중국의 대(對) 아프리카 대외 원조 정책과 원조금 간의 역학구도: 에티오피아와 나이지리아를 중심으로 (2000-2014)

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 김태균.중국과 같은 신흥 원조 공여국의 등장은 전통적 국제원조체계에 도전을 제시해왔다. 이러한 가운데 중국은 석유 등 천연자원을 확보하고자 하는 의도를 가지고 대외원조를 실시한다는 이유로 비판을 받아오기도 했다. 그러나 본 논문은 이러한 비판에도 불구하고 중국 원조의 특징과 우선순위를 국제원조체계 내 현실주의 분업현상을 통해 수원국과 국제원조체계에 이익이 된다는 것을 주장한다. 분석을 위해 2000년부터 2014년에 걸친 AidData와 OECD의 자료를 활용하였으며, 구체적으로는 사회분업론, 자유주의적 국제주의, 현실주의와 같은 이론을 바탕으로 공여국(중국과 미국)과 수여국(에티오피아와 나이지리아)의 원조 형태를 살펴보았다. 본 논문의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 중국의 대외원조정책은 평등호혜적인 공동 발전, 내정불간섭 원칙 고수와 자주적 발전능력 강화 지원으로 구성된다. 중국은 공동 발전 원칙에 따라 에티오피아와 나이지리아에 재정적 지원과 동시에 능력 개발 프로그램을 제공하여 해당 국가 프로젝트가 지속 가능할 수 있도록 유도하였다. 또한 대(對) 에티오피아와 나이지리아 원조 프로젝트들이 해당 국가에 해외투자유치 등을 통한 경제적 이익을 가져다줄 것으로 기대한 중국은 자원과 인프라 프로젝트를 맞바꾸는 앙골라 모드(Angola Mode)를 통해 상호 이익을 실현하였다. 즉, 중국은 자원과 인프라를 제공하는 대신에 석유 지분을 확보하였다. 특히 분석 중 한 가지 흥미로운 점이 발견되었는데, 이는 공여국이 국익을 추구함으로써 원조 부문에서 현실주의 분업현상이 발생한다는 것이다. 예를 들어 미국은 대외원조 시 수여국이 미국의 국가 안보를 보장하는 동맹국의 한 국가로서 의무를 수행할 수 있도록 교육, 정부 및 시민사회와 보건 분야에 주로 집중하여 원조를 실시하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 반면에 중국은 상호이익, 전략적 동반자 관계 및 윈윈(win-win)과 같은 원칙에 중점을 두어 대외원조를 실시한 결과 에너지 생산 및 공급, 산광업 및 건설과 운송 및 운반 분야에 주로 집중하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 논문의 대(對) 아프리카 원조에 관해 두 가지 대조적인 접근 방식을 분석하고 중미(中美) 원조 원칙과 이들이 국익에 대처하며 나타나는 결과를 세부적으로 분석한 극소수의 연구에 해당된다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 더불어, 논문의 결과는 향후 중미(中美) 원조에 대한 토론 주제를 제시하고, 중국이 국제원조체계의 노력에 참여하고 기여할 수 있는 방법에 대한 견해를 제시한다.Emerging non-traditional donors like China being the new kids on the block challenge the global aid architecture because it is perceived that their ascendance creates tension within the architecture. However, this thesis claims that despite arguments that Chinese aid policies are centered on the countrys desire to secure access to natural resources, its characteristics and priorities in fact lead to the realist division of labor which benefits the recipient countries and the global aid architecture. This study qualitatively utilizes the theories of the division of labor, liberal internationalism, and realism to address the question, together with AidData and OECDs database quantitatively. Moreover, this thesis covers the years 2000-2014 and identifies China and the U.S. as the donor countries and Ethiopia and Nigeria as the recipient countries. The results of this study are as follows: Chinese foreign aid policies are composed of common development, mutual benefit, no conditionality and interference, and self-reliance and independent economic development. For both Ethiopia and Nigeria, China provided capacity building programs under the principle of common development, to ensure that these countries were not only receiving financial support but are also conforming to the projects sustainability. With the Sino-Ethiopian and Sino-Nigerian projects expected to lure in foreign investments and bring economic benefit into the countries, China assured that it mutually benefitted from its projects under the infrastructure-for-oil or the Angola mode, where it obtained a controlling stake of the oil blocks in exchange for Chinese finance and infrastructure. An interesting phenomenon of the realist division of labor was discovered in this study, where a division of labor into the aid sectors resulted from the donor countries adhering to their national interests. The U.S. focused on sectors that ensured that the recipient countries are capable of fulfilling their duties as one of the most reliable allies, assuring U.S. national security from foreign threats. Hence, it focused mostly on the Education, Government and Civil Society, and the Health sectors. For China, it made sure to mutually benefit from its projects, under its rhetoric of mutual benefit, strategic partnership, and win-win cooperation. Thus, the country involved itself in the Energy Generation and Supply, Industry, Mining, and Construction, and the Transport and Storage sectors. This research is unique as it is among the few to analyze the two different aid approaches to Africa, by illustrating Chinese and the U.S.s aid principles and the outcomes that result from them addressing their national interests. Hence, it provides future discussions on Chinese and U.S. aid and offers a view as to how China can contribute and participate in the global aid architectures efforts in addressing the recipient countries needs.List of Abbreviations, Figures, and Tables I. Introduction 1 1. Background 1 2. Research Gap 2 3. Argument and Scope of Study 4 4. Structure of Study 6 II. Literature Review 8 1. Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 8 2. Traditional Foreign Aid Norms 10 3. Chinese Aid 12 3.1. Chinese Aid Characteristics 12 3.2. Chinese Aid and International Norms 14 3.3. Accolades to Chinese Aid 16 III. Research Design 20 1. Theoretical Framework 20 1.1. Division of Labor 20 1.2. Realism 22 1.3. Liberal Internationalism 25 2. Introduction to Case Studies 26 2.1. Justification 26 2.2. Case Studies 27 3. Data Sources and Limitations 29 IV. Chinese Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 33 1. Chinese Approach towards Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 33 1.1. Chinas Foreign Policy towards Africa 33 1.2. Chinas Foreign Aid Policies 35 1.2.1. Eight Principles of Foreign Aid (1964) 35 1.2.2. White Paper on Foreign Aid (2011) 37 1.2.3. White Paper on Foreign Aid (2014) 43 2. Case Study 49 2.1. China and Ethiopia 49 2.1.1. Sino-Ethiopian Relations 49 2.1.2. Transport and Storage (210) 51 2.1.3. Energy Generation and Supply (230) 57 2.2. China and Nigeria 60 2.2.1. Sino-Nigerian Relations 60 2.2.2. Transport and Storage (210) 63 2.2.3. Industry, Mining, and Construction (320) 65 V. Analysis 69 1. A Realist Approach to Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 69 1.1. China and Ethiopia 71 1.2. China and Nigeria 73 2. Realist Division of Labor between China and the U.S. 76 2.1. U.S. Foreign Aid Policies 76 2.2. China-U.S. and Ethiopia 78 2.3. China-U.S. and Nigeria 83 3. The Twin-Track Approach 87 VI. Limitations and Avenues for Further Research 92 VII. Conclusion 96 Bibliography 100 Appendix 108 Abstract (Korean) 113Maste

