19 research outputs found

    ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋‚ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์˜ค๋ผํด ๋””์ž์ธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊ถŒํƒœ๊ฒฝ.Smart contracts, a program that enables the automated execution of terms from the pre-defined condition establishment, became a core component of distributed applications (Dapps) leveraging the decentralized blockchain technology. Although many researchers keep trying adopting them to solve problems in the centralized systems such as the single point of failure (SPOF) and the need for excessive trust, there are multiple technical challenges in the practical use of them. Amongst the challenges, we focus on ``the oracle problem'' in this paper, which means how to feed external data with ensuring the trustworthiness to the smart contracts. There are two primary technical considerations: (1)how to make the smart contracts to access the external data (2)how can measure the reliability of the data. In this paper, we propose a useful oracle design and implementation with an investigation of target platforms and related works to analyze the technical requirements and available design choices. The proposed design focuses on the trustworthiness of the data sources by separating the roles of the data provider into ``publisher'' and ``retailer''. The former, the data sources, can gain rewards by publishing data on their networks, and the latter gains rewards by relaying the data to the target blockchain network. A reasonable incentive model motivates them to behave honestly to maintain the oracle stable. Consumer contracts can receive the resolved data from the multiple retailers by using the oracle deployed as an on-chain smart contract. In the case of data inconsistency, the proposed reputation-based data consensus protocol determines a value from the collected data pools. The selected retailers and publishers can gain rewards from the deposit pre-paid by the consumer contract, and the rejected ones get penalties. The main goal of this design is providing sufficient high-quality data to the blockchain by relieving the data sources' burden of participating in blockchain networks of potential consumers. The plenty of data supply may decrease the data price, that leads to great inter-operability between blockchain systems and the rest of the Internet. We also implement the protocols on Ethereum network and prove the practicality of the proposal in cost and time aspects, while most of the precedent researches are stuck with the protocol design. We expect that the design to contribute to the practical use of Dapps as the first working decentralized oracle through the code optimization process.์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์ด ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์•ฝ์†๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜(Distributed Applications, Dapps) ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์žฅ์• ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ Dapp์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋‚œ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๋™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ``์˜ค๋ผํด ๋ฌธ์ œ''๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฒ˜์ธ ์˜ค๋ผํด์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ผํด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ค๋ผํด ๋””์ž์ธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ผํด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ``๋ฐœํ–‰์ž(Publisher)''์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ``๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(Retailer)''๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ •์งํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜ค๋ผํด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋™์ž‘์ผ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. On-chain ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋œ ์˜ค๋ผํด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž(Consumer) ์ปจํŠธ๋ž™ํŠธ๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ’์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ž์˜ Reputation์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์งํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ž์™€ ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ผํด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ํŒจ๋„ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์‹œ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ณด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ Whitepaper๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ง€์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ผํด์„ ์ด๋”๋ฆฌ์›€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์˜ค๋ผํด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ Dapp๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹คChapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Background 3 2.1 Smart Contract Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.1 Bitcoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.2 Ethereum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.3 EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 The Oracle Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.1 Oraclize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.2 SchellingCoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.3 Augur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.4 Witnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 3 Design 10 3.1 Design Choices and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.1 Centralized vs. Decentralized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.2 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.1.3 Service Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Design Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 4 Protocol 16 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.1 Request phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2 Delivery Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1.3 Consensus Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2 Data Structure and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.3 Data Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.4 Data Delivery Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.5 Incentive and Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.6 Data Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chapter 5 Proof of Concept Implementation 27 5.1 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2.1 Experimental environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2.2 Transaction Cost and Processing Time . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2.3 Practicality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chapter 6 Conclusion 34 Bibliography 35 ์š”์•ฝ 37Maste

