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    ํ˜ผ์„ฑ ์ง€๊ฐ: ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™-์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์œตํ•ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ๊น€ํ™๊ธฐ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์•„ํŠธ์™€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์˜์‹์€ Hegel, Sartre, Husserl๊ณผ Merlau-Ponti ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Merlau-Ponti(1962)์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™ ๊ณผ Varela ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ๋งˆ์Œ/์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ก (Varela, Thomson, Rosch, 1991)์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ์ƒ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ(emulator)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, 1์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€(cognition) ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ(sensation)๊ณผ ์ง€๊ฐ(perception) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ(Dennett, 1991)์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์ œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ํš๋“๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ(๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ) ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์€์œ ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์˜๋ฏธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํ™˜์›, ํ˜•์ƒ์  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 1, 2์ธ์นญ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ 3์ธ์นญ์  ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ Nagel(1974)์˜ ๋ฐ•์ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํƒ€์ž์ธ ์ƒˆ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์ด ์ง„์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ทน์  ์žฌํ˜„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ , ์ฆ‰ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์กฐ-์ธ ์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒดํ—˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒˆ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ์— ์ ์ฐจ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Bullough(1972)๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์กฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์กฐ๋ง ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฉ”์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ‹ˆ์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง„์‹ค์— ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํƒ€์ž์™€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ƒํƒœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ธธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋น„์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ„ดํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋‚ด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™์œ ๋„์„ฑ(affordance) ์ด๋ก (Gibson, 1979)๊ณผ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ก (Shapiro, 2011), ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ก (Schultz, 1980) ๋“ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ง€๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ(๋ชธ, ํ–‰์œ„, ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ), ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณต์†Œ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Kant(1790)์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด Merlau-Ponti(1945)์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  Merlau-Ponti์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„์™€ ํƒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ์ด ๊ณง ๊ณต๊ฐ(empathy)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ณต์œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐํž ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(Meltzoff, 2011). ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์™€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์†Œ์…œ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ˜ผ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ 1์ธ์นญ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ์ธ ํŠน์ • ๋„์‹œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž๋™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฏธํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์–‘์ž์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, 1,2,3์ธ์นญ์  ๊ด€์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์กด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ข€ ๋” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ฐœ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์–ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ์ธ-์ƒํƒœ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์–ด ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ์ธ-์‚ฌํšŒ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํƒ€์ž์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํƒ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์›์ดˆ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€์ž์  ์ง€๊ฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์กฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ(empathy) ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์  ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒน๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ „(ๅ…จ) ์ธ์นญ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ i ์„œ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 1์žฅ. ์ธ์ง€ ์ „(ๅ‰) ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ„(้–“) ์ธต์œ„์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 1.1. ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ, ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 7 1.2. ํ˜„์ƒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ15 1.3. ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์ง€๋„ โ€“ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•™ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 1.4. ์ฃผ์ฒด-๊ฐ์ฒด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ ์ธต์œ„ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์งˆ ํ’๊ฒฝ โ€ฆโ€ฆ 32 2์žฅ. ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ์กฐ-์ธ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 2.1. ๋„ค์ด๊ธ€์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ: ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์กด์žฌ์™€์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 37 2.2. ๊ณผํ•™์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ด€์  ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€๊ฐ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 41 2.3. ์กฐ-์ธ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 51 3์žฅ. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ธธ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 60 3.1. ์ƒํƒœ์ง€๊ฐ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ธ์ง€ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 60 3.2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 65 3.3. ๊ธธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 69 4์žฅ. ์–ธ์–ด์  ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: ๊ณ -๊ณต โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 75 4.1. ์นธํŠธ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์  ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 75 4.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ณตํฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 81 4.3. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ํƒ€์ž์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 85 5์žฅ. ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์ง€๊ฐ: EMC โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 89 5.1. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ด€์ ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 89 5.2. ์ •๋ณด๋ฏธํ•™ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 92 5.3. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 99 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ108 ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ113 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ122 ๋„ํŒ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ135Docto

