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    3, 4, 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ์ด์ˆœํ˜•.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŒ 3, 4, 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์— ๋™์ผํ•œ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ, ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1ใ€‘ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น(3, 4, 5์„ธ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2ใ€‘ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น(3, 4, 5์„ธ)๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ(์˜์ธํ™”, ์‹ค์žฌ์„ฑ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3ใ€‘ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น(3, 4, 5์„ธ)๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ(ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ, ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ์žฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘ ๋‘ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŒ 3์„ธ ์œ ์•„ 31๋ช…, ๋งŒ 4์„ธ ์œ ์•„ 31๋ช…, ๋งŒ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„ 33๋ช…, ์ด 95๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น์ง‘๋‹จ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก  ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” PASW Statistics 18.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋นˆ๋„, ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ, ํ‰๊ท , ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(ฯ‡2-test), ์ผ์›๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(ANOVA), ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ •๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(repeated measures ANOVA)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. 3์„ธ ์œ ์•„์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 3์„ธ ์œ ์•„์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 3์„ธ ์œ ์•„์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ˜„์ƒ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์ธ 3, 4, 5์„ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์œ ์•„๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์•„๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์•„๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์— ์˜์—ญ ํŠน์ •์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์  ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์†์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 3์„ธ์™€ 4์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค. 5์„ธ ์œ ์•„๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 3์„ธ์™€ 4์„ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ก ์€ ์•„์ง ๋…์ž์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์—ญ ํŠน์ •์„ฑ, ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์–‘์ƒ, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋…์ž์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ… . ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋ฌผํ™œ๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  7 2) ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์—ญ ํŠน์ •์„ฑ 9 3) ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์งˆ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์–‘์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 11 4) ์ดˆ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋…์ž์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 12 2. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ยท์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 14 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ 14 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ถ”๋ก  15 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ 16 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์˜์ธํ™” ์ •๋„ 16 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ์„ฑ 18 3) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ 19 4) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ 20 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 23 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 23 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 24 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 27 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 28 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 37 1) ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 37 2) ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 38 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 40 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 42 1. ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1๋ฒˆ) 42 2. ์˜์ธํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2๋ฒˆ) 46 2. ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3๋ฒˆ) 58 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 74 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 81 ๋ถ€๋ก 89 Abstract 97Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ตœ๋‚˜์•ผ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๊ธ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๊ธ€์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์†๋„, ์••๋ ฅ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ ์š”์ธ์ธ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ž…ํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 1์›”๊ณผ 2์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ 4๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ์œ ์น˜์›๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘์— ์žฌ์›์ค‘์ธ ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„ 101๋ช…๊ณผ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด ์žฌ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ์ œ, ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€์Šต์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์•„์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํŽœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” Eye and Pen ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, Pearson ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ„์„, ์ผ์›๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„, ๋‹คํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ M-plus ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ ์œ ์•„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์ธ์ธ ๊ธ€์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์†๋„, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์—ˆ๊ณ , ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์ธ์ธ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ, ์–ดํœ˜, ๋ฌธ์žฅ, ๊ตฌ๋‘๋ฒ•, ๋„์–ด์“ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์•„ ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž ์žฌ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•, ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ ์ค‘ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„, ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ค‘ ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์†์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผ์„ฑ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ ์•„์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์†์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์† ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ž‘์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฒฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€์Šต์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ€์ž๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ ์•„๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ˜•์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์•„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์šด๋™๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ทจํ•™ ์ง์ „ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.This study investigated how graphomotor control and written expression are exhibited in writing development during early childhood. While prior studies on writing development mainly analyzed written expression, the role of graphomotor control during the writing process was rarely addressed. In this study, characteristics of graphomotor control were examined by analyzing letter size, writing velocity, pen pressure, and writing duration. The study also presumed that the writing development of young children could be divided into meaningful groups with similar graphomotor control and written expression. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to uncover unobserved heterogeneity in young childrens writing development. Finally, the following predictors of the latent classes of writing development were confirmed: childrens fine-motor development, preference for writing activity, drawing expression, and mothers beliefs and guidance styles on writing. Participants were 101 children and their mothers who were enrolled in kindergartens and child-care centers located in Gyeonggi Province. As the academic year of Korean schools commence in March, the study was executed in January and February, just prior to participants entering primary school. A pre-test was conducted to measure the childs word recognition and fine-motor development. The alphabet copying task and writing picture card task were subsequently carried out. An interview regarding the childs preference for conventional literacy activities was also conducted. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire about their beliefs and guidance styles on writing and their childrens preferences for emergent literacy activities. Graphomotor data were analyzed using the Eye and Pen program to analyze the spatial and temporal features of writing and pen pressure. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program to compute percentiles, means, standard deviations, and to conduct Pearson's correlation, one-way ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression. A latent class analysis was conducted using the M-plus program. Major findings were as follows. First, there were significant individual differences among young children in graphomotor control and written expression, suggesting that such individual differences in writing could be empirically identified among children before entering primary school. Furthermore, there was a low correlation between young childrens graphomotor control and written expression. These results indicated that the graphomotor control and written expression in writing development are exclusive characteristics that develop independently from one another. Second, three distinct latent classes of writing development among young children were identified: rapid/expressive writers, slow/expressive writers, and developmental writers. Both rapid/expressive writers and slow/expressive writers had high levels of written expression and showed reciprocal traits of graphomotor control. Compared to the other two latent class groups, developmental writers exhibited similar or moderate levels of graphomotor control characteristics with low levels of written expression. This result revealed the existence of various sub-types in the writing development of children prior to entering primary school and raised the need for pedagogic implications suitable for each type to be devised. Third, results indicated that mothers belief and guidance styles on emergent writing practices, childrens fine-motor development, preference for literacy activities, and drawing expression jointly predicted latent classes of writing development. Additionally, mothers' beliefs and guidance styles on emergent writing practices indicated the strongest predictive power among these variables. Specifically, when mothers exhibited high levels of belief and guidance styles on emergent writing practices, it was more likely for their children to be categorized as the rapid/expressive writers or slow/expressive writers rather than developmental writers. This implies that mother's belief and guidance styles on emergent writing practices contributes to the improvement of written expression. The study evaluated both cognitive and sensorimotor traits of early writing, taking into account not only writing expression, but also the graphomotor control of children just prior to entering primary school. This evaluation is meaningful in that it provided the basic data of graphomotor control that has not been previously studied due to limitations of tools, ultimately expanding the theoretical viewpoint of the overall research in writing development. In particular, definitive classes of writing development for young children was confirmed by considering graphomotor control and written expression comprehensively. Moreover, by substantiating the predicting factors of young childrens latent classes of writing development, the present study enables researchers and educators to understand various characteristics of developmental writing in more detail, offering practical implications for the educational practices of writing.โ… . ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 10 1. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ด๋ก  10 1) ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ 10 2) ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋ก  14 2. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 16 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ 17 2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ 20 3) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ 24 3. ์œ ์•„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ ์š”์ธ 27 1) ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 27 2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ 29 3) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„ 31 4) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ 33 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 36 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 36 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 37 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ 37 2) ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 40 3) ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ 41 4) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„ 41 5) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ 41 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 42 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 42 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 45 1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 46 2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 50 3) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œํ˜„ 57 4) ์†Œ๊ทผ์œก์šด๋™ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 57 5) ์“ฐ๊ธฐํ™œ๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ 59 6) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋„ 61 7) ๋‹จ์–ด ์žฌ์ธ 62 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 63 1) ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ 63 2) ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 64 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 66 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 70 1. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ 70 1) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ ์–‘์ƒ 70 2) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ 72 3) ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 76 2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜• 81 1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜ 81 2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ 83 3. ์œ ์•„์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์š”์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 86 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 91 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 91 2. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 98 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 101 ๋ถ€๋ก 116 Abstract 118Docto

    ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ DNA์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์ตœ์„์šฐ.์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF)๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์‹ ์ƒ, ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค(ๅคš)๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ž (neurotrophic factor)๋กœ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์•ž์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ DNA ๋ฒกํ„ฐ (pCK-HGF-X7 ํ˜น์€ VM202)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ(painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, PDPN) ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ 1์ƒ๊ณผ 2์ƒ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ pCK-HGF-X7์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ†ตํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” pCK-HGF-X7๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. pCK-HGF-X7์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ์ƒํ•ด(chronic constriction injuryCCI) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CCI ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋’ค, 200ug์˜ pCK-HGF-X7์„ ๊ทผ์œก ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„, ์ ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ด์งˆํ†ต (von Frey filament assay)๊ณผ ์—ด ํ†ต๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘ (thermal hyperalgesia)์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CCI ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ von Frey hair์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, pCK-HGF-X7์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ pCK-HGF-X7์„ 3์ฃผ ๋˜๋Š” 4์ฃผ ์ดํ›„์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ streptozotocin์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น๋‡จ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” pCK-HGF-X7์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์ž์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด microarray ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 4๋งŒ์—ฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์†์ƒ๊ณผ pCK-HGF-X7์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ 45๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ†ต์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž, ATF3 (Activating transcription factor 3, ATF3), ์ „์œ„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ ์นผ์Š˜์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„ ์•ŒํŒŒ-2-๋ธํƒ€-1(ฮฑ2ฮด1), ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ์žฌํก์ˆ˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด (5-HTT)๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CCI ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด pCK-HGF-X7 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด pCK-HGF-X7๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์†์ƒ ์‹œ ํ†ต์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ microarray ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ nociceptor์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ€๋ชจ์นด์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ CCI ์ƒ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, pCK-HGF-X7์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ CSF1๊ณผ IL-6์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์˜ ์†Œ๊ต์„ธํฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” pCK-HGF-X7์ด CCI ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์˜ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” in vitro ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์Šˆ๋ฐ˜์„ธํฌ์— LPS (lipopolysaccharide)๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ (IL-1ฮฒ, IL-6, and TNF-ฮฑ)์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋†๋„ ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์–ต์ œ๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” c-Met์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ž์ธ ERK์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ HGF๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” HGF๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์Šˆ๋ฐ˜์„ธํฌ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ†ต์ฆ์™„ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด pCK-HGF-X7๊ฐ€ CCI๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์ž๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ์—ผ์ฆ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ž„์ƒ 1์ƒ ๋ฐ 2์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ pCK-HGF-X7์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์™€๋„ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ HGF๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Abstract Neuropathic pain is caused by pathological insults within the somatosensory nervous system, including peripheral fibers and central neurons. Neuropathic pain is associated with abnormal perception of pain including allodynia and hyperalgesia. Many people worldwide suffer from this devastating diseases, yet it still remains to be a great burden to the society and patients for its pathologic mechanisms are poorly understood. There are few current treatment options for neuropathic pain with limited efficacy and significant adverse effects. Therefore, there is a great need in the development of new investigational drug for the treatment of neuropathic pain. In an effort to develop an effective treatment method for painful neuropathy, I have explored the possibility of using plasmid expression human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF is a multifunctional protein containing angiogenic and neurotrophic properties. In this study, I investigated the analgesic effects of HGF using a plasmid vector engineered to co-express two isoforms of human HGF, pCK-HGF-X7 (or VM202), in a chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI)-induced mouse neuropathic pain model. Intramuscular injection (i.m.) of