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    ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์ •๋™์šฑ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ๋ฆ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝโ€ค์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ต, ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…โ€ค์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํŒจ๋„ ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋กœ์ง“ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„ ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œํ˜• ๋กœ์ง“ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” PISA ์ฝ๊ธฐโ€ค์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜์‹๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ 5์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ PISA์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ 30 ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์ฒด PISA ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ด์›๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 5์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ PISA์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ 30 ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์ฒด PISA ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ PISA ์ฝ๊ธฐโ€ค์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ํŽธ์ฐจ์ ์ˆ˜(Absolute Deviation Score)๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ด์›๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํ•€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋งค๋…„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€โ€ค๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„๊ต์ •์ฑ…ํ•™ ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ง€์ง€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก , ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ํ™•์‚ฐ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ง€์ง€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ต, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์šด์˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •์ ์ธ(positive) ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ œ๊ณ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์™„ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ„์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋„์ž…โ€ค์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์–ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„๊ต์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์˜๋„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„๊ต์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํž ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๋น„์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ต์œก๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ œ๊ณ ์—๋„ ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚ด์  ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚ด์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตโ€ค๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ณ„ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ ์†์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ(Effectiveness)์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ(Equity)์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 9 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 13 โ…ก. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 17 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 17 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 21 ๊ฐ€. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 21 ๋‚˜. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 30 ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  40 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 55 ๊ฐ€. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ 55 ๋‚˜. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 57 ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 59 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 64 ๊ฐ€. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 64 ๋‚˜. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 76 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 85 โ…ข. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 88 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 88 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 93 ๊ฐ€. ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€ (Conceptual Framework) 93 ๋‚˜. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 96 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 105 ๊ฐ€. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ 105 ๋‚˜. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 107 ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 114 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 ๊ฐ€. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 ๋‚˜. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 126 ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 138 ๋ผ. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 148 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 152 โ…ฃ. ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋…ผ์˜ 157 1. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 157 2. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 161 3. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฝ 165 4. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€โ€คํ•™๊ตโ€คํ•™์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ 169 5. ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์™„ํ™” 172 โ…ค. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  175 1. ์š”์•ฝ 175 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 181 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 187 Abstract 211 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ PISA ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 31 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ 33 Carnoy et al.(2002)์˜ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 38 Education Week์˜ ํ•™๊ต์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 39 PISA ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ 56 ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 58 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 68 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 74 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 78 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œํ˜• ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 81 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ ์ •๋ฆฌ 85 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 111 ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 120 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ๊ธฐโ€ค์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ๋น„๊ต 121 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ๊ธฐโ€ค์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋น„๊ต 122 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ œ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 127 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ œ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 132 ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 140 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 141 ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 143 ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 145 ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 146 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์™„ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 152 ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 162 [๋ถ€๋ก 1] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 203 [๋ถ€๋ก 2] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œํ˜• ํ”„๋กœ๋น—๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 203 [๋ถ€๋ก 3] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด (2000๋…„-2012๋…„) 204 [๋ถ€๋ก 4] Listwise ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ธก์น˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ œ๊ณ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 207 [๋ถ€๋ก 5] ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ผ์›๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 209 ๊ทธ ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ… -1] ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ 12 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-1] ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ตฌ์กฐ 25 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-2] ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ‹€ 28 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-3] ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด์†Œ 29 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-4] ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰โ€ค๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๋„์‹ํ™” 46 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-5] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰โ€ค๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๋„์‹ํ™” 49 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-6] ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰โ€ค๊ฐ•ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๋„์‹ํ™” 53 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-7] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 54 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-8] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™” 65 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-9] ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 66 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-10] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 67 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-11] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 70 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-12] ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 71 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ก-13] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 71 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-1] ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์กธ์—…์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ SES ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ PISA 2003 ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ ์ˆ˜ 100 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-2] ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ œ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต 103 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-3] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ PISA ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 108 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-4] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ PISA ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 109 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-5] ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐโ€ค์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฐํฌ๋„(๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€) 119 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-6] OECD ๊ฐ€์ž… ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋น„๊ต 123 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-7] ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ๊ธฐํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋น„๊ต 124 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-8] ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์ง€์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ๊ธฐํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋น„๊ต 124 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-9] ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ๊ณก์„  (Lorenz Curve) 149 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-10] PISA ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ๊ณก์„  ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 150 [๊ทธ๋ฆผ โ…ข-11] PISA ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ๊ณก์„  ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 150Docto

    Prediction of Water Production Behavior by Production Logging-based Multi-Phase Flow Simulation

