272 research outputs found
μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ€ν ν체μ κ°λ°κ³Ό κ²μ¦μ λν μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μκ³Όλν νλκ³Όμ μ’
μμλ¬Όνμ 곡,2019. 8. μ μ€νΈ.Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease localized to China, Japan, and Korea that is characterized by severe hemorrhage and a high fatality rate. Currently, no specific vaccine or treatment has been approved for this viral disease. To develop a therapeutic agent for SFTS, we isolated antibodies from a phage-displayed antibody library that was constructed from a patient who recovered from SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection. One antibody, designated as Ab10, was reactive to the Gn envelope glycoprotein of SFTSV and protected host cells and A129 mice from infection in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Notably, Ab10 protected 80% of mice, even when injected 5 days after inoculation with a lethal dose of SFTSV. Using cross-linker assisted mass spectrometry and alanine scanning, we located the non-linear epitope of Ab10 on the Gn glycoprotein domain II and an unstructured stem region, suggesting that Ab10 may inhibit a conformational alteration that is critical for cell membrane fusion between the virus and host cell. Ab10 reacted to recombinant Gn glycoprotein in Gangwon/Korea/2012, HB29, and SD4 strains. Additionally, based on its epitope, we predict that Ab10 binds the Gn glycoprotein in 247 of 272 SFTSV isolates previously reported. Together, these data suggest that Ab10 has potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent that could protect against more than 90% of reported SFTSV isolates.μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅°μ μ΅κ·Ό μ겨λ κ°μΌλ³μΌλ‘, μ€κ΅, μΌλ³Έ, νκ΅ μ§μμ μ νμ μΌλ‘ λ°μνλ©°, μ¬ν μ²΄λ΄ μΆνκ³Ό λμ μΉμ¬μ¨μ 보μΈλ€. νμ¬ μ΄ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ§νμ λν νΉμ΄μ μΈ λ°±μ μ΄λ μΉλ£μ κ° νκ°λ λ°λ μλ€.
μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅°μ μΉλ£μ λ₯Ό κ°λ°νκΈ° μν΄, λ¨Όμ μ€μ¦μ΄μνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ κ°μΌμμ ν볡ν νμλ‘λΆν° μ립λ νμ§-ν체 λΌμ΄λΈλ¬λ¦¬λ‘λΆν° ν체λ€μ λΆλ¦¬ν΄λλ€.
κ·Έ μ€, Ab10μΌλ‘ λͺ
λͺ
ν ν체λ μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ Gn μΈλ§ λΉλ¨λ°±μ§μ λ°μνμκ³ , μνκ΄λ΄ μΈν¬μ€νκ³Ό λλ¬Όμ€νμμ μμ£Ό μΈν¬μ A129 λ§μ°μ€μ μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ κ°μΌμ λ§λ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό 보μλ€. νΉν, Ab10 ν체μ λ³΄νΈ ν¨κ³Όλ μΉμ¬λμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° μ£Όμ
λ 5μΌ μ΄νμλ 80%μ λ§μ°μ€μμ 보μ¬μ‘λ€.
κ°κ΅μ λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ§λλΆμκ³Ό μλΌλ μλ―Έλ
Έμ° μΉν μ€μΊ κΈ°λ²μ ν΅ν΄ Gn λΉλ¨λ°±μ§μ λλ©μΈ2κ³Ό μ€κΈ° λΆλΆμ μ‘΄μ¬νλ Ab10 ν체μ ꡬ쑰μ κ²°ν© λΆμ μμΉλ₯Ό μ°ΎμλΌ μ μμκ³ , μ΄λ Ab10 νμ²΄κ° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μμ£Ό μΈν¬κ° μΈν¬λ§ κ²°ν©μ μ€μν λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ ꡬ쑰 λ³νλ₯Ό λ§μ μ μμμ 보μ¬μ€λ€.
