200 research outputs found

    ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ, ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ฐฐ์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€์ง„ํƒœ.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ: ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ์†์ƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ดํ™˜์œจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” 35-50% ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ž…์ด ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ ์ • ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ด์ค‘ ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ฐฐ์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” 7์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜์•„ 141๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ทจ ์œ ๋„ ํ›„ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜ 1 ยตg/kg์„ 10๋ถ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ 0.5 ยตg/kg/h๋กœ ์ง€์† ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ  ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ 1 ยตg/kg์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ๋™๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜๊ตฐ ์ค‘ 30๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์€ NONMEM VII์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ˆ˜: ์ผ์ฐจ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์ฐจ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์— ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ตœ์ข… 139๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค (16.9% vs. 23.5%; odds ratio 0.661; 95% CI 0.285 to 1.525; p = 0.339). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ค‘ ์†Œ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  (mean difference [95% CI]; 4.9 ml/kg/h [3.1 to 6.7 ml/kg/h], p = 0.001), ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ฐ๋‹Œ์€ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (mean difference [95% CI]; -0.03 mg/dl [-0.05 to -0.00 mg/dl], p = 0.022). ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ์žฌ์›์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ž…์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 29๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๊ตฌํš ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ  ์ค‘์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตฌํš์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ์œจ์€ ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 10kg์˜ ํ™˜์•„๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ  ์ค‘์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ, ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์€ ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์‹ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฑ์Šค๋ฉ”๋ฐํ† ๋ฏธ๋”˜์€ ์‹ฌํ์šฐํšŒ์ˆ  ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์— ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ž…์—†์ด ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Importance: Perioperative use of dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, reduces the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials of dexmedetomidine are lacking in pediatric patients. Objective: We evaluated the incidence of AKI and the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: We included 141 children under 7 years old, except neonates and randomly assigned them to dexmedetomidine or control groups. After anesthetic induction, in the dexmedetomidine group were administered 1 ยตg/kg of dexmedetomidine over 10 minutes, and an additional 0.5 ยตg/kg of dexmedetomidine was administered every hour during surgery. Finally, 1 ยตg/kg of dexmedetomidine was infused immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM VII level 4 software. The covariates analyzed were age, body weight, lean body mass, presence of CPB and CPB prime volume. Main Outcomes and Measures: The incidence of AKI defined as the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines were evaluated. The effect of CPB on the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine was characterized by the using the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: The final analysis included 139 patients. The incidence of AKI did not differ between dexmedetomidine and control groups (16.9% vs. 23.5%; odds ratio 0.661; 95% CI 0.285 to 1.525; p = 0.339). Postoperative creatinine levels were lower (mean difference [95% CI]; -0.03 mg/dl [-0.05 to -0.00 mg/dl], p = 0.022), and the postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (mean difference [95% CI]; 10.7 ml/min/1.73m2 [1.4 to 20.0 ml/min/1.73m2]; p = 0.023), and intraoperative urine output (mean difference [95% CI]; 4.9 ml/kg/h [3.1 to 6.7 ml/kg/h], p = 0.001) were higher in the dexmedetomidine than control group. The incidence of arrhythmia, mechanical ventilation duration, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and hospitalization were not different between the two groups. A Two-compartment mammillary model best described the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients under CPB. The central volume of distribution was markedly increased from 5.92(weight 10-1)0.641 L for off-CPB state and 19.4(weight 10-1)0.641 L for CPB state. Meanwhile, clearance was not influenced by presence of CPB. At a simulation in a hypothetical child, the decrease of plasma concentration during CPB was not prominent. Conclusions and Relevance: The intraoperative dexmedetomidine did not reduce the overall incidence of AKI in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. In addition, we can use dexmedetomidine without adjustment of dosage or addition of a loading dose at the beginning of CPB.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------9 2 Materials and Methods-------------------------------------------------------------11 2.1 Ethics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11 2.2 Study protocol------------------------------------------------------------------11 2.2.1 Intervention--------------------------------------------------------------11 2.2.2 Outcomes----------------------------------------------------------------13 2.2.2.1 Primary outcome-------------------------------------------------13 2.2.2.2 Secondary outcomes---------------------------------------------14 2.2.3 Sample size calculation------------------------------------------------15 2.2.4 Randomization and blinding------------------------------------------15 2.2.5 Blood sampling and assays--------------------------------------------17 2.2.6 Population pharmacokinetic analysis--------------------------------18 2.2.7 Statistical methods------------------------------------------------------20 3 Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 3.1 Incidence of AKI---------------------------------------------------------------21 3.2 Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine-------------------------------------24 4 Discussion------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 4.1 Incidence of AKI---------------------------------------------------------------44 4.2 Population pharmacokinetic analysis----------------------------------------48 4.3 Limitations----------------------------------------------------------------------50 5 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------51 6 References-----------------------------------------------------------------------------52 7 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก-------------------------------------------------------------------------------61Docto

