteristics of these two different genetic clusters of B. tabaci MED through single and cross mating experiments on two different host plants, cucumber and tobacco, at 26 ยฐC. Intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (), and net reproductive rate (Ro) were significantly higher in the dominating cluster (cluster 2) (0.247, 1.280, and 192.402, respectively on cucumber; 0.226, 1.253, and 133.792, respectively on tobacco) than in the other cluster (cluster 1) (0.149, 1.161, and 50.539, respectively on cucumber; 0.145, 1.156, and 53.332, respectively on tobacco). Overall performances of cross mating groups, C2fC1m (C2 female C1 male) and C1fC2m (C1 female C2 male), were in-between those of C2 and C1, with C2fC1m performing better than C1fC2m. B. tabaci has been known to rapidly develop insecticide resistance because the use of chemical insecticides is the primary strategy to control B. tabaci in many cropping systems worldwide. In this study, to find clues for this phenomenon, we investigated the resistance traits of the two clusters for three insecticide classes (organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid). Since the resistance mutation frequencies in regional samples were either high (i.e., the voltage-sensitive sodium channel L925I/T929V mutations and the F392 acetylcholinesterase 1 mutation) or zero (the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor R81T mutation), no meaningful correlation was deduced between resistance allele frequency and genetic cluster. However, the actual resistance levels to all three insecticide classes were significantly higher in cluster 2 than those in cluster 1, suggesting that cluster 2 has a higher resistance potential. Furthermore, thiamethoxam treatment to the mixed population of clusters 1 and 2 over three generations exhibited a strong tendency of population displacement from cluster 1 to cluster 2. This study demonstrated that the B. tabaci MED (Q1) populations were divided into two well-differentiated genetic clusters within different geographic regions in Korea. Moreover, this study provided a strong evidence that genetic cluster 2 of B. tabaci MED had significantly superior life history characteristics and insecticide resistances than cluster 1 populations. Therefore, this study was provided that the rapidly converged phenomenon of genetic cluster in B. tabaci MED populations in Korea significant correlated with their life history characteristics and insecticide resistances.๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด (๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ๋ชฉ: ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด๊ณผ)๋Š” 1889๋…„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ํ•ด์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 1,000์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ด์ถฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” (1) 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์œ„์„ฑ์ฒด ๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์šฉ ํ† ๋งˆํ†  ์˜จ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , (2) ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๋‚ด, ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ต๋ฐฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , (3) ์ฑ„์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณ„ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด 35๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ ํ† ๋งˆํ†  ์˜จ์‹ค(2016๋…„ 17๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ, 2017๋…„ 13๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ, 2018๋…„ 5๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ) ์—์„œ 1,145 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด ์•”์ปท ์„ฑ์ถฉ์„ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์œ„์„ฑ์ฒด ๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋„๋Š” 0.218์—์„œ 0.600, ํ‰๊ท  ๊ด€์ธก ์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋„๋Š” 0.061์—์„œ 0.580, ํ‰๊ท  ๊ทผ์นœ ๊ต๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” -0.391์—์„œ 0.872์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(IBD) ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์œ ์ „์  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด 35๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€(๊ตฌ์กฐ1, ๊ตฌ์กฐ2)๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ(๊ตฌ์กฐ2)๋กœ ์ ์  ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์œก ํ›„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๋‚ด, ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ต๋ฐฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 2์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์ˆ˜, ์•”์ปท์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ ๋ชธ ๊ธธ์ด, ๋ฐœ์œก ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๋‚ด์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„์™€ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ† ๋งˆํ†  ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ œ์— ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ (์œ ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ณ„ : ์•„์„ธํŽ˜์ดํŠธ, ํ”ผ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ์ด๋“œ๊ณ„ : ๋น„ํŽœํŠธ๋ฆฐ, ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๊ณ„ : ์น˜์•„๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‚ผ)๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๊ฐœ๋…„๋„ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณ„ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณ„ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 2์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์น˜์•„๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‚ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ํฌ๋กฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.Abstract โ…  List of Contents VII List of Tables XII List of Figures XV Chapter โ… . General introduction 17 1-1. History and distribution of B. tabaci 18 1-2. Life cycle of B. tabaci 20 1-3. Damage by of B. tabaci 23 1-4. Chemical and biological control of B. tabaci 25 1-5. Objectives of this study 27 Chapter โ…ก. Population genetic structure of Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Korea 29 2-1. Abstract 30 2-2. Introduction 32 2-3. Materials and methods 36 2-3-1. B. tabaci sampling 36 2-3-2. Molecular methods 40 2-3-2-1. DNA extraction 40 2-3-2-2. Identification of B. tabaci putative species 41 2-3-2-3. PCR amplification of eight microsatellites 42 2-3-3. Analyses of genetic diversity 44 2-3-3-1. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) 45 2-3-4. Analyses of genetic structure 45 2-3-5. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) 46 2-3-5-1. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) MED groups 47 2-3-5-2. Isolation by distance (IBD) 47 2-3-5-3. Bottleneck test 48 2-3-5-4. Pairwise comparisons of fixation index (FST) 49 2-4. Results 51 2-4-1. Identification of the B. tabaci populations 51 2-4-2. Genetic diversity 51 2-4-2-1. AMOVA 55 2-4-2-2. Genetic relationships and population structure analysis 57 2-4-2-3. PCoA of B. tabaci MED 60 2-4-2-4. DAPC 62 2-4-2-5. IBD 64 2-4-2-6. Bottleneck test 66 2-4-2-7. Pairwise comparisons of fixation index (FST) 69 2-5. Discussion 71 Chapter โ…ข. Comparison of life history characteristics of two different genetic clusters of Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) 83 3-1. Abstract 84 3-2. Introduction 86 3-3. Materials and methods 88 3-3-1. B. tabaci MED cultures and plants 88 3-3-2. Life table experiments 89 3-3-3. Proportion of genetic cluster 94 3-3-4. Body weight and length of adult B. tabaci 94 3-3-5. Statistical analysis 95 3-3-5. Life table analysis 95 3-4. Results 98 3-4-1. Proportion of genetic cluster in experimental B. tabaci MED groups 98 3-4-2. Life history characteristics 101 3-5. Discussion 108 Chapter โ…ฃ. Comparison of the insecticide resistance trait as a potential driving force for genetic cluster change in Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) 113 4-1. Abstract 114 4-2. Introduction 116 4-3. Materials and methods 120 4-3-1. Bemisia tabaci strains 120 4-3-2. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with insecticides resistance 120 4-3-3. Genetic cluster determination 122 4-3-4. Insecticides 122 4-3-5. Bioassays 123 4-3-6. Toxicity test with synergist 124 4-3-7. Chronic thiamethoxam treatment to a mixed population of clusters 1 and 2 124 4-3-8. Data analysis 126 4-4. Results 127 4-4-1. Detection of resistance mutations 127 4-4-2. Insecticide resistance status 129 4-4-3. Synergistic effects of PBO with insecticides 129 4-4-4. Changes in genetic cluster in a mixed population over three generations following constant thiamethoxam exposure 131 4-5. Discussion 134 Chapter โ…ค. General conclusion 142 Literatures Cited 147 List of Appendix 173 Abstract in Korean 174 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 179Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ํ•˜์ง€์ˆ˜.์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 20๏ฝž40๋Œ€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋น„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ํ™œ๋™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐฉ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์„ฑํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ƒ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๊ธฐํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ 20๏ฝž40๋Œ€์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ์žฌํ‚ท์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ 1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ยท ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์˜ 20๏ฝž40๋Œ€์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋งˆํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ€์— ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ(www.embrain.com)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2016๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์›” 31์ผ 4์ผ๊ฐ„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 11๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ PC๋‚˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ๋จผ์…€ ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ณ„ 10์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฑ„์ƒ‰ 3์ƒ‰์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 13๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋Š” PCCS 12๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ†ค์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„์น˜์ƒ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ง€์–ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ/์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ/๋Œ€์กฐ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ƒ/๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ƒ/์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ƒ/๋Œ€์กฐ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ƒ‰์ƒ/๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ƒ‰์ƒ/์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ƒ‰์ƒ/๋Œ€์กฐ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ƒ(hue), ์ƒ‰์กฐ(tone), ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰(coloration)์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํ™”์˜ ์‹ฌ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„(์Šน์ธ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ IRB No. 1508/001-016) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณ„ํš์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๋ฌธ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ด„, ์—ฌ๋ฆ„, ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ์ฑ„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์กฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ/์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์—๋Š” Y, ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” B, ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” YR, ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” Bk๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์กฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์—๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ๋ด„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋™์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ s, v ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ b, lt ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ b, lt ์ƒ‰์กฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ p ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ s, v ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด s, v ์ƒ‰์กฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ b, lt ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ s, v โ†’ b, lt โ†’ p ์ƒ‰์กฐ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ฑ„๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ์€ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ƒ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์‹œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 20โˆผ40๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” B, ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” YR, ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” Bk๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ด„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” 20๏ฝž40๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ Bk์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ์žฌํ‚ท์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก Bk์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ 20๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ƒ ๋ชจ๋‘ b, lt ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 30๋Œ€์—์„œ 40๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก s, v ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ƒ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ƒ‰์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์— ํ†ต์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์™€ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 20โˆผ40๋Œ€ ์ Š์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์กฐ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ํ™œ๋™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์–ด๋Š ์˜ท์—๋‚˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ‰์ƒ์— ํ†ต์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ†ค ์˜จ ํ†ค ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์— ํ†ต์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ†ค ์ธ ํ†ค ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌํ‚ท์ƒ‰์ƒ ์™ธ์— ๋กœ๊ณ , ์ง€ํผ, ์•ˆ๊ฐ, ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์ด ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์šฉ๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ‰์กฐ์— ํ†ต์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณต์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Gy์™€R, Gy์™€GY, P์™€YR ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ์žฌํ‚ท๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ฐ, ์ง€ํผ, ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ์‹œ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์žฌํ‚ท์— ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, YR๊ณผ B, BG์™€ Y, GY์™€ Gy, YR๊ณผ P ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , R, Wh, Y์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์žฌํ‚ท์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ ์†Œ๋งค๋‚˜ ํ›„๋“œ ๋์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค๋„ ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณต์‹์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์„ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ต์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ ์ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹จ์ƒ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ์•ˆ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ™” ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ”Œํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹จ์ƒ‰ ํ˜น์€ 2์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด ๋‹จ์ƒ‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” 3์ƒ‰ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฑ„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฑ„์ƒ‰์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ 3์ƒ‰ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰์€ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ƒ‰์˜ ์žฌํ‚ท์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํšํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฒจ์šธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 20โˆผ40๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จ์ƒ‰ ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๊ฒจ์šธ ์žฌํ‚ท์˜ ํŒ๋งค์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์ถœ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒ‰์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ํ•(fit)์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํก์Šต์†๊ฑด์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์†Œ์žฌ์ธ ์ฟจ๋งฅ์Šค(Coolmax) ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ™œ๋™, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋•€์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์พŒ์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์žฌ๊ท€๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ(Retro-Reflection) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ํ™œ๋™์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ „๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด์–ด๋„ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ํŒจ์…˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ์…˜์„ฑ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ์ฒดํ˜•์— ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ž…์ฒด(3D)ํ• ์ ์šฉ์„ ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์ ์ธ ์ž…์ฒดํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ Š์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ธต์˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ 9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์™ธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 1. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ 12 2. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 15 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณผ์ • 15 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ 22 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ 25 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์™ธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 25 1. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠน์„ฑ 26 2. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 49 1. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠน์„ฑ 49 2. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 56 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 68 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์•„์›ƒ๋„์–ด์›จ์–ด ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 72 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ์„ ์ • 72 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 78 1. ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 81 2. ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 84 3. ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 88 4. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ 94 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ฐฐ์ƒ‰ ์ „๋žต ์ œ์•ˆ 96 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 101 ๋ถ€๋ก 110 Abstract 138Docto

    Drug repositioning of polaprezinc for bone fracture healing

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    Fractures and related complications are a common challenge in the field of skeletal tissue engineering. Vitamin D and calcium are the only broadly available medications for fracture healing, while zinc has been recognized as a nutritional supplement for healthy bones. Here, we aimed to use polaprezinc, an anti-ulcer drug and a chelate form of zinc and L-carnosine, as a supplement for fracture healing. Polaprezinc induced upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes and enhanced the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and osteoclast differentiation potential of mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes. In mouse experimental models with bone fractures, oral administration of polaprezinc accelerated fracture healing and maintained a high number of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the fracture areas. Collectively, polaprezinc promotes the fracture healing process efficiently by enhancing the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Therefore, we suggest that drug repositioning of polaprezinc would be helpful for patients with fractures.ope

    Enhanced articular cartilage regeneration with SIRT1-activated MSCs using gelatin-based hydrogel.