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    Water production is naturally inevitable since the initial gas-water contact moves up as reservoir pressure is depleted during entire production period. In multi-layered gas reservoirs, gas productivity could be decreased by water production which may cause water blockage or cross flow and even the well can be killed if gas production rate is less than the minimum velocity to prevent liquid loading. Therefore, water management is essentially required as a top priority for reservoir management. However, an analytical approach to estimate water influx from each zone has uncertainties due to the complexity of fluid flow in multi-layered reservoir and in highly deviated wells. For that reason, production logging is commonly carried out to directly measure production contribution for each zone although it makes high cost. In this study, production logging data is reviewed and analyzed to estimate productivities of each zone and to select the best matched flow correlation then, the results are utilized to construct a production well model. The model is validated with well test data and a sensitivity analysis for water cut is carried out using multi-phase flow simulator in order to estimate water entry zone and to predict water production behavior in the future1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋‚ด ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 3 2.1 ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์„ (Nodal ๋ถ„์„) 3 2.1.1 Inflow ์œ ๋™ ๋ถ„์„ 4 2.1.2 Outflow ์œ ๋™ ๋ถ„์„ 7 2.2 ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‹œํ—˜ (Well Deliverability Test) 9 2.2.1 ๊ฐ€์Šค ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‹œํ—˜ 9 2.2.2 ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‹œํ—˜ (Multi-Point Test) 12 2.3 ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฒ€์ธต 17 2.3.1 Conventional ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฒ€์ธต 17 2.3.2 Advanced Multi-Sensor ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฒ€์ธต 19 2.3.3 Selective Inflow Performance(SIP) ์‹œํ—˜ 21 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ • ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 22 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฐœ์š” 22 3.2 Selective Inflow Performance ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 24 3.2.1 A์ธต์˜ SIP ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 3.2.2 B1์ธต์˜ SIP ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 3.2.3 B2์ธต์˜ SIP ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 27 3.2.4 C์ธต์˜ SIP ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 28 3.3 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 29 3.3.1 ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ 30 3.3.2 ์ธก์ •์ž๋ฃŒ ๋งค์นญ 33 3.3.3 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 35 4. Water Cut ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜ˆ์ธก 37 4.1 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋งค์นญ 37 4.1.1 Case ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 38 4.1.2 B2์ธต Water Cut ๋งค์นญ 40 4.2 Water Cut ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜ˆ์ธก 43 4.2.1 ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 43 4.2.2 ๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ถ”์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก 45 4.2.3 ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜ˆ์ธก 47 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 5

    Influence of Programming Education Utilizing Arduino on Creative Problem Solving Ability of High School Students

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œค์ •๊ตฌ์˜ 2017๋…„๋„ ์„์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ใƒป๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the programming education using Arduino, which is utilized in producing the creative outputs, on the creative problem solving ability of high school students. In order to verify the effectiveness, we divided 56 students in the second grade of high school in Gyeonggi-do into experiment group(28 students) and control group(28 students) and conducted the ordinary text-based programming class to the control group and the programming class utilizing Arduino to the experiment group for 14 hours each. The results of the research showed that creative problem solving ability of experiment group was meaningfully improved compared to control group. Based on these results, it can be seen that high school students' programming education using Arduino has a positive effect on creative problem solving ability.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋‘์ด๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๊ฐœ ํ•™๊ธ‰ 56๋ช…์„ 28๋ช…์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ 28๋ช…์˜ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„์— ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์—…์„, ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์•„๋‘์ด๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 14์ฐจ์‹œ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํ†ต์ œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„๋‘์ด๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

    An Analysis on the Wage Loss of Career Interruption Using Propensity Score Matching

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…ํŒจ๋„์˜ 5์ฐจ ๋…„๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์ŠนํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์ŠนํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 12.2% ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์†์‹ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถœ์‚ฐยท์œก์•„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด 28.7% ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์˜จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์†์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ์–ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.The focus of this study is to estimate the wage loss of career interruption. The main target of this research is 3,273 employees collected from the data of the 5th wave Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) (2013) organized by KRIVET. To estimate the wage loss effect of career interruption, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were employed. The results of the study show that employees with career interruption have 12.2% lower wage than employees without career interruption. Also, after controlling observable characteristics between treatment and control groups using PSM, it was found that employees with career interruption due to childbirth and childcare have 28.7% lower wage than the employees without those kinds of career interruption. On the other hand, employees with career interruption for developing self-competency showed higher wages than those of employees without those reasons for career interruption. These findings provide useful policy implications for reducing wage loss of employees who experienced career interruption

    ๋Œ€์กธ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์ž ์žฌ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ถ„์„