    ์กฐ์ง ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜.Little is known about the effects of company-wide workforce aging on different firm performances, although the relationship between individual aging and job performance and between top management demography and organizational outcome is relatively well verified. Employing theories regarding abilities, motivations, and opportunities of employee, I theorized that workforce aging is positive for firm sales performance, but insignificant for firm profit performance. I also suggested that the relationship between workforce aging and firm performance is moderated by performance-based pay system and externally oriented cultures โ€“ adhocracy and market cultures. The theoretical arguments are tested by using data from 229 Korean firms in the manufacturing sector, and the hypotheses were generally supported. The results indicate that workforce aging is an ambivalent social trend which has both of advantages and disadvantages on firms performances, and that the disadvantages can be overcome by contextual factors such as Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and organizational cultures. Future research can test the relationship between workforce aging and firm performance by using various indicators of workforce aging and organizational outcomes within different contexts.TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES 6 1. Workforce Aging and Organizational Performance 6 2. Moderating effect: organizational cultures and HRM practices 14 III. METHOD 24 1. Data and Sample 24 2. Measures 26 IV. RESULTS 31 V. DISCUSSION 44 REFERENCES 51 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 67Maste

    Implementation of integrated sports-oriented programs to foster elementary school studentโ€™s intercultural literacy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด์˜ฅ์„ .The purpose of this study is to run a sports-oriented integration program in elementary schools to foster intercultural literacy, an essential ability to living in a intercultural society, and explore the effects and factors of the program. The research questions are as follows: First, set how is the sports-oriented integration program organized and operated for building intercultural literacy? Second, what are the educational effects of sports-oriented integration programs? Third, what are factors that influence the fostering of intercultural literacy? The study utilized qualitative research methods, and was conducted for 20 months, from January 2020 to August 2021. The study was conducted in an elementary school with an intercultural student ratio of 26.7 percent Of those students, 12 fifth-grade students were selected as participants in the study. Qualitative data were collected using open surveys, in-depth interviews, participation observations, field documents, and intercultural capability measures. Collected data were analyzed using Creswell (2015)'s spiral data analysis method. In order to enhance the integrity of the research, triangulation, peer debriefing, and member check were utilized and research ethics were observed. The findings derived from the above research process are as follows. First, the sports-oriented integrated program aimed at fostering intercultural literacy was organized and implemented through the following process. The principles for the program was derived as content-level systematic organization and integration, and method-level spontaneity, communication, and repeatability. The name of the program is "GREET U," which means meeting others, greeting them and getting along together. The contents of the program consisted of four projects on self-identity, community awareness, recognition and tolerance, and cultural diversity, which were based on intercultural elements of the curriculum organized by Kang & Jeong(2019). These projects corresponded with health, competition, challenge, and expression among the five areas of physical education curriculum, and was finally reembodied as "healthy creators," "we are all MVPs," "golf craft gamers" and "world travelers," respectively. Finally, the study utilized blended learning, physical education class groups, and association with communities to effectively run the program. Second, students were able to develop their intercultural literacy by participating in this program. Intercultural literacy is the ability to understand, respect, and communicate with each other in an open manner in intercultural situations(Chen & Starosta, 2000), which can be seen as an essential aspect to living in a intercultural society. Although the concept and components of intercultural literacy have not been clearly identified, various studies confirmed that intercultural literacy consist of intercultural cognition, intercultural skill, and intercultural attitudes. As the students got to rethink and learn about the grouped concept Me-You-Us, they were able to love and live along with Me-You-Us. Third, factors that affected students' intercultural literacy included holistic growth through physical activities, cooperative support of friends, teachers, and families, program contents that encouraged students' voluntary participation, and an intercultural environment. First of all, the key factor in this study is the holistic growth through physical activity. Students overcame linguistic limitations and actively participated in physical education classes using physical language. Also, students were about to enjoy physical education through active exploration of physical activities, and students who used to be left out in class were able to experience teamwork and cooperation through the program. Thus, students achieved holistic growth by participating in this physical activity centered program, which confirms the effect of fostering studentsโ€™ intercultural literacy. The comprehensive discussion based on the results of this study is as follows. First, this research was able to integrate intercultural literacy through inter-disciplinary integration, focusing on physical education. Therefore, this program has the character of a holistic education that aims to nurture students as human beings with integrated intercultural literacy. Second, the study transferred the initiative of the program to students, addressing the difficulties students face and encouraging active participation. This reveals the characteristics of participatory action research, which confirms that active participation leads to effective development of intercultural literacy. Third, the potential of physical activities for intercultural education was identified. Finally, the proposal for field practice is to establish a cooperative system for intercultural physical education by utilizing resources inside and outside the school. Second, it is effective to use humanistic methods to introduce students to the culture contained within sports activities. Third, non-intercultural students and teachers should also learn and build up intercultural literacy not just multicultural students. Suggestions for follow-up research is as follows: First, further research is needed to find out how the changes in intercultural cognition, attitudes and behavior affect the students in the long term. Second, research is needed to find out how the intercultural literacy is transferred to daily life.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด์œก ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฒด์œก ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€, ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2020๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2021๋…„ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 20๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ•™์ƒ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด 26.7%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 5ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 12๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด, ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ํ˜„์žฅ๋ฌธ์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Creswell(2015)์˜ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋ฒ•, ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ˜‘์˜, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ, ์†Œํ†ต์„ฑ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ โ€˜GREET Uโ€™์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ˜„์ฃผ์™€ ์ •์„ธ๋ฆฌ(2019)๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ž์•„์ •์ฒด๊ฐ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜์‹, ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ด€์šฉ, ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒด์œก๊ณผ์˜ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ, ๋„์ „, ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ„ฐโ€™, โ€˜์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ MVPโ€™, โ€˜๊ณจํ”„ ํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋จธโ€™, โ€˜์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€โ€™๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹, ์ฒด์œก ๋ชจ๋‘ , ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(Chen & Starosta, 2000)์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ธ์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜ยท๋„ˆยท์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜, ๋„ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋„ˆ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ธ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ์ง€์›, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์— ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ธ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์œก ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด์œก์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ  ์†Œ์™ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒด์œก ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•จ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋™์‹ฌ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ฒด์œก ๊ต๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์ธ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ค˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒด์œก ๊ต๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ์–‘๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ธ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ค๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์  ์‹คํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•จ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด์™ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฒด์œกํ™œ๋™์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์— ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž…๋ฌธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌธ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ธ์ง€, ํƒœ๋„, ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์ด๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 6 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก 8 ๊ฐ€. ํ•™์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 ๋‚˜. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 12 ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 15 ๋ผ. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ 18 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 ๊ฐ€. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด 20 ๋‚˜. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 21 ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋‚ด์˜ ์ ์šฉ 26 ๋ผ. ์ ์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 30 3. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 34 ๊ฐ€. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 34 ๋‚˜. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 37 1) ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 38 2) ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 42 ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 46 1) ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 46 2) ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 48 4. ์ดˆ๋“ฑ ์ฒด์œก์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก 51 ๊ฐ€. ์ดˆ๋“ฑ ์ฒด์œก๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก 51 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ฒด์œก 52 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ 53 3) ์ฒด์œก ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 55 ๋‚˜. ์ดˆ๋“ฑ ์ฒด์œก์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 56 ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ : ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 58 1) ์ฒด์œก ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 59 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 61 3) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 63 ๋ผ. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก 64 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 65 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 66 3) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘ ์ฒด์œก ๊ต์œก ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  68 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 69 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 69 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ 69 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 71 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 72 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•™๊ต 72 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•™๋…„ 74 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 74 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜ 74 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 76 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 78 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 78 ๋‚˜. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด 81 ๋‚˜. ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ 84 ๋ผ. ํ˜„์ง€๋ฌธ์„œ 85 ๋งˆ. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฒ™๋„ 87 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 88 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ 89 7. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ 90 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 91 1. ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ 91 ๊ฐ€. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ค€๋น„ 91 1) ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ์ธ์‹ 91 ๊ฐ€) ์ธ์ง€์  ๋ฌธ์ œ 91 ๋‚˜) ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ 94 ๋‹ค) ์ธ์ง€์™€ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” 96 ๋ผ) ์ฒด์œก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์™ธ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ 98 2) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 99 ๊ฐ€) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š” 99 ๋‚˜) ์ฒด์œก๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์š” 100 ๋‹ค) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์š” 101 ๋‚˜. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 102 1) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  102 2) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 103 ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋ฆฌ 103 1) ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€ : ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ฑ 104 2) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์ค€ : ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ, ์†Œํ†ต์„ฑ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ 108 ๋ผ. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 111 1) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ„ฐ 112 2) ๊ณจํ”„ ํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋จธ 115 3) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ MVP 118 4) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€ 122 ๋งˆ. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 126 1) ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ 126 2) ์ฒด์œก ๋ชจ๋‘  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 129 3) ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 132 2. ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ 135 ๊ฐ€. ๋‚˜ยท๋„ˆยท์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ธฐ 135 1) ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 136 2) ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ 140 3) ์•Ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ 144 ๋‚˜. ๋‚˜, ๋„ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ 149 1) ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ 149 2) ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ 157 3) ํ˜์˜ค์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ 161 4) ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋จ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ 167 ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋„ˆ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ 177 1) ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ 177 2) ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ 182 3) ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ 187 4) ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ 196 3. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์š”์ธ 200 ๊ฐ€. ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ธ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ 200 1) ์‹ ์ฒด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ˆ˜์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ 201 2) ์ฒด์œก ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์œผ๋กœ 206 3) ์†Œ์™ธ๋จ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ 211 4) ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ 216 ๋‚˜. ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ์ง€์› 221 1) ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ 222 2) ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ๊ต์‚ฌ 228 3) ์‘์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ 234 ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ 238 1) ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋ฐ ์•ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 239 2) ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šคํฌ์ธ  243 3) ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™œ๋™ 246 4) ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ 250 ๋ผ. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์— ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 255 1) ํ—ˆ์šฉ์ ์ธ ํ•™๊ธ‰ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ 255 2) ์ฒด์œก ์นœํ™”์  ํ•™๊ธ‰์šด์˜ 259 3) ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ•™๊ต์ƒํ™œ 269 4. ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋…ผ์˜ 273 ๊ฐ€. ์ฒด์œก์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 273 1) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 273 2) ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 274 ๋‚˜. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 276 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 279 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  279 2. ์ œ์–ธ 283 ๊ฐ€. ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 283 ๋‚˜. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 284 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 286 Abstract 308์„