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    To investigate the functional effects of resveratrol (RSV) on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we treated MSCs with RSV continuously during ex vivo expansion. MSCs were continuously treated with RSV from passage (P) 0 to P5. A proliferative capacity of RSV-treated MSCs was higher than that of non-treated MSCs and similar with P1-MSCs. Continuous treatment of RSV on MSCs increased the stemness and inhibited the senescence. During chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, RSV-treated MSCs had higher differentiation potential and reduced hypertrophic maturation, which are limitations for hyaline cartilage formation. The histological analysis of micromass demonstrated increased chondrogenic differentiation potential. We further explored the therapeutic effectiveness of this method in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. A rabbit osteochondral defect model was established to investigate the hyaline cartilage regeneration potential of RSV-treated MSCs. Moreover, the cartilage regeneration potential of RSV-treated MSCs was greater than that of untreated MSCs. The expression levels of chondrogenic markers increased and those of hypertrophic markers decreased in RSV-treated MSCs compared with untreated MSCs. Sustained treatment of RSV on MSCs during ex vivo expansion resulted in the maintenance of stemness and enhanced chondrogenic differentiation potential. Consequentially, highly efficient MSCs promoted superior hyaline cartilage regeneration in vivo. This novel treatment method provides a basis for cell-based tissue engineering.ope

    The Meaning in the Emergence of Stupa on the Tomb of Balhae(ๆธคๆตท) Princess Jeonghyo(่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์†ก๊ธฐํ˜ธ.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๆฝ‘ๆตท ๅข“ไธŠๅปบ็ฏ‰์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  8์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋ฐœํ•ด์™€ ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ์†์—์„œ ่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“ ๅกผๅก”์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๅข“ไธŠๅปบ็ฏ‰์€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด ์ถ•์กฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๅก”์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ถ”๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑด์ถ•์€ ๅกผๅก”์ด ์ถ•์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ โ… ็พค, ๆœจๅก” ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด ์ถ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ โ…ก็พค, ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” โ…ข็พค์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ… ยทโ…ก๊ตฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ํƒ‘์ด ์ถ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๅข“ไธŠๅปบๅก”์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑด์ถ• ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ้บ้žจ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ้ซ˜ๅฅ้บ—๋‚˜ ๅ”์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ•ด ๆ–‡็Ž‹ ๋„ท์งธ ๋”ธ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์ธ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ์‹ ๅข“้“, ็พจ้“, ็Ž„ๅฎค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๅกผๅฎคๅข“์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์ „ํƒ‘์˜ ๅŸบๅฃ‡้ƒจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์–ด โ… ๊ตฐ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐœํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑด์ถ• ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ํ”ผ์žฅ์ž์™€ ์ถ•์กฐ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™•์‹ค ๊ณ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ่‘ฌๅˆถ์™€ ๅข“ๅˆถ์—์„œ ๋‹น์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ถ•์กฐ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐœํ•ด ่ฒžๆƒ ๅ…ฌไธปๅข“์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ „ํƒ‘์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๆฉซ็ฉดๅผ ๅœฐๅฎฎ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ถ์€ ํƒ‘ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์น˜์‹ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ™ฉ์‹ค ๋ถ„๋ฌ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ํšกํ˜ˆ์‹ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๅ”ไปฃ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•ด ๅ” ้•ทๅฎ‰ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํšกํ˜ˆ์‹ ์ง€๊ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฅ์•ˆ ๊ท€์กฑ ๋ถˆ๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•ด์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ค๋ฌผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ•ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ถ•์กฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜์˜ ์ถ•์กฐ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ๅก”่‘ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ๅพทๅฎ—์ด ์š”์ ˆํ•œ ่‚…็Ž‹ ็ฅฅ๊ณผ ๅ”ๅฎ‰ๅ…ฌไธป, ๋‘ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ์˜ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ‘์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„๊ตฌ ํ˜น์€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๅปบๅก”์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ง์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•ด ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ 8์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์—๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 