Ab10 ν체λ Gangwon/Korea/2012, HB29, SD4 λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ λ³μ’
μ μ¬μ‘°ν© Gn λΉλ¨λ°±μ§μ λͺ¨λ κ²°ν©νλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ ν체 κ²°ν© λΆμλ₯Ό ν λλ‘ νμ¬ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό, κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ°νλ 272μ’
μ μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ λΆλ¦¬μ£Όλ€ μ€ 247μ’
μμ Gn λΉλ¨λ°±μ§μ κ²°ν©ν μ μλ€κ³ μμΈ‘λμλ€.
λ°λΌμ, μ΄λ€ κ²°κ³Όλ Ab10νμ²΄κ° μΉλ£μ λ‘μ κ°λ°λ κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λμΌλ©°, 90% μ΄μμ μ€μ¦μ΄μ±νμνκ°μμ¦νκ΅° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ λΆλ¦¬μ£Όλ€λ‘ λΆν° λ³΄νΈ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μΌ μ μμμ μμ¬νλ€.1 Introduction 1
2 Materials and methods 20
3 Results 33
4 Discussion 64
5 References 70Docto
μ΄λ‘ μ ν©λ¦¬μ±κ³Ό μ€μ²μ ν©λ¦¬μ±
μ°λ¦¬λ μΈμμ λνμ¬ μκ³ μ νμ¬ μ΄λ¬μ λ¬ν λ―Ώμμ ꡬμ±νλ€. μ°λ¦¬λ λ μ΄λ€ λ―Ώμμ΄ ν©λ¦¬μ μΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λμλκ°λ₯Ό λ¬»κ³ , ν©λ¦¬μ μΈ λ―Ώμμ μν κΈ°μ€μ μ°ΎμΌλ € νλ©°, μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅νμ¬ μ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό ν₯ν μ°λ¦¬μ μΈμμ ν₯μμν€κ³ μ νλ€. ννΈ μ°λ¦¬λ μΈμμ λν μ§λ¦¬ νκ΅¬λ§ ν μλ μμΌλ©°, ꡬ체μ μΈ νμλ₯Ό ν΅νμ¬ μ€μ²νλ©° μ΄μκ°μΌ νλ€. νμ€ μν©μμμ μ°λ¦¬μ ꡬ체μ μΈ νμλ₯Ό ν΅νμ¬ μ€μ²νλ©° μ΄μκ°μΌ νλ€. νμ€ μν©μμμ μ°λ¦¬μ ꡬ체μ μΈ νμκ° ν©λ¦¬μ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λκ°λΌλ μ§λ¬Έμ΄ μ κΈ°λλ€. νλͺ
ν νμ μ νμ μν μ§λ¬Έμ νμ μ§μΉ¨μ μ λνλ©° μ°λ¦¬λ μ΄λ° κ³Όμ μ ν΅νμ¬ ν©λ¦¬μ μΈ νμμκ° λμ΄ κ°λ€. μ μμ κ΄λ ¨λ ν©λ¦¬μ±μ λ¬Έμ λ νν μΈμμ λλ μ΄λ‘ μ ν©λ¦¬μ±μ΄λΌλ μ λͺ© νμ μΈμλ‘ κ³Ό κ³Όνμ² νμ νꡬ λμμ΄ λμ΄ μλ€. λ°λ©΄μ νμλ μ€μ²μ ν©λ¦¬μ±μ΄λΌλ μ λͺ© νμ μ¬νκ³Όνμ, μ² νμ, μ€λ¦¬νμλ€μ κ΄μ¬μ΄ λμ΄ λ
μμ μΈ μμμΌλ‘ λ°μ νκ³ μλ€
μ μ§λ¨ λ° μΉλ£μ μ μ© κ°λ₯ν λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ κΈ°Β·μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ, 2015. 2. κΆμμ°.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ μ§λ¨ λ° μΉλ£μ μ μ© κ°λ₯ν μ΄μν λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ λν΄ κΈ°μ νμλ€. μ체 μ‘°μ§μ κ΄λμ μΈ‘μ κ³Ό μ μ λ ₯ μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£μ μ μ© νκΈ° μν΄ μ μ μ¨ μΈ‘μ νλ‘λ₯Ό νλ©΄ν λμΆ νμΉ¨μ μ§μ νμκ³ , λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν λ°μ νλ‘λ₯Ό μ΄ν리μΌμ΄ν°μ μ§μ νμλ€. MEMS κΈ°μ κ³Ό MMIC κΈ°μ μ μ μ©ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ¨μΌ νλ«νΌμ μ§μ λ μμ€ν
μΌλ‘ ꡬννμ¬ μ§μ λλ₯Ό ν₯μ μν€κ³ , μμ€ν
μ μνν νμλ€.