pCK-HGF-X7 into proximal thigh muscle induced expression of HGF in the muscle, and sciatic nerve. This gene transfer procedure significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mouse CCI model. A single i.m. injection of pCK-HGF-X7 was able to reduce neuropathic pain for up to 8 weeks. Furthermore, the injury-induced expression of activating transcription factor (ATF3), calcium channel subunit ฮฑ2ฮด1, and serotonin reuptake transporter (5-HTT) was significantly suppressed. These results suggest that pCK-HGF-X7 effectively attenuates CCI-induced neuropathic pain, and inhibits the expression of pain-related genes such as ATF3, ฮฑ2ฮด1, and 5-HTT. Complex neuroinflammatory responses within the peripheral and central nervous system is another key mechanism that are involved in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines are released to promote undesirable sensitization of nociceptors generating pain symptoms. Here, the role of HGF in the regulation of inflammatory responses were investigated. It was shown that pCK-HGF-X7 successfully reduces the expression of CCI-induced IL-6 and CSF1 in the ipsilateral DRG neurons. In addition, the decreased CSF1 expression in the ipsilateral DRG neurons by pCK-HGF-X7 treatment was accompanied with a noticeable suppression of the nerve injury-induced glial cell activation in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Further investigation using primary sensory neurons and schwann cells revealed that HGF suppresses LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1ฮฒ, IL-6, and TNF-ฮฑ. Taken together, these results suggest that HGF downregulates the expression of pain-causing inflammatory cytokines, and thereby effectively ameliorating neuropathic pain. In this thesis work, I have identified the anti-nociceptive effect of pCK-HGF-X7 in CCI-induced neuropathic pain model, and that it downregulates injury/pain-causing factors within the peripheral and central nervous system. This is the first study to clearly prove the possibility of using pCK-HGF-X7 as a therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain in animal models. The findings from this thesis may provide insights into the development of innovative therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain, and also the potential use of gene therapy as tool for treating certain diseases.CHAPTER I. Introduction 1 1. Pain 1 1.1. Neuropathic pain 2 1.2. Nociceptive processing 5 1.3. Peripheral sensitization 7 1.4. Central sensitization 10 1.5. Treatment options for neuropathic pain and its limitations 11 2. Hepatocyte growth factor 12 2.1. Structure of HGF 14 2.2 Structure of c-M 14 2.3. HGF/c-Met signaling 16 3. Gene therapy 18 4. Overview of thesis research 19 CHAPTER II. Materials and Methods 22 1. Animals and surgery 23 2. Plasmid DNA preparation 24 3. RNA analysis 24 4. Western blotting 25 5. ELISA 26 6. Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) 26 7. Behavioral studies 27 8. Primary sensory neuron culture 28 9. Sciatic nerve explants culture 28 10. Primary schwann cell culture 28 11. Statistical analysis 29 CHAPTER III. Effective control of neuropathic pain by transient expression of hepatocyte growth factor in mouse CCI model 30 1. Background 31 2. Results 32 3. Discussion 47 CHAPTER IV. Effective control of nerve injury-related genes through transient expression of hepatocyte growth factor in mouse CCI model 50 1. Background 51 2. Results 54 3. Discussion 77 CHAPTER V. Regulation of the expression of anti-inflammatory genes by hepatocyte growth factor in primary sensory neurons and Schwann cells 81 1. Background 82 2. Results 82 3. Discussion 94 CHAPTER VII. Conclusion 97 References 103 Abstract in Korean 112Docto

    Trajectories of adolescents peer attachment and their predictors: A multiple group analysis according to gender

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ถค์ ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์–‘์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์ธ์‹, ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค์œ ๋ฌด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ํŒจ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘1 ํŒจ๋„์˜ ์ข…๋‹จ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ 1์ฐจ, 3์ฐจ, 5์ฐจ๋…„๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ ์ด 2,351๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ์€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ถค์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์–‘์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธ์‹ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ , ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์˜ˆ์ธก์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ถค์ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์–‘์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธ์‹, ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค์œ ๋ฌด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธ์‹, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์–‘์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค์œ ๋ฌด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์–‘์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋˜๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋˜๋ž˜์• ์ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trajectories of adolescents peer attachment using latent growth modeling(LGM) and to compare the effects of the first wave predictors(self-esteem, parenting styles, parental knowledge of peer networks, existence of siblings) on the trajectories, according to gender. In order to accomplish these aims, analysis was conducted using the first, third, and the fifth wave of longitudinal panel data set of 2,351 first-year students of middle school from the KCYPS (Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey) beginning in 2010 by NYPI(National Youth Policy Institute). The main results of this study were as follows. First, there was a linear increase in adolescents peer attachment over the course of 5 years(from first grade of middle school to second grade of high school) and significant individual differences in the trajectories(intercept and slope) were found. Second, the predictors had significant effects on the trajectory of peer attachment. The trajectory of adolescents with higher self-esteem, more positive parenting styles, higher parental knowledge of peer networks, and more than one sibling showed higher degrees of intercept and increased slowly. Third, the results of multiple group analysis indicated that the rate of both intercept and increase of the trajectory of the peer attachment of girls were significantly higher than those of boys. Fourth, the effects of predictors on the intercept and slope depended on gender. While self-esteem was the most influential predictor for both trajectories of boys and girls, the second most influential factor was positive parenting styles for boys and parental knowledge of peer networks for girls. The implications of these findings were also discussed.N

    The Effects of Parental Over-Control and Neglect on Adolescent's Peer Alienation: Mediating Roles of Smart Phone Dependency

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