8์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ถ”์ธกํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๆญฃๅฒ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ๅ–ช่‘ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฑดํƒ‘ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๅพทๅฎ—ไปฃ์˜ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋งŒ์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ่—ฉ้Žญๅ‹ขๅŠ›์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ •๊ตญ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋Œ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ™ฉ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑดํƒ‘์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•œ ์ •๊ตญ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ•ด์˜ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ๆ–‡็Ž‹๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ์ฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์™• ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ๋•์ข…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์š”์ ˆํ•œ ์ž์‹์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์„ ์ถ•์กฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์ถ•์กฐ๋œ 8์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋ฐœํ•ด์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์™• ์‚ฌํ›„ ์™•์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์€ ๋ฌธ์™• ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์กฐ๋œ 792๋…„์€ ๋ฌธ์™•์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ์ „ํƒ‘์˜ ์ถ•์กฐ์—๋„ ์ถ”๋„๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ •๊ตญ ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒ‘์„ ์ง€์–ด ๋ฌด๋ค์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๅก”่‘ฌ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ•ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ์™€ ์œ„๊ตฌ๋ฅด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‚˜ ่ฅฟๅค์™€ ็ตฑไธ€ๆ–ฐ็พ…์—์„œ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ 8โˆผ10์„ธ๊ธฐ ๅ” ํ˜น์€ 11โˆผ13์„ธ๊ธฐ ๅฎ‹ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์„ž์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ฌ˜์ƒ๊ฑดํƒ‘์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์—„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์กด์—„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์„ ์ถ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ •ํšจ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ฌ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ์ „ํƒ‘์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํƒ‘์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๅก”์ด๋‚˜ ๅก”ๅ€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.This thesis investigates the significance in the emergence of Balhae(ๆธคๆตท) stupa for the Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo(่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“). The stupa (ๅก”) structure of Balhae Myosanggunchuk(ๅข“ไธŠๅปบ็ฏ‰), which still exists today offers inferential evidence about its nature. Myosanggunchuk refers to any construction, building or structure installed on a tomb mound. Types of Balhae Myosanggunchuk are (โ… ) an assemblage (็พค) built with a brick stupa (ๅกผๅก”), (โ…ก) an assemblage with the plausibility of a wooden stupa (ๆœจๅก”) or other installations, or (โ…ข) an assemblage that, instead of having a constructed stupa, cover the superstructure of the tomb mound. Majority of Balhae Myosanggunchuk structures are stupas. Evidences of tomb mounds in the culture of Malgal (้บ้žจ) are tenuous among Myosanggunchuk structures since most display influences of Tรกng (ๅ”) or Koguryo (้ซ˜ๅฅ้บ—). The Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo contains remnants of stylobates of a stupa on the top of a brick burial chamber(ๅกผๅฎค), which belongs in the (โ… ) type of assemblages. This is a unique case in the study of Myosanggunchuk structures since the construction date of the tomb and the person buried are established. Unlike the other Balhae royal tombs including that of Princess Jeonghye which share similarities in burial customs (่‘ฌๅˆถ) and tomb construction (ๅข“ๅˆถ) with that of Princess Jeonghyo, the Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo showcase strong displays of Tรกng(ๅ”) influence. It is well-known that the structure of the Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo is almost identical to that of a Tรกng buddhist reliquaries with tunnel entrance (ๆฉซ็ฉดๅผ ๅœฐๅฎฎ). Initial forms of buddhist reliquaries with tunnel entrance in Tรกng dynasty derived from royal tombs. On one hand, existing argues that stupas on the superstructure of Balhae tombs derive from Chรกngฤn(้•ทๅฎ‰) aristocratic(or noble) culture of Tรกng dynasty in the 8th century. Not only is the number of original materials found in China on the corresponding topic minuscule, precedential cases showing similar structure as that of the Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo are yet undiscovered. More than all, number of cases of Myosanggunchuk structures in Balhae are insignificant. Within the similar time frame as the construction of the Jeonghyo Tomb, documents about Tapjang (ๅก”่‘ฌ, using stupa in burial) in the ใ€ŠJiรนTรกngshลซ(่ˆŠๅ”ๆ›ธ, history of Tรกng Dynasty)ใ€‹ record attempts to construct stupas according to Buddhist decorum in the funeral proceedings of the children(King Sรน, Xiรกng(่‚…็Ž‹ ็ฅฅ) and Princess Tรกngฤn(ๅ”ๅฎ‰ๅ…ฌไธป)) of Tรกng King Dรฉ (ๅพทๅฎ—). Such precedents of stupas (ๅปบๅก”) eventually replaced the burial mounds and appeared in the Tรกng Imperial Household (็š‡ๅฎค) in the late 8th century. Also, it is distinctive that the stupa constructions connote