λ¨Όμ multi-state reflectometerλ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ μ§λ¨μ νμ© κ°λ₯ν볡μ μ μ μ¨ μΈ‘μ κΈ°μ μ λν΄ μ μνμλ€. 2, 16 GHzμμ λμνλ κ΄λμ reflectometerλ μ΄μ€ λμ μμ κ³ μ 루ν (PLL), μνΌλμ€ νλ, RF μ λ ₯ κ²μΆκΈ° λ±μ MMICμ MEMS κΈ°λ°μ λ°©ν₯μ± κ²°ν©κΈ°, νλ©΄ν νμΉ¨μ μ§μ νμ¬ κ΅¬ννμλ€. μ μν λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨ μμ€ν
μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ체 μ‘°μ§κ³Ό μ μ‘°μ§ λ±μ μ μ μ¨μ μΈ‘μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ μ©ν¨μ νμΈνμκ³ , μΈ‘μ λ μ μ μ¨κ³Ό νμ€κ°μ λΉκ΅νμ¬ μμ€ν
μ μΈ‘μ μ νλλ₯Ό κ²μ¦νμλ€.
λν μ μ λ ₯ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£ μλ²μ μν λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ κ°λ°νμλ€. MEMS 곡μ μ ν΅ν΄ μ μν νλ©΄ν μ€λ¦¬μ½ νμΉ¨μ μ μ μ μ΄ λ°μ§κΈ°, ꡬλ μ¦νκΈ°, μ λ ₯ μ¦νκΈ°λ₯Ό μ§μ νμ¬ λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨ μμ€ν
μ μ μνμλ€. μΉλ£λ₯Ό μ§ννλ λμ, λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘νμ μ λ ₯μ μΈ‘μ ν μ μλλ‘ μ λ ₯ κ²μΆκΈ°μ λ°©ν₯μ± κ²°ν©κΈ°λ ν¨κ» μ§μ νμλ€. μ, κ·Όμ‘ λ± λ€μν μ체 μ‘°μ§μ μ΄μ©ν μ€νμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘λΆν° Ku λμμ μ£Όνμμμ μ μ λ ₯ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£κ° κ°λ₯ν¨μ νμΈνμλ€.
λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ μμ± λλ
Έμ
μλ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£μ μ μ©νκΈ° μν΄ λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ κ°λ°νμλ€. μμ± λλ
Έμ
μκ° μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£ μλ²μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ λΆμνκΈ° μν΄ μ μκΈ°-μ΄ κ²°ν© ν΄μμ μννμκ³ , μ΄λ‘λΆν° μμ± λλ
Έμ
μμ μ νλ ν₯μμ μν μ΅μ μ μ£Όνμλ₯Ό κ²°μ νμλ€. λ°μ§κΈ°μ μ λ ₯ μ¦νκΈ° MMICμ μ΄μ€ μ±λ λ‘κ·Έ μ λ ₯ κ²μΆκΈ°, λ°©ν₯μ± κ²°ν©κΈ°λ₯Ό νμΉ¨μ μ§μ νμ¬ μμ€ν
μ μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ€ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘λΆν° λ₯λ μ§μ νμΉ¨μ μ±λ₯μ νμΈνμμΌλ©°, μμ± λλ
Έμ
μκ° μ μ λ ₯ λ° μ νΉμ΄ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ν μ¨μ΄ μΉλ£μ ν¨μ¨κ³Ό μ νλλ₯Ό ν₯μμν€λλ° μ μ©ν¨μ κ²μ¦νμλ€.This thesis presents miniaturized microwave active integrated probe systems applicable to cancer detection and treatment. To realize broadband detection and low-power hyperthermia, planar-type coaxial probes and heat applicators have been integrated with active circuits for permittivity measurement and microwave generation, respectively. Each integrated system is implemented on a single platform using Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technologies for miniaturization and integration.