    etl Tip

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    ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” 2006๋…„ 2ํ•™๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ eTL์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํฌํ„ธ ์ˆ˜์—…๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ ๋„ ๋งคํ•™๊ธฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ eTL์ด ๋‚ฏ์„ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ eTL์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ง€์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ๊ทน์  ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” eTL Tip์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค

    Ultrastructural and temporal changes of the microvascular basement membrane and astrocyte interface following focal cerebral ischemia.

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    Microvascular integrity is lost during cerebral ischemia. Detachment of the microvascular basement membrane (BM) from the astrocyte, as well as degradation of the BM, is responsible for the loss of microvascular integrity. However, their ultrastructural and temporal changes during cerebral ischemia are not well known. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 48 hr. By using transmission electron microscopy, the proportion of intact BM-astrocyte contacts and electron densities of the BM were measured from five randomly selected microvessels in the ischemic basal ganglia. Their temporal changes and associations with activities of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated. The intact portion of the BM-astrocyte contacts was decreased significantly within 4 hr and was rarely observed at 48 hr after MCAO. Decreases in the electron density and degradation of the BM were significant 12 hr after MCAO. The intact BM-astrocyte contacts and the mean BM density showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.784, P < 0.001). MMP-9 activity was correlated negatively with the intact BM-astrocyte contacts (r = -0.711, P < 0.001) and with the BM density (r = -0.538, P = 0.0016). The increase in MMP-9 coincided temporally with the loss of the BM-astrocyte contacts and a decrease in the BM density. Ultrastructural alterations occurring in the microvascular BM and its contacts with astrocyte endfeet were temporally associated in cerebral ischemia. Time courses of their alterations should be considered in the treatment targeted to the microvascular BM and its contact with astrocytes.ope

    Physical interactions and functional coupling between Daxx and sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 in ischemic cell death