PNPLA3 I148M Polymorphism이 간이식 환자에서 조직학적으로 증명된 비알코올성 지방간질환에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의과대학 의학과, 2018. 2. 서경석.Aim: PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism (rs738409 C>G) is the most important and the best known polymorphism for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, little is known about the effect of this polymorphism on NAFLD after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to evaluate the association between this polymorphism and post-LT NAFLD. Methods: We designed a prospective case-control study. Among adult recipients who underwent LT between April 2014 and October 2015, those whose whole blood were preoperatively collected for genotyping in both recipients and coupled donors and those who have undergone protocol biopsy at post-LT 1 year were enrolled. Results: A total of 32 recipients were finally enrolled. Histologically proven steatosis (≥5%) were present in 28.1% of patients at a mean time of 12.7±2.0 months after LT. Moderate and more steatosis (≥33%) was present in 9.4%. One year after LT, steatosis was present in 50.0% of homozygous recipients with rs738409-G allele. It was present in 27.3% of heterozygous recipients with rs738409-G allele, and in 9.1% (p=0.041) of recipients with rs738409-CC. Genotype of donor was not significantly (p=0.647) associated with post-LT NAFLD. When both recipient and coupled donor showed heterogeneous or homozygous genotype of rs738409-G allele, there was significantly more post-LT NAFLD compared to that in others (47.1% vs. 6.7%p=0.018). In uni- and multi-variate analysis, only the presence of rs738409-G risk allele in both donor and recipient was a significant risk factor for post-LT NALFD (relative risk, 26.95p=0.048). Conclusions: PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism can significantly affects histologically proven NAFLD at post-LT 1 year.Introduction 1 Patients and Methods 2 Results 5 Baseline characteristics 6 Prevalence and distribution of rs 738409-G 6 Prevalence and degree of steatosis after LT 6 Proportion of post-LT steatosis according to the PNPLA3 (rs738409) genotype 6 Risk factor for steatosis at post-LT 1 year 7 Discussion 8 References 15 Tables 21 Figures 28 Abstract in Korean 32Docto