    To Establish Technology Diffusion Strategy in Korean OTT Service Market

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต, 2021.8. ์ด์ข…์ˆ˜.As the pace of digitization is accelerated and consumers are finding their sources of entertainment from the Internet-based media, the competition in the Over-the-Top (OTT) market is fiercer than ever it has been so far; thus, it is crucial to understand which factor influences consumersโ€™ intention to purchase to establish an effective marketing strategy. This study utilizes discrete choice models to explore how service attributes affect consumer decision and which factor affects the consumersโ€™ valuation process. According to the analysis, the reference-dependent choice model does not show notable enhancement in explanatory power compared to the standard choice modeling approach. This finding stems from the distinguishable traits of the OTT market compared to previous literatureโ€™s subjects. Additionally, consumersโ€™ preference structure is analyzed through the hierarchical Bayes logit model according to their innovativeness and other demographic information to explore any significant psychological, socio-demographic factors influencing consumers' preference structure. Through scenario analysis, the significance of price and non-price service features is observed, and it is suggested that Korean OTT operators focus on improving user experience through various service features rather than aggressive price discount strategies. The outcome of this study implies that the model performance of choice models based on behavioral economics do not consistently outperform the classical random utility maximization model; thus, it is essential to understand the context of the target industry ahead of determining which approach to utilize.๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฝ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ OTT ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋žต์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์†์„ฑ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ˜์‹ ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ 67 ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ๋…์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ TV ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋น„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ OTT ์ œ๊ณต ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ์›”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์•ž์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฐ์—…, ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Approaches and Scope 3 1.3 Research Framework 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 6 2.1 Previous Studies on Media โ€“ Pay-TV and Over-the-Top Services 6 2.2 Prospect Theory and Applications 8 2.3 Previous Studies on Consumer Intention to Adopt Products and Services 10 2.4 Limitation of Previous Literature & the Significance of the Current Study 12 Chapter 3. Research Questions 13 Chapter 4. Methodology 16 4.1 Survey and Data 16 4.1.1 Descriptive Statistics 16 4.1.2 Survey Attributes 17 4.2 Mixed Logit Model Based on Neoclassical Economic Theory 20 4.2.1 Standard Mixed Logit Model 20 4.2.2 The Hierarchical Bayes Logit Model 22 4.3 Reference-dependent Choice Model Based on Behavioral Economic Theory 24 4.3.1 Reference-dependent Choice Model 24 4.3.2 Reference-dependent Choice Models with Different Reference-setting Criteria 26 4.4 Model Selection Criteria 31 Chapter 5. Analysis Results 33 5.1 The Standard Discrete Choice Model 33 5.1.1 Estimation Result of the Mixed Logit Model 33 5.1.2 Estimation Results of the Hierarchical Bayes Logit Model 35 5.2 Reference-dependent Choice Model 39 5.2.1 Estimation Results of Reference-dependent Choice Models 39 5.2.2 Goodness-of-fit Comparison Among the Choice Models 43 Chapter 6. Scenario Analysis 45 6.1 Comparison with Revealed Market Data 45 6.2 Market Share Simulation for Domestic Brands 46 Chapter 7. Implication & Conclusion 52 7.1 Academic Implication 52 7.2 Managerial Implication 53 7.3 Concluding Remark 55 Bibliography 57 Abstract (Korean) 66์„

    Evaluation of biodegradable plate and screw systems for fixation of mandible bone fracture fixation in a rabbit model

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜๊ณตํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ์ตœ์˜๋นˆ.ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently, titanium alloy systems have been used for the treatment of bone fracture. This device has many advantages such as the reduction of healing time and the convenience in operation process. However, concerns about infection, exposure, transcranial migration, and growth restriction when using metal devices were reported in studies. To overcome these problems with the conventional metallic system, a variety of bioabsorbable materials have been developed for the treatment of bone fracture. Plate and screw fixation techniques for fracture healing had been boosted with the development of new biocompatible materials. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects and safety of recently developed bendable bioabsorbable plate and screw device system in mandibular fracture in a rabbit model. The success of this system in mandibular ramus, which is known for highload- bearing site, might suggest the usefulness of given bioabsorbable plates and screws. Methods: We investigated the efficacy and safety of recently developed bendible bioabsorbable plates and screwwhich are made of PLGA (polylactic-co- glycolic acids) and 100% poly (L-lactic acid) only in a rabbit model. In vivo mandibular fracture model in rabbit was introduced to evaluate the efficacy and biocompatibility of the each fixation system. Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits for each system were randomly assigned for each system. At 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after implantation, tissue specimens were taken from the implanted sites of the rabbits and histological analysis was performed for the each of the specimen. Results: Until 6 weeks, both devices of fixation system showed similar result. After 4 weeks, plates and screws were covered by amorphous connective tissues and overwhelming severe active chronic inflammation in soft tissue has observed. After 6 weeks, the inflammation decreased and some of the specimens exhibited new bone formation around the end of a fracture line. After 8 and 10 weeks, in the case of PLGA made plates and screws, new bone formation was observed with all samples without severe inflammation, implying the healing statue of the bony fracture. Meanwhile, rabbits with PLA plates and screws showed incomplete bone remodeling although new bone formation and increase of bone thickness were observed. Conclusion: Given by these, it could be suggested that biodegradable plate and screw systems that we evaluated in this work be effective for treatment of mandibular fracture, one of the sites under a high load-bearing condition. The adjustment process and long-term followup study is in progress for clinical application of this plate and screw system. ---------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: bioabsorbable plate and screw, bone fixation, PLGA (polylactic-co- glycolic acids), PLA(polylactic acid), biocompatibility Student number: 2011-21883CONTENTS Contents Abstract .................................................................. i Contents ............................................................... iii List of Tables and Figures ....................................... iv Introduction ........................................................... 1 Material and Methods ............................................. 3 Results .................................................................. 9 Discussion ........................................................... 18Maste

    ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊ฐ•์ƒ๊ฒฝ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์•  ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด์šฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šฐ์šธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Pearlin ์™ธ(1981)์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐํ‹€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์›, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์›๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ใ€Œ2017๋…„๋„ ๋…ธ์ธ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌใ€๊ธฐ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ ๊ด€๋ จ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 24์ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ 3,020๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšก๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์™ธ์— ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ OLS ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ค‘์ฆ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๋…ธ์ธ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์•  ๋…ธ์ธ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์ •๊ธฐ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ํ˜น์€ ์ค‘๋“ฑ/์ค‘์ฆ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ 1-2๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์ธ์ • ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ „์ฒด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘ ์ธ์ • ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํšก๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ Pearlin ์™ธ(1981) ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์›, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ณผ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ/๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์šฐ์šธ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cognitive level on depression among the elderly, and the interaction effects of cognitive level and using long-term care service. The research model was constructed based on Pearlin et al.s Stress-Process model(1981). The Stress-Process model was used to frame cognitive level as a stressor, depression as an outcome, and long-term care service as a moderator. This study explores the following questions. First, does cognitive level affect depression in the elderly? Second, does using long-term care service differently influence the relationship between cognitive level and depression according to the distinction in cognitive level? To verify each question, analyses were based on data from the 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans. This study used an analytic sample of 3,020 older adults who had mild, moderate or severe cognitive impairment(MMSE score < 24) and answered the SGDS(Korean version of the Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale). This study used multi-variate regression models including interaction terms. The major findings of the present study are as follows. First, the analytical results showed that the effect of cognitive level on older adults depression was significant. Older adults who had lower cognitive scores had higher depression scores. Second, the moderating effect of using long-term care service on relationship between cognitive level and depression, was different according to the distinction in cognitive level. In other words, elderly with relatively low cognitive score had no difference in depression score whether they use long-term service or not. However, elderly with relatively high cognitive score had significant difference in depression score whether they use long-term service or not. When using long-term care service, depression score was much higher. Therefore, in the group where the elderly do not use long-term care service, elderly with low cognitive impairment had higher depression score than elderly with high cognitive impairment. But in the group where the elderly use long-term care service, elderly with high cognitive impairment had higher depression score. To summarize, this research suggests when older adults test their cognitive status, they should consider the potential risk of depression and regularly manage their emotion. Also, to practice long-term service in a positive way, the service should intervene differently according to whether the elderly has mild or severe cognitive impairment. Those with relatively high cognition seem to require additional psychological intervention. Until now, long-term service heavily emphasized helping daily, basic tasks and satisfying the users physical needs, but this research implies that therapies to improve emotional states should also be delivered integrally, especially for elderly with mild cognitive impairment.์ œ 1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2์žฅ. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ 9 1. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋น„๊ต 9 2. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค-๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ 11 ์ œ 2์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ 16 ์ œ 3์ ˆ. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค 21 ์ œ 4์ ˆ. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์šฐ์šธ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์š”์ธ 26 ์ œ 3์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 30 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 30 ์ œ 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 32 ์ œ 4์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 33 ์ œ 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธก์ • 34 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 34 2. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 35 ์ œ 3์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 42 ์ œ 5์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํŠน์ง• 44 ์ œ 2์ ˆ. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 48 1. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 48 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 50 ์ œ 3์ ˆ. ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ 54 1. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 55 2. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ 57 ์ œ 6์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ œ 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 63 ์ œ 2์ ˆ. ๋…ผ์˜ 65 1. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 65 2. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ 67 3. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค 71 ์ œ 3์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์˜ 73 1. ์ด๋ก ์ , ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 73 2. ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ํ•จ์˜ 74 ์ œ 4์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 77 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 79 ๋ถ€๋ก 90 Abstract 91Maste