symbols of mourning for the child lost to a premature death. However, the Chinese Authentic Historical Records(ๆญฃๅฒ) allude to only two articles on the stupa constructions related to the Tรกng Imperial Household in the King Dรฉ Period (ๅพทๅฎ—ไปฃ). The period of stupa constructions coincided with the Fanzhen Rebellion (่—ฉ้Žญๅ‹ขๅŠ›์˜ ไบ‚) which had brought immense political turmoil in China. Keeping in mind that Buddhism had close ties with the Imperial Household, the stupa constructions also denote a means to pacify such political instability. Princess Jeonghyo also met death prematurely before her father, Balhaes King Mun(ๆ–‡็Ž‹), When the tomb of Princess Jeonghyo was under construction in the late 8th century, Balhae was faced with great political instability. In 792, a year before King Mun died, royal succession became a focal issue in the political crisis that had stemmed from the late-King Mun period. Considering these contexts, the stupa as well as the brick chamber structure of its basement were displays of memorial symbolism and hopes for political stability. On the other hand, burial ceremony utilizing stupa in place of mound chamber, or Tapjang was not a unique feature in China or Balhae. Cases of Tapjang culture appeared in Tibet(ๅ่•ƒ) and Uighur in the similar period as well. Later, cases related to Seoha(่ฅฟๅค) and Unified Silla(็ตฑไธ€ๆ–ฐ็พ…) emerge. These cases of countries connected with the Tรกng dynasty in 8thโˆผ10th century and Sรฒng(ๅฎ‹) dynasty from 11thโˆผ13th century show various forms of Chinese influence and indigenous cultural mixture. However, cases that constructed burial mound according to the utmost dignified customs of Buddhist reliquary other than that of the Balhae Myosanggunchuk or the Princess Jeonghyo tomb, are yet unconfirmed. The Princess Jeonghyo Tomb, therefore, occupy a distinctive position among East Asian Tapjang cases, and requires further scrutiny in the future investigation of stupas or stupa sites. keywords : Balhae, The Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo, Myosanggunchuk(Construction or Structure Installed on the Tomb), Myosangguntap(Construction of Stupa on the Tomb), Tapjang(Using Stupa in Burial), King Dรฉ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 ไธ€. ๆฝ‘ๆตท ๅข“ไธŠๅปบ็ฏ‰์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 6 ไบŒ. ่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์ง• 18 ไธ‰. ่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“ ๅกผๅก”์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 28 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 45 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 53 Abstract 61 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ [ํ‘œ 1] ๅกผๅก” ํ˜น์€ ๅŸบๅฃ‡้ƒจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ถ„ 8โˆผ9 [ํ‘œ 2] ้พๆตทๅ€ๅŸŸ ๅ…ง ๅข“ไธŠๅปบๅก” ์ถ”์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 12 [้™„่กจ 1] ๊ธฐ์™€ยท์™€๋‹นยท์ „๋Œ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ถ„ 48โˆผ50 [้™„่กจ 2] ๅ”ไปฃ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์น˜์‹ค ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ •๋ฆฌ 51โˆผ52 ๊ทธ ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1] ่ฒžๅญๅ…ฌไธปๅข“ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 10 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2] ้ฆฌๆปด้”ๅก” ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 10 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3] ้พๆตทๅ€ๅŸŸ M13ยทM14ํ˜ธ๋ฌ˜ ํ‰ยท๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 13 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4] ไธ‰้™ตๅฑฏ 1ํ˜ธ๋ฌ˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋„ 15 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5] ๆณ•้–€ๅฏบๅก” ๅœฐๅฎฎ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 24 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6] ๆ‹‰ๅญœ็ธฃ ๆŸปๆœจๆฌฝ M111ํ˜ธ ํ‰ยท๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 42 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7] ่–ฉ่ฟฆ็ธฃ ็ตฆ็™ฝๅฑฑ M36ํ˜ธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„ 42 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8] ์•”๊ฐํ™”์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ่‹ฏๆ•Ž์˜ ๅก” ๋ชจ์–‘ ์„์ถ• ์ œ๋‹จ 42Maste

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    ๋ชฉ์  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐ ๋™์ผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™(์›)์ƒ 32๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ค‘์‹œ์„ ์ถ”์ ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ ์ด๋™ ์ธก์ •์น˜์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ „๋žต์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ฐ„, ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ์„ ์ถ”์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ™”๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ์ค‘ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์— ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์„ ์ด๋™์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ํžˆํŠธ๋งต์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์˜์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ค‘์•™์ง€์ ์— ์‹œ์„ ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋‘ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ๋ฌผ์ฒด์”ฉ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„โ‹…์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒดโ‹…๋™์‹œ์  ์ „๋žต์„์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜์—ญ์— ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.N

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