간이식 후 후기 프로토콜 조직검사에 기초한 이식편의 섬유화와 지방변화의 임상적 중요성

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과 외과학 전공, 2013. 2. 서경석.Introduction: Little is known about the results of late protocol liver biopsy after LT yet, especially in aspect of graft fibrosis and fatty change. The aim of this study was to evaluate graft fibrosis and fatty change based on late protocol biopsy after LT, and to investigate possible relationships between clinical data and graft fibrosis or fatty change. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the recipients who underwent late protocol liver biopsy (> 1 year after LT) at our center between August 2010 and August 2012. Sono-guided fine needle aspiration liver biopsies and hematoxylin and eosin stains and Masson trichrome stains were performed. The METAVIR system for staging of graft fibrosis and the steatosis scoring system devised by the Pathology Committee of the NASH Clinical Research Network for fatty change grading were used. We analyzed the related peri-transplant clinical data and fibrosis or fatty change based on liver biopsy. Results: Total 174 late protocol liver biopsies were done in 131 adult patients. Graft fibrosis was 23.6% (n = 41/174). Among them, significant (moderate and more) fibrosis was 46.3% (n = 19/41). In multivariate analysis between the group without fibrosis and the other group with fibrosis, based on the significant variables in univariate analysis, high mean fasting blood sugar (FBS, ≥ 126 mg/dL) during 6 months before biopsy regardless of treatment of DM (risk ratio 7.260, p = 0.001) and positive ductular reaction in CK-19 (risk ratio 7.931, p < 0.001) were significant factors for graft fibrosis after 1 year from LT. For significant fibrosis, positive ductular reaction in CK-19 (risk ratio 20.335, p < 0.001) and positive bile duct damage in CK-19 (risk ratio 17.351, p = 0.001) were strongly significant factors. Fatty change showed in 25.3% (n = 44/174). Among them, significant change was 31.8% (n = 14/44). With multivariate analysis based on the significant variables in univariate analysis, male sex (risk ratio 3.448, p = 0.037), alcohol history before LT (risk ratio 5.755, p = 0.013), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (risk ratio 2.926, p = 0.020) were clinically related factors for late graft fatty change. For significant fatty change, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 at biopsy showed significant difference (risk ratio 3.481, p = 0.037). Conclusions: In conclusion, the graft fibrosis and fatty change based on late protocol biopsy after LT comprised a considerable portion. In this study, high mean FBS (≥ 126 mg/dL) during 6 months before biopsy regardless of treatment of DM and positive ductular reaction in CK-19 were closely related to the graft fibrosis, and male, alcohol history before LT and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) at biopsy were related to graft fatty change. We can apply these results to clinical management for recipients and that may be a good influence to future long-term outcome of the patients.CONTENTS Abstract i Contents iii List of Tables iv Introduction 1 Patients and Methods 3 Patients 3 Materials and Methods 3 Statistical Analysis 4 Results 6 Graft Fibrosis 6 Graft Fatty Change 8 Discussion 12 References 20 Tables 27 Abstract in Korean 50Maste