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    Daxx, a death domain-associated protein, is implicated in ischemic cell death. To clarify the mechanism of cell death mediated by Daxx, a yeast two-hybrid assay was performed. Sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) was identified as a Daxx-interacting protein. During ischemic stress, Daxx translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it colocalizes with NHE1. Daxx binds to the ezrin/radixin/moesin-interacting domain of NHE1, in competition with ezrin. Consistent with this finding, transfection of the constitutively cytoplasmic mutant, Daxx(W621A), inhibited ezrin-mediated Akt-1 activation. Moreover, transfection of Daxx(W621A), but not the Daxx(S667A) mutant that is confined to the nucleus, accelerated pH(i) recovery from an acid load, indicating that the cytoplasmic protein activates NHE1. Based on the results, we propose that ischemic insult triggers the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of Daxx, following which cytoplasmic Daxx stimulates the NHE1 transporter activity and suppresses activation of the NHE1-ezrin-Akt-1 pathway. Our data support a novel molecular function of Daxx as an upstream regulator of NHE1 in ischemic cell deathope

    ๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ผ์ฆ์กฐ์ ˆํ˜• ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ํ™ฉ์„์—ฐ.๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ(Osteoarthritis)์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…น์ฐจ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ธ epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. EGCG๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  radical specie s์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ (Hyaluronic acid)์€ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์กฐ์ง ๊ณตํ•™์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” EGCG๋ฅผ ํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋ฏผ(tyramine)์ด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋œ ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด ๊ฒ”์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ 50 ฮผM EGCG ๋ฐ 5 % w / v ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ตœ์  ๋†๋„์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒ”์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒ”์€ ์ „์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์ธ IL-1ฮฒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒ”์€ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์กฐ์ง ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์€ EGCG-HA/Gelatin ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ”์ด ์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆํ˜• ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒ”์ด ๊ณจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder that has limited regenerative capacity once damaged. Once OA is induced in the joint, the subsequent immune reaction leads to chronic inflammation that results in the progression of OA and deconstruction of the cartilage. In this study, an injectable hydrogel with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is introduced to control inflammation and enhance cartilage regeneration. EGCG has intrinsic properties that can modulate inflammation and scavenge radical species. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the cartilage ECM, and therefore, commonly used for cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, EGCG was combined with tyramine-conjugated HA and gelatin to create a composite hydrogel with an optimal concentration of 50 ฮผM and 5% w/v HA. The composite hydrogel provided protection to chondrocytes against pro-inflammatory factor, IL-1ฮฒ. Additionally, the composite hydrogel led to chondrogenic regeneration in vitro. Histological analysis in vivo showed that EGCG-HA/Gelatin hybrid hydrogel minimized cartilage loss in surgically induced OA model. This study demonstrates that inflammation-modulating HA-based hydrogel may provide a therapeutic option for OA treatment.CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUD 1 1.1 Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis 1 1.2 Current strategies of OA treatment 2 1.3 Inflammatory modulating materials for OA 7 CHAPTER 2: INFLMMATION-REGULATED HYALURONIC ACID HYDROGEL FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS CARTILAGE REPAIR. 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Experimental sections 12 2.3 Results 19 2.4 Discussion 27 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCES. 43 ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก). 49Maste

    Photographic Representation of the Working Class in Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo: 1920-1940