First, a complex permittivity measurement technique using an integrated multi-state reflectometer (MSR) is proposed for cancer detection application. The broadband MSR covering both 2 and 16 GHz bands consists of a dual-band phase-locked loop, a directional coupler, an impedance tuner, two RF power detectors, and a micromachined silicon planar probe with an open-ended coaxial aperture. All the active and passive circuit components have been integrated on the micromachined probe platform in a small form factor of 6.8 mm Γ 50 mm Γ 0.6 mm. The performance of the fabricated integrated probe has been evaluated by comparing the measured permittivities of 0.9% saline, pork muscle, fat, and xenografted human breast cancer with the reference data.
For low-power microwave hyperthermia, a Ku-band active integrated heat applicator is demonstrated. A planar-type coaxial applicator has been fabricated using silicon micromachining technology, on which a Ku-band voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a driver amplifier, and a power amplifier (PA) have been integrated. A directional coupler and power detectors are employed for power monitoring. The fully integrated heat applicator has been realized in a small footprint of 8 mm Γ 56 mm. In-vitro and in-vivo ablation experiments on pork muscle, fat, and human-cancer xenografted nude mouse demonstrate the feasibility of low-power hyperthermia using Ku-band microwaves.
Finally, an active integrated heat applicator for magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-assisted hyperthermia is developed. The effect of the MNP on microwave hyperthermia has been analyzed by a coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis. The optimum frequency for hyperthermia is determined by the coupled analysis. A 2-GHz source module consisting of a VCO and a PA has been implemented in MMICs and integrated on the heat applicator platform. A dual-channel log detector and a directional coupler have been also employed to monitor the power levels during hyperthermia. Experiment results show not only sufficient heating performance of the integrated applicator, but also the effectiveness of the MNP for low-power and cancer-specific microwave hyperthermia.Abstract i
Contents iv
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Microwave Cancer Detection 4
1.3 Microwave Hyperthermia 5
1.4 Outline of Thesis 7
2. Active Integrated Probe for Cancer Detection 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Principle of Operation 13
2.2.1 Multi-State Reflectometer 14
2.2.2 Governing Equation for Complex Permittivity 15
2.2.3 Determination of Complex Permittivity 17
2.2.4 Calibration 19
2.3 Design and Fabrication 21
2.3.1 Micromachined Planar Coaxial Probe 21
2.3.2 Impedance Tuner 30
2.3.3 Directional Coupler 34
2.3.4 Power Detector 37
2.3.5 Signal Source 39
2.3.6 Active Integrated Probe System 43
2.4 Measurement Results 46
2.5 Summary 52
3. Ku-Band Active Integrated Heat Applicator for Cancer Ablation 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Design and Fabrication 57
3.2.1 Micromachined Planar Coaxial Applicator 58
3.2.2 Microwave Source 63
3.2.3 Power Monitoring Circuits 67
3.2.4 Ku-Band Active Integrated Applicator System 67
3.3 Experiment Results 70
3.4 Summary 77
4. Active Integrated Heat Applicator for Magnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Hyperthermia 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle (MNP) 82
4.2.1 Heating mechanism of MNP 83
4.2.2 Permeability of MNP 84
4.3 Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Analysis 88
4.3.1 Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Problems 88
4.3.2 Electromagnetic Analysis 92
4.3.3 Thermal Analysis 94
4.3.4 Analysis Results 96
4.4 Design and Fabrication 103
4.4.1 Spiral Applicator 104
4.4.2 Microwave Source 107
4.4.3 Power Monitoring Circuits 111
4.4.4 Active Integrated Applicator for MNP-Assisted Hyperthermia 119
4.5 Experiment Results 122
4.6 Summary 132
5. Conclusion 134
Bibliography 137
Abstract in Korean 152Docto
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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ κΈ°Β·μ»΄ν¨ν°κ³΅νλΆ, 2016. 2. λ¨μμ±.This thesis presents the wireless transceiver for medical implant application. The high propagation loss in human body which has high relative permittivity and conductive makes the implantable device be required for high sensitivity. Moreover, the device should have low power consumption to use for wireless implant medical application due to a restricted battery life. Also, this problem should be solved for on-body device considering integration with mobile device in the future. Simultaneously, the specific medical application such as epiretinal prosthesis, multi-channel electroencephalogram sensor demand high-data rate. Therefore, it is a main challenge that enhancing the devices power consumption and data-rate for implantable medical application. In order to enhance the performance of the device, several techniques are proposed in implantable human body transceivers.