STAT3-mediated MLST8 gene expression regulates cap-dependent translation in cancer cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates cell growth, cell survival, angiogenesis, metastasis of cancer cells, and cancer immune evasion by regulating gene expression as a transcription factor. However, the effect of STAT3 on translation is almost unknown. We demonstrated that STAT3 acts as a trans-acting factor for MLST8 gene expression and the protein level of mLST8, a core component of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2), positively regulates the mTORC1/2 downstream pathways. Suppression of STAT3 by siRNA attenuated 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, cap-dependent translation, and cell proliferation in a variety of cancer cells. In HCT116 cells, STAT3 knockdown-induced decreases in 4E-BP1 and AKT phosphorylation levels were further attenuated by MLST8 knockdown or recovered by mLST8 overexpression. STAT3 knockdown-induced G2/M phase arrest was partially restored by co-knockdown of 4EBP1, and the attenuation of cell proliferation was enhanced by the expression of an mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation-defective mutant of 4E-BP1. ChIP and promoter mapping using a luciferase reporter assay showed that the -951 to -894 bp of MLST8 promoter seems to include STAT3-binding site. Overall, these results suggest that STAT3-driven MLST8 gene expression regulates cap-dependent translation through 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in cancer cells.ope

Taurine - conjugated Bile Acids Induce Nuclear Factor - Kappa B Mediated Interleukin - 8 Activation in Gastric Epithelial Cell Lines.

Background/Aims: The molecular mechanism of gastric epithelial injury induced by bile acid remains poorly understood. The aims of this study were to examine whether IL-8 was expressed by the stimulation of human gastric epithelial cells (AGS and Kato III) with taurine-conjugated bile acids, taurocholic acid (TC) or taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), and to evaluate the role of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF- B) on the expression of IL-8. Methods: After the gastric epithelial cells were treated with TC or TCDC, time courses of NF- B binding activity and IL-8 secretion were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ELISA. To evaluate the role of NF- B on the expression of IL-8, IL-8 levels were assessed after pretreatment with rebamipide or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), known as NF- B inhibitors, or phosphorothioate-modified anti-sense (AS) oligonucleotides (ODN) for p50 subunit of NF- B. Results: TC or TCDC stimulation increased IL-8 secretion in a time and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, AGS and Kato III cells treated with TC or TCDC dose-dependently induced a prominent NF- B binding complex within 60 min. Pre-incubation of the cells with PDTC (100 M), rebamipide (0.1 and 0.5 mM) or AS-ODN caused significant decreases in IL-8 secretion induced by TC or TCDC. Conclusions: NF- B mediated IL-8 expression may play an important role in the taurine-conjugated bile acid-induced gastric epithelial injury and may present a plausible molecular mechanism for the bile reflux gastritis.ope

Physical interactions and functional coupling between Daxx and sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 in ischemic cell death