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •(๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2014. 8. ์ •ํ˜•๋ฏผ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์ธ 1920-40๋…„ ใ€Ž๋™์•„์ผ๋ณดใ€์™€ ใ€Ž์กฐ์„ ์ผ๋ณดใ€์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ถ„๋ณ„ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์žฌํ˜„ ์–‘์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด, ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹, ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์ด๋ž€ 1920-1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘, ๋Œ€์ค‘, ์ธ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ํŒŒ์•… ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์บก์…˜, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตโˆ™๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ์ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์•ฝ 1,200์—ฌ ์žฅ์˜ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ๊ตฐ์ƒ(็พคๅƒ) ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—… ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์ด ํ”ผ์‚ฌ์ฒด์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ๋ฌผ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์› ๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์›๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋งํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’๊ด‘์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ํฌ์ปค์Šค๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚จ๋ฃจํ•œ ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์œˆ ์‹ ์ฒด, ์ง€์นœ ํ‘œ์ •์€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์†Œ์ž‘์Ÿ์˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์ž‘์Ÿ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€๋ฉด์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋†์ดŒ ์ผ์ƒ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ณ ๋‹จํ•จ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์€ํ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ์ทŒํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—…๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ํƒ๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผํ™”์  ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์ƒ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์•ฝ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋”ฐ์Šคํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋…ธ๋™์Ÿ์˜ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™์ ˆ ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ 40%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚จ์ž ํŒŒ์—…๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹น๋‹นํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์—… ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ 1920๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์—์„œ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ์ด๋™์›์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์—…์—ญ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด ์‹ค๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹œํ˜œ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ๊ตด๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํƒœํ•จ์„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ ์‚ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋™ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ข…์ข… ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๋ฌปํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ์†Œ๋ฌธ ํ™”๊ต๊ฐ€(่ฏๅƒ‘่ก—)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ •์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ†ค์ด ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜จ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™์ด ์ „์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ ์€ ์–‘๊ฐ€์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ด ๋นˆ๊ณค์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ฐ๊ทธ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค.This thesis examines the photographic representation of the working class in Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo from 1920-1940. Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo were two major Korean-operated newspapers. Some 1200 photographs of the lower class were categorized into three groups: farmers or peasants, industrial workers, and the poor or vagrants. In general, the working class was portrayed differently than their upper class counterparts in both Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo. For example, when the labor class was photographed in newspapers, the workers were mostly seen in groups from a distance or from above. Thus, there was much less attention to capture the subjects facial expressions, personality or inner character. Rural folks were frequently photographed in Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo as part of an idyllic scene, recipients of the newspapers led rural education movements, or victims of natural disasters. Although there were frequent strikes by the peasants in the 1920-30s, photographs of rural unrests hardly ever appeared in the Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo. Therefore, we can argue that rural folks were stereotyped either as part of a pastoral scene or passive victims. In comparison to rural folks, factory workers were portrayed as more active. For example, the photographs of male factory workers on strike during the late 1920s and early 1930s show them as confident, resolved and organized. The photographic representation of male factory workers showed the Korean newspapers sympathetic attitude toward striking compatriots against the Japanese factory owners. However, newspaper photographs of labor disputes were quickly replaced from the mid-1930s by pictures of dedicated workers on the home front as Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China and cracked down on any industrial actions. Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo ran photography news of the destitute, and portrayed them as hard-working, but poor people. This practice contradicted the Japanese colonial officials claim that poverty was the consequence of moral depravity. While newspaper articles described the deprived living conditions of the poor in vivid terms, accompanying photographs did not portray poverty-stricken images in as much detail. Realistic images of poverty were mostly taken as embarrassing or shameful, not as an indictment against social injustice.I. ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 19 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 II. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์–‘์  ์ถ”์ด ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž 31 1. ์ง€๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 31 2. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์–‘์  ์ถ”์ด 35 3. ์‚ฌ์ง„๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ œ์ž‘, ํŽธ์ง‘ 56 III. ๋†๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 65 1. ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 65 2. ๋†๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์†Œ์ž‘์Ÿ์˜ 74 3. ํ”ผํํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” 85 3.1 ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด 85 3.2 ์‚ฐ๊ฐ„๋ฒฝ์ง€ ํƒ๋ฐฉ 93 3.3 ์œ ๋ž‘, ์ด๋ฏผ 104 4. ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ๋†์—…์—ญ๊ตฐํ™” 109 IV. ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„ 114 1. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™์ž์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 114 2. ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค 118 2.1 ๋…ธ๋™์Ÿ์˜ 118 2.1.1 ๋‚จ์ž ๊ณต์žฅ๋…ธ๋™์ž 118 2.1.2 ์—ฌ์ž ๊ณต์žฅ๋…ธ๋™์ž 129 3. ์ผ์šฉ์ง ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ์†Œ์™ธ, ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ 140 4. ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…์—ญ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž 145 4.1 ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ 145 4.2 ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธํ™” 151 V. ๋นˆ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 159 1. ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ 159 2. ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ ํ ์ง‘๋‚ด๊ธฐ ... 167 3. ๋™์ •์˜ ์ •์„œ์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ž‘๋™ 176 3.1 ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ 176 3.2 ํ™”๊ต์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”์™€ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ฃผ์˜ 188 4. ๊ฑธ์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ์„ : ๋™์ •๊ณผ ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ํ˜ผ์žฌ 194 VI. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  206 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 206 2. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ 211 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 214Docto

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