Firstly, the propagation loss in human-body is calculated for determine the frequency for medical implant application. The frequency bands allocated by FCC or MICS are too narrow and high lossy bands in human-body. For this reason, the optimum frequency for Implantable medical device is found by using Frisss formula and the link budget is calculated for capsule endoscopy system. The optimum frequency is verified through image recovery experiment in liquid human phantom and pig by using designed capsule endoscopy system.
Secondly, the Super-Regenerative Receiver (SRR) with Digital Self-Quenching Loop (DSQL) is proposed for low power consumption. The proposed DSQL replaces the envelope detector used in a conventional SRR and minimizes power consumption by generating a self-quench signal digitally for a super-regenerative oscillator. The measurement results are given to show the performance of the proposed receiver.
Thirdly, the RF Current Reused and Current Combining (CRCC) Power Amplifier (PA) is proposed for low power and high-speed transmitter. Normally, the PA having low output power has a feasibility issue that an optimum impedance of PA is too high to match with antenna impedance. For this reason, obtaining the maximum efficiency of PA is difficult for conventional structure. Moreover, conventional PAs output bandwidth is to be narrow due to high impedance transform ratio between PAs output and antennas input impedances. The CRCC structure solves this issue by decreasing the impedance transform ratio. The transmitter with CRCC PA is designed and verified through the measurement.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. WBAN (Wireless Body Area Network) 1
1.2. Challenges in Designing Transceiver for Medical Implant Application 7
Chapter 2. Propagation Loss in Human Body 10
2.1. Introduction 10
2.2. Far field approximation in human-body 13
2.3. Calculation of propagation loss in human-body 15
2.3.1. Frisss formula 15
2.3.2. Efficiency of transmitting antenna in human-body 17
2.4. Calculation of propagation loss in human-body and conclusion 19
Chapter 3. A Design of Transceiver for Capsule Endoscopy Application 21
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. System Link Budget Calculation 24
3.3. Implementation 26
3.3.1. Transmitter with class B amplifier 26
3.3.2. Super-heterodyne receiver with AGC 28
3.3.3. Measurement results 30
3.4. Image recovery experiment 35
3.4.1. Integration of capsule endoscopy 35
3.4.2. Image recovery in the liquid human phantom 38
3.4.3. Image recovery in a pigs stomach and large intestine 40
3.5. Conclusion 41
Chapter 4. Super-Regenerative Receiver with Digitally Self-Quenching Loop 42
4.1. Introduction 42
4.1.1. Selection of receivers architecture for implantable medical device 44
4.1.2. Previous study of super-regenerative receiver 50
4.2. Main idea of proposed super-regenerative receiver 51
4.3. Description of proposed receiver 53
4.3.1. Digital self-quenching loop 55
4.3.2. Low noise amplifier and super-regenerative oscillator 57
4.3.3. Active RC filter for low power consumption 59
4.4. Experimental results 63
4.5. Summary and conclusion 69
Chapter 5. A Transmitter with Current-Reused and Current-Combining PA 71
5.1. Introduction 71
5.1.1. Previous study of OOK transmitter 72
5.2. Main idea of proposed transmitter 73
5.3. Description of proposed transmitter 79
5.3.1. Current-combining and current-reused PA 79
5.3.2. Ring oscillator with driving buffer 83
5.4. Experimental Results 85
5.5. Summary and conclusion 93
Chapter 6. Conclusion 95
Chapter 7. Appendix 97
7.1. Output spectrum of OOK signal 97
7.2. Theoretical BER of OOK comunication 99
Bibliography 101
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