Daxx, a death domain-associated protein, is implicated in ischemic cell death. To clarify the mechanism of cell death mediated by Daxx, a yeast two-hybrid assay was performed. Sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) was identified as a Daxx-interacting protein. During ischemic stress, Daxx translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it colocalizes with NHE1. Daxx binds to the ezrin/radixin/moesin-interacting domain of NHE1, in competition with ezrin. Consistent with this finding, transfection of the constitutively cytoplasmic mutant, Daxx(W621A), inhibited ezrin-mediated Akt-1 activation. Moreover, transfection of Daxx(W621A), but not the Daxx(S667A) mutant that is confined to the nucleus, accelerated pH(i) recovery from an acid load, indicating that the cytoplasmic protein activates NHE1. Based on the results, we propose that ischemic insult triggers the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of Daxx, following which cytoplasmic Daxx stimulates the NHE1 transporter activity and suppresses activation of the NHE1-ezrin-Akt-1 pathway. Our data support a novel molecular function of Daxx as an upstream regulator of NHE1 in ischemic cell deathope

Effects of Mosapride Citrate on the Motility of Stomach, Ileum and Colon in Conscious Guinea Pigs

Background/Aims: Mosapride citrate (Mosapride) is a relatively new selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist. Several studies have reported that mosapride selectively stimulates the upper GI motility, but not lower GI motility. However, 5-HT4 receptors are distributed in the stomach, small bowel and colon as well. In other studies, mosapride had a stimulatory effect on the lower GI tract. Therefore, we studied the effects of mosapride on the upper (stomach) and lower GI tract (ileum, proximal colon and distal colon) in conscious guinea pigs. Methods: We implanted force transducers into guinea pig`s stomach, ileum, proximal colon and distal colon. Mosapride (0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically through a polyethylene tube. The GI motor activity was measured by the motor index. After mosapride 10 mg/kg was administered intragastrically, atropine sulfate or GR113808 was administered intravenously. Results: Mosapride significantly stimulated the motor activities of the stomach, ileum and colon. The relative prokinetic potency of mosapride was not different among the 4 sites of the GI tract. The enhancing effect of mosapride was antagonized by atropine or GR113808, a selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. Conclusions: This study indicates that mosapride enhances both the upper and lower GI motility with similar potency by stimulation of the 5-HT4 receptor that is mediated by cholinergic neurons in a conscious guinea pig. Based on the possibility of obtaining similar results in humans, we suggest that mosapride may be useful for the treatment of upper and lower GI motor disorders.ope

Changes of Ascites Nitric Oxide According to the Treatment Course in Cirrhotic Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Background/Aims: Nitricoxide (NO) is a molecule involved in vascular dilatation and pathogen suppression. It also has immunologic and regulatory functions. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by an increased risk for bacterial infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The role of NO in SBP which develops in cirrhosis has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NO in the pathogenesis of SBP and its clinical usefulness for prediction of disease prognosis. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the changes of ascites NO in the course of treatment. Nitricoxide metabolite (nitrites+nitrates [NO x]) was measured by chemilum inescence in 84 ascites samples obtained from 84 cirrhotic patients. Among them , the 38 patients with SBP were treated with cefotaxim e 2.0 g, q 12hr for 7 days. In 24 of SBP patients, ascites was obtained consecutively before treatment (day 0),during treatment (day 2),and after treatment (day 7). Results: Ascites NO levels in the patients w ith SBP (n=38; 82.3 14.4 μM ) were not different from those in patients with sterile ascites (n=46; 54.6 13.0 μM ). There was no significant change of NO levels in sequential ascites samples during antibiotic treatment. A scites NO level before treatment was significantly higher in SBP patients who responded to antibiotics (n=26; 101.86 μM/L) than that in SBP patients who did not respond to antibiotics (n=12; 40.03 μM/L, P =0.044). A significant direct correlation was found between ascites and serum NO levels before treatment (Pearson correlation,r2=0.86,P =0.001). Among the SBP patients, treatment response rate to antibiotics were significantly higher in those patients with pretreatment NO level≥80 μM/L in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Ascites NO level was not different between ascites from SBP patients and ascites from cirrhotic patients with sterile ascites. There were no changes of ascites NO in SBP patients during treatment. Therefore ascites NO was not useful to predict the progress of SBP. Ascites NO levels reflect serum NO levels, and the patients with higher NO level may have better response to antibiotics.ope