    1์ฐจ์› ์•„์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์˜ค๊ทœํ™˜.Nanoscale one-dimensional (1D) structures have stimulated great interest recently owing to their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties as a result of their low-dimensionality and the quantum confinement effect. Their potential applications as building blocks, interconnects and functional units in electronic and optoelectronic devices and sensors have also been demonstrated. Even though there are ongoing efforts to realize nano-devices using 1D nanowires building-block, the research on the control methods of chemical composition, structure, and size at nanoscale are still required with rational synthesis including reproducibility. The work described in this thesis focuses on understanding the basic synthesis of Zinc-based semiconductor structures of interest for growth behavior and hetero-structure. The goal is to investigate nanostructures relevant to specific growth conditions, and then through careful analysis of these structures, gain new insights into the growth behavior governing their nucleation and growth. In particular, this work is focused on the growth mechanism of ZnS nanowires, the analysis of nanostructures using 3D TEM tomography and 3D printing, the optical properties of ZnS / diamond-like carbon core-shell heterostructure nanowires and the electrical characteristics of a ZnO microwire. Firstly, we report sublimation of crystalline ZnS nanowires at elevated temperatures in vacuum imaged by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The ZnS nanowires, 20-80 nm in diameter, were heated using a controllable heating system, and their melting temperature was studied. The results showed a significant reduction of the melting temperature of about 400ยฐC, depending on the diameter of the nanowire, compared to the bulk melting point of 1185 ยฐC. In addition, the in-situ heating experiment showed that the SLV process proceeds exactly in the reverse direction of VLS, and the synthesis mechanism of Ag2S catalyzed ZnS NW was investigated. Secondly, the work focus on recent developments in the field of 3D imaging at the nanoscale, when applied to nanomaterials and nanostructures. I demonstrate that recent progress in the use of electron microscopy techniques based on tomography allows one to fill the gap between the development of new materials and their structures and characterization. A special emphasis is put on two new 3D approaches: quantitative and analytical 3D tomography. Electronic tomography studies the 3D form of nanomaterials and provides a comprehensive insight into the structure and interface of nanomaterials. Here, we report 3D characteristics of ZnS nanostructures using Ag catalyst using electron tomography using bright field image. Thirdly, we fabricated ZnS/diamond-like carbon (DLC) core-shell heterostructure nanowire using a simple two-step process: the vapor-liquid-solid method combined with radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf PECVD). As a core nanowire, ZnS nanowires with face-centered cubic structure were synthesized with a sputtered Au thin film, which exhibit a length and a diameter of ~10ยตm and~30-120nm. After rf PECVD for DLC coating, The length and width of the dense ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires were a range of ~10ฮผm and 50-150nm, respectively. In addition, ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires were characterized with scanning transmission electron microscopy. From the results, the products have flat and uniform DLC coating layer on ZnS nanowire in spite of high residual stress induced by the high sp3 fraction. To further understanding of the DLC coating layer, Raman spectroscopy was employed with ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires, which reveals two Raman bands at 1550 cm-1 (G peak) and 1330 cm-1 (D peak). Finally, we investigated the infrared transmittance property using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The results confirm that products increased the infrared transmittance property of the ZnS nanowires by 1.1-2.8%. Lastly, we investigate the influence of the contact interface on the electrical properties of a ZnO microwire (MW) with silver (Ag) paste electrodes. The ZnO MW devices that are produced by dropping Ag paste on the ZnO MW surface followed by a curing step at an elevated temperature exhibit linear current-voltage characteristics, whereas the devices with Ag paste electrodes dropped upon a heated ZnO MW exhibit a non-linear electrical behavior. The results of electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence show the effect of the contact interface properties, such as interfacial defects and/or charge trap sites, between the ZnO MW and Ag paste electrodes. An energy band model is suggested to explain the charge transport mechanism for different types of Ag contacts on the ZnO MW.Chapter1. 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Nanotechnology 1 1.2 Nanomaterials 10 1.2.1 0D Nanostructure-Quantum Dots and Nanoparticles 14 1.2.2 Two-Dimensional Nanostructure Thin Films 17 1.3 II-VI semiconductors 19 1.3.1 Zinc Oxide ZnO . 20 1.3.2 Zinc Sulfide ZnS . 22 1.4 Thesis motivation 23 1.5 References 25 Chapter2. One-Dimensional Nanostructures 29 2.1 General Properties of Nanomaterials 29 2.2 Definition and Types of 1-D Nanostructure 32 2.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach 36 2.4 Nanowire Synthesis and Theory 40 2.4.1 Vapor Synthesis 42 2.4.1.1 Vapor-liquid-solid growth 42 2.4.1.2 Vapor-solid growth 47 2.4.1.3 Oxide-assisted growth 48 2.4.1.4 Carbothermal reactions 52 2.4.2 Solution Based Growth of Nanowires 53 2.4.2.1 Template-based synthesis 53 2.4.2.2 Anisotropic crystal structures 57 2.4.2.3 Solution-liquid-solid process 57 2.4.2.4 Solvothermal synthesis 59 2.5 References 60 Chapter3. Vaporliquidsolid growth mechanism of Ag2S catalyzed ZnS nanowires 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Experimental 66 3.2.1 Synthesis of ZnS nanowires 66 3.2.2 Characterization method 68 3.3 Results and Discussion 69 3.3.1 Characterization of ZnS nanowires 69 3.3.2 Structural analysis of ZnS nanowires 71 3.3.3 In-situ heating of ZnS nanowire 75 3.3.4 Growth mechanism 78 3.4 Conclusion 81 3.5 References 82 Chapter4. Visualization of Three-Dimensional Morphology of Hierarchically-Assembled ZnS Nanostructures by Corroborated Electron Tomography and 3D Printing 88 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Experimental section 90 4.2.1 Synthesis and characterization 90 4.2.2 TEM tomography and 3D printing 93 4.3 Results and Discussion 95 4.3.1 Morphology of ZnS nanostructure . 95 4.3.2 Structural Analysis of ZnS nanostructure 98 4.3.3 3D TEM tomography 101 4.3.4 Growth mechanism of ZnS nanostructures 104 4.4 Conclusion 107 4.5 References 108 Chapter5. Fabrication and characterization of ZnS/ diamond-like carbon core-shell nanowires 111 5.1 Introduction . 111 5.1.1 The structure and properties of diamond-like carbon 111 5.1.2 Motivation 119 5.2 Experimental Procedure. 121 5.2.1 Synthesis of ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires 121 5.2.2 Characterization method 123 5.3 Results and Discussion 124 5.3.1 Structural analysis of ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires 124 5.3.2 Chemical analysis of ZnS/DLC core-shell nanowires 129 5.4 Conclusion 133 5.5 References 134 Chapter6. Influence of the contact interface on the electrical characteristics of a ZnO microwire with silver paste electrodes 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Experimental Procedure. 140 6.2.1 Synthesis and the formation process of ZnO MW devices 140 6.2.2 Characterization method 143 6.3 Results and Discussion 144 6.3.1 I-V characteristics of ZnO MW devices 145 6.3.2 Structural Analysis of ZnO MW devices 147 6.3.3 Energy band diagrams 155 6.4 Conclusion 157 6.5 References 158 Chapter7 165 Total Conclusion 165 ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 169Docto

    ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š” ์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ฐ•์ƒ์›.Introduction: Scrub typhus, also called tsutsugamushi disease, is an endemic acute febrile infectious disease in South Korea. Scrub typhus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) share a common point that they are transmitted by arthropod bites mostly during outdoor activities and there are considerable overlaps of epidemiologic and clinical features. I aimed to investigate the co-infection of scrub typhus with the recently emerging tick-borne infection, HGA and SFTS in South Korea in a retrospective cohort. Methods: This study was conducted in subjects who were 18 years old and clinical or laboratory confirmed to have scrub typhus. The subjects were enrolled in a retrospective cohort in 2006. SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection was confirmed by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify partial L segment of SFTSV for molecular diagnosis. HGA was confirmed by a nested PCR to amplify 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Direct sequencing of the positive PCR products was performed to confirm these infections. Clinical features of co-infected subjects were described. Results: Two-hundred seven patients with scrub typhus were finally included for the analysis. Scrub typhus was confirmed in 146 patients by PCR and in 20 patients by serologic assays. The other 40 patients were clinical scrub typhus which was not definitely confirmed by laboratory assays. Among the subjects, 7 patients were positive for A. phagocytophilum. BLAST matching showed 98.2 - 99.8% of similarity with A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene sequences deposited in GenBank. Five patients were confirmed to be co-infected with scrub typhus by PCR and 2 patients were confirmed by serologic assay. The suspected regions of infection were western areas in 5 patients and eastern areas in 2 patients. The co-infected patients had not different clinical manifestations with scrub typhus infection only. There was no mortality. All the study subjects were negative for SFTSV. Conclusions: I confirmed the co-infections of HGA with scrub typhus in South Korea although the frequency was low. This finding suggests that HGA may be more prevalent than expected and more active diagnostic approach is needed in febrile patients in South Korea.์„œ๋ก : ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ์€ ์ดˆ์›์—ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์„์ฒ ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฆ์—ด์„ฑํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ๊ตฌ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์€ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ณค์ถฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์ง•์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ตฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์กด์žฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2006๋…„์— ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฆ์—ด์„ฑํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด SFTS ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ L ๋ถ„์ ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ •๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฆํญํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ๊ตฌ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™•์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์ ‘์ˆœ์„œ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฒ• ๋ฐ BLAST ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 207๋ช…์˜ ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ 146๋ช…์€ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 21๋ช…์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ 40๋ช…์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ง„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ ์˜์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ 16S rRNA ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. BLAST ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ 16S rRNA ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์€ GenBanck์˜ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ 16S rRNA ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ (98.2-99.8%)์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ค‘์ฆ์—ด์„ฑํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜์€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋นˆ๋„์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฏ”์ฏ”๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ๊ตฌ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ๊ตฌ ์•„๋‚˜ํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Abstract โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆi Contents โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆiii List of Figure and Tables โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆiv Introduction โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ1 Materials and Methods โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 1. Study subjects โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ4 2. Laboratory diagnosis of SFTS โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 3. Laboratory diagnosis of HGA โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ6 4. Clinical data collection โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 5. Statistical analysis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 6. Ethics statement โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ9 Results โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ10 1. Patients โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ10 2. Co-infection of scrub typhus and HGA โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ14 3. Co-infection of scrub typhus and SFTS โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ21 Discussions โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 Conclusions โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ27 References โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ28 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ34Maste

    ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์„œ์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ,2001.Maste

    ่พฒๆฅญๆ”ฟ็ญ– ่ฉ•ๅƒนๅˆถๅบฆ์˜ ็™ผๅฑ•ๆ–นๆกˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต,1999.Maste

    ๋ฌผ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ „๋žต

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(SNU Global MBA), 2009.8.Maste
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