    Relationship between complications and pre- and intraoperative factors in patients with autotransplanted te

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜์•„์ด์‹์ˆ ์€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜์•„์ด์‹์ˆ ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ  ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์› ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜์•„์ด์‹์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ์ตœ์†Œ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 313๋ช… ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ 1๋…„ ์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ง„์— ์‘ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ  ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ง„์€ ์ตœ์†Œ 6๊ฐœ์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์žฅ 10๋…„ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ ์œ ์ฐฉ, ์น˜ํ™˜์„ฑ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜, ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ 1๋…„ ์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ง„์— ์‘ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์™ธ ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ณต์—ฌ์น˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ, ๊ทผ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์ •๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ  ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž 313๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ฐฉ์ด 27์˜ˆ, ์น˜ํ™˜์„ฑ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3์˜ˆ, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10์˜ˆ, ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ 14์˜ˆ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ 12์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1๋…„ ๊ฒ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ  ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์™ธ ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ (์ฆ‰์‹œ~23๋ถ„ 18์ดˆ) ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์™ธ ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์น˜ํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณจ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์™€๋™์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€, ๋˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด 40๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค 40๋Œ€ ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ ์œ ์ฐฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ณต์—ฌ์น˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์ •๋„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฆ‰ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋‹จ๊ทผ์น˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๊ทผ์น˜์—์„œ, ๋˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์น˜๋œ ์ฆ๋ก€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ํ™˜์ž 313๋ช… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ด 21์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋กœ 3์˜ˆ, ์น˜์ฃผ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ 8์˜ˆ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ 10์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜์•„์ด์‹์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ๊ณผ ์ˆ  ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ ์‹ ์ค‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Autotransplantation is a viable option for restoring missing teeth. This study examined the effects of pre- and intraoperative factors by evaluating 313 patients who had undergone autotransplantation.Three hundred and thirteen patients, who underwent autotransplantation at Yonsei University Dental Hospital, were selected. The period between the operation and the latest postoperative evaluation ranged from 6 months to 10 years with an average of 2.2 years. The problems associated with the procedure were classified as ankylosis, replacement root resorption, inflammatory root resorption, periodontal problems, and other causes. Of the 313 initial pool of subjects, those who presented for the one-year follow-up exam were further evaluated to determine the influence of several pre- and intraoperative factors including gender, age, extraoral time, type of donor tooth, condition of recipient site, method of root canal treatment, and initial stability.Of the 313 patients, ankylosis was observed in 27 cases, replacement root resorption in 3, inflammatory root resorption in 10, periodontal problems in 14, and other problems in 12 cases. The results of the one-year follow-up examinations showed no correlation between ankylosis and the extraoral time, at least within the range shown in this study (immediate to 23 minutes and 18 seconds.) On the other hand, the condition of the recipient site and age showed a positive correlation with the incidence of ankylosis. Ankylosis occurred more commonly in thecases where the donor teeth were placed in the fresh bone than in the extracted sockets. In addition, those aged 40 years or more showed a higher rate of ankylosis than those under 40. Periodontal problems occurred more often in the older patients, in multi-rooted teeth, and in cases with poorer initial stability. Among the 21 extracted cases, 3 were from inflammatory root resorption, 8 from periodontal problems, and 10 from other complications.ope

    Writing characteristics of words and sentences in Korean patients with primary progressive aphasia