A Comparative Study between the Preoperative Diagnostic Tumor Size and the Postoperative Pathologic Tumor Size in Patients with Breast Tumors

Purpose: This comparative study analyzed the relationship between the preoperative diagnostic tumor size and the postoperative pathologic tumor size for breast cancer patients and benign breast tumor patients. Methods: We analyzed the clinicopathological information of 191 breast cancer patients and 187 benign breast tumor patients by conducting a retrospective chart review. The preoperative diagnostic tumor sizes were measured using physical examination, mammography and sonography in the benign breast tumor patients and they were additionally measured by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the breast cancer patients. Body mass index (BMI) was defined as the ratio of the body weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters. Results: The tumor sizes measured by mammography (r=0.66) and physical examination (r=0.87) were highly correlated to the pathologic tumor size in the breast cancer patients and benign the breast tumor patients, respectively. Physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging had a tendency to overestimate the tumor size and sonography underestimated the pathologic tumor size in the breast cancer patients. The correlation coefficient for the physical examination was increased when the patient age was less than 50 years and the BMI was less than 25. Multiple regression analysis revealed that assessing the tumor size according to physical examination, mammography and sonography were effective for determining estimation of pathologic tumor size in the benign breast tumor patients, but assessing the tumor size by physical examination and sonography was not effective for determining the tumor size in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Mammography and physical examination can be useful to estimate the pathologic tumor size in breast cancer patients and benign breast tumor patients, respectively. Physical examination can be useful to estimate the size when a breast tumor is palpable, the age of a patient is less than 50, and the BMI is less than 25.Devolli-Disha E, 2009, BOSNIAN J BASIC MED, V9, P131Almubarak M, 2009, ONCOLOGY-NY, V23, P255Price J, 2009, J MED IMAG RADIAT ON, V53, P69, DOI 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2009.02040.xTohno E, 2009, BREAST CANCER-TOKYO, V16, P18, DOI 10.1007/s12282-008-0082-8Uematsu T, 2008, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V112, P461, DOI 10.1007/s10549-008-9890-yUchida K, 2008, BREAST CANCER-TOKYO, V15, P165, DOI 10.1007/s12282-007-0024-xJiang YX, 2007, ULTRASOUND MED BIOL, V33, P1873, DOI 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.06.002Honjo S, 2007, JPN J CLIN ONCOL, V37, P715, DOI 10.1093/jjco/hym090Kim DY, 2007, KOREAN J RADIOL, V8, P32Fasching PA, 2006, EUR J RADIOL, V60, P398, DOI 10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.08.002Greene T, 2006, J AM COLL SURGEONS, V203, P894, DOI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.017Watermann DO, 2005, ULTRASOUND MED BIOL, V31, P167, DOI 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.11.005Cheung YC, 2004, ANN SURG ONCOL, V11, P756, DOI 10.1245/ASO.2004.12.008Bosch AM, 2003, EUR J RADIOL, V48, P285, DOI 10.1016/S0720-048X(03)00081-0CHOI GH, 2003, J KOREAN SURG SOC, V58, P331LEE CS, 2003, J BREAST CANCER, V6, P87Weatherall PT, 2001, J MAGN RESON IMAGING, V13, P868Saarenmaa I, 2001, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V67, P117Evans N, 2000, CLIN RADIOL, V55, P261Buchberger W, 1999, AM J ROENTGENOL, V173, P921Herrada J, 1997, CLIN CANCER RES, V3, P1565Davis PL, 1996, BREAST CANCER RES TR, V37, P1GORDON PB, 1995, CANCER, V76, P626MEDEN H, 1995, INT J GYNECOL OBSTET, V48, P193FOROUHI P, 1994, BRIT J SURG, V81, P223PAIN JA, 1992, EUR J SURG ONCOL, V18, P44FORNAGE BD, 1987, CANCER, V60, P765

Alban Berg의 <7개의 초기가곡 (sieben fruhe lieder)>에 대한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :음악과 성악전공,1996.Maste