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    ์›๋ฐœ์ง„ํ–‰์‹ค์–ด์ฆ(Primary progressive aphasia, ์ดํ•˜ PPA)์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ‡ดํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ฆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜ ์—†์ด ๊ตฌ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์• ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„, ์ฆ‰ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๋ฌธ์ž, ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ PPA ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 61๋ช…์˜ PPA ํ™˜์ž(๋‚จ์„ฑ:์—ฌ์„ฑ = 34:27, ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น = 70.7ยฑ7.76์„ธ)๋ฅผ Gorno-Tempini et al. (2011) ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ 3๊ฐœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน(lvPPA 36๋ช…, svPPA 10๋ช…, nfavPPA 15๋ช…)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. PPA ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์‹ค์–ด์ฆ ์ง€์ˆ˜์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ-๋ฐ›์•„์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ PPA์— ๋น„ํ•ด svPPA๊ตฐ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™ ๋‹จ์–ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ PPA ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ 1:1 ์Œ์†Œ ๋Œ€ ์ž์†Œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, svPPA ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Œ์šด๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์“ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(PPE)๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, nfavPPA๊ตฐ์€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์Œ์šด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์–ดํœ˜ํ™” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ nfavPPA๊ตฐ์€ svPPA ๋ฐ lvPPA ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹จ์–ด, ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ C-Unit(์ฆ‰, ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ)์˜ ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” nfavPPA๊ตฐ์ด ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ PPA ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๋ณ„ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ PPA์˜ ๊ธฐ์ € ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), caused by the degeneration of the brain region responsible for language, refers to a language disorder in which spoken and written abilities are gradually deteriorated without an initial decrease in cognitive functions. Yet, only few studies have been conducted on the written expressive language of these patients. Since Korean written language is unique in its forms, characters, and syntactic features, it would be valuable to explore the writing features in Korean patients if they exhibit common or different patterns of errors with the previously reported English cases in literature. Thus, in this study, we aired to investigate the language-specific writing characteristics in subtypes of Korean-writing PPA patients. A total of 61 PPA patients (men:women = 34:27; mean age = 70.7ยฑ7.76 years) were divided into three groups of PPA variants: 36 logopenic variant(lvPPA), 10 semantic variant(svPPA), and 15 nonfluent agrammatic variant(nfavPPA) based on the classification criteria suggested by Gorno-Tempini et al. (2011). There were no differences in age and aphasia quotients between the PPA subtype groups. The writing tasks included word and sentence writing-to-dictation and spontaneous writing. Unlike the previous findings, that the svPPA group showed more deficits compared to other types of PPA, this study demonstrated no difference among PPA subtypes in writing regular words. This may be ascribed to the fact that more rigid 1:1 phoneme-to-grapheme correspondence in Korean words might have alleviated the difficulty of retrieving the mental graphemic representation. In case of irregular words, phonologically plausible errors (PPE) were prominent in svPPA group due to impaired semantic route, while the nfavPPA group manifested more lexicalization errors due to impaired phonological route, as commonly observed in previous literature. In the spontaneous writing of the sentence, the nfavPPA group demonstrated lower performance in number of words, nouns and postpositional particles, and C-unit (i.e., syntactic structure) compared to svPPA and lvPPA groups. Reduction in fluency; lack of postpositional particles in their sentence writing would signify agrammatic feature in nfavPPA. This study is noteworthy because it is the first study to investigate characteristics of writing of Korean PPA patients. However, various severity-specific presentation of writing features was not considered in this present study and thus, further study is warranted to explore writing profile throughout the underlying disease course of PPA.open์„

    The use of bilingual in 1950s Modernism in poetry and internalization process

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    The sonic hedgehog pathway as a treatment target for extrahepatic biliary tract cancer.

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    Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling is essential for normal development of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is reported to be aberrantly activated in GI cancers. However, the association between SHh signaling and extrahepatic biliary tract cancer is not clearly understood. In this study, we evaluated the activities of SHh family proteins and their downstream signals in extrahepatic biliary tract cancer. The activity of the SHh pathway was analyzed in established human extrahepatic biliary tract cell lines and human cancer tissues using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We also evaluated the effects of suppressing the SHh pathway with cyclopamine and siRNA. The SHh, Smo and Gli-1 genes were overexpressed in extrahepatic biliary tract cancer cell lines and six extrahepatic biliary tract cancer tissues compared to the levels in normal biliary tract tissues. The degrees of SHh and Gli-1 expression were independent of tumor stage and cancer cell differentiation. SHh pathway suppression with cyclopamine or siRNA inhibited proliferation of extrahepatic biliary tract cancer cell lines. In conclusion, the SHh pathway is highly activated in extrahepatic biliary tract cancer and is a potential anticancer drug target.ope
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