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    40% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์กธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฌด์™€ ๊ต์œก(๊ธฐ์ˆ ) ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ณต๊ณผ๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•จ. 2005๋…„์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2015๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผ์†Œ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์†Œ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.3%p, 4.6%p ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ง๋ฌด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ต์œก(๊ธฐ์ˆ ) ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กธ ์ทจ์—…์ž๋“ค์ด ์†Œํญ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. ์˜์•ฝ๊ณ„์—ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2005๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 2015๋…„์— โ€˜๊ณผ์†Œ๊ต์œก-์ „๊ณต ์ผ์น˜ ์ง‘๋‹จโ€™์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์—ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ทจ์—… ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ์ง„๋กœยท์ทจ์ฐฝ์—… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ.40% of college graduates say that they experience a mismatch between their jobs and their education or skill levels and that their jobs are irrelevant to their majors. Between 2005 and 2015, the proportion of those who report an education or skill mismatch rose by 5.3%p and 4.6%p, respectively, showing a slight increase in the proportion of employed college graduates who feel that their education or skill levels are insufficient to perform their jobs properly. In healthcare and education, such perceived mismatches rose far more significantly than in other fields between 2005 and 2015. Given the important role that higher education plays, the government and universities need to address the issue by providing incumbent students with sufficient job information and running career, job, and startup programs

    ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ณดํ†ต๊ต๊ณผ ์ด์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€(3.44์ )์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค(3.60์ )์— ๋น„ํ•ด 0.16์  ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ(5์  ๋งŒ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€). ๋ณดํ†ต๊ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ์ˆ˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 50%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ  ์žฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹(3.51์ )์€ ํ•˜์œ„ 50%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ  ์žฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค(3.41์ )์— ๋น„ํ•ด 0.10์  ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ณดํ†ต๊ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ  ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์—…์ธ์ด์ž ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ณดํ†ต๊ต๊ณผ ์ด์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ณดํ†ต๊ต๊ณผ์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.The level of civic awareness of specialized high school students (3.44 out of 5 points) is 0.16 points lower than that of general high school students (3.60 points). The civic awareness of specialized high school students with top 50% of general subject class hours (3.51 points) is 0.10 point higher than that of those with bottom 50% of general subject class hours (3.41 points) The level of civic awareness for specialized high school students is shown to increase as the class hours for general subjects increase, regardless of gender or academic achievement level. It is necessary to reflect on the need and significance of completing general education subjects in specialized high schools and balance allocation of special and general subjects in order for specialized high school graduates to gain competency as a professional worker, a healthy member of the society, and a democratic citizen

    ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„

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    ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ง„๋กœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ 5์  ๋งŒ์ ์— 3.96์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ(3.87์ )๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ง„๋กœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘ โ€˜์ง์—…์ดํ•ดโ€™, โ€˜์ง„๋กœํƒ์ƒ‰โ€™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ฏธ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์Œ. ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์€ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€(3.78์ )์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ(3.56์ )๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์Œ. ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•™๊ต ์ง„๋กœํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋กœ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ์ง„๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐ ์ž์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ„ํšยท์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์šด์˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ.The career development competencies score of middle-school students who participated in the Free Semester program was 3.96 out of 5, higher than the score of students who did not take part (3.87). Specifically, the participants in the program scored significantly higher in the "career understanding" and "career exploration" fields of the career development competencies. The program participants showed a higher cognitive level (3.78) with regard to the general tasks, functions and responsibilities of their desired job than the non-participants (3.56). The program participants showed higher levels of satisfaction with regard to school career activities and career-experience programs than the non-participants. To enhance the students' sociality and understanding of themselves during Free Semesters and to help their career-related decision-making, as well as to help schools to plan and implement relevant curriculum and Free Semester activities, it is necessary to ensure autonomy in implementing each school's curriculum and to establish an institutional environment where the resulting outcomes can be analyzed and evaluated. *The full-text is available in Korean only

    Taxonomic identity of leaf fragments jfound in the annals of the Joseon Dynasty and botanical origin of a herbal medicine 'Cheongung'

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    Tiny leaf fragments were found in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which were compiled about 500 years ago. The records describing the detailed process of compiling the Annals indicate that silk bags packed with the powders of 'Cheongung' and 'Changpo', which have been used as traditional herbal medicines in the northeast Asian countries such as China and Japan as well as Korea, were put in the wooden storage boxes together with the volumes of the Annals. However, there is no record that parts of plants were used in the process of compiling the Annals. The botanical origin of leaf fragments was identified as Ligusticum sinense "Chuanxiong' by the analysis of trnK of chloroplast DNA as well as the examination of leaf surface with SEM. The comparative analysis of trnK sequences showed that the choloroplast DNA haplotype of 'To-cheongung', a triploid species cultivated in Korea, was identical with Cnidium officinale, but different from L. sinense "Chuanxiong'. The molecular results provide a new suggestion on the botanical origin of crude drugs used as 'Cheongung', which has been disputed in Korea.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201634099RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A002208CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผEMAIL:[email protected]_YN:YCONFIRM:

    The Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus and the Constituents Inhibit Allergic Response In vitro and In vivo

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    The rhizomes of Acorus gramineus have frequently been used in traditional medicine mainly for sedation as well as enhancing brain function. In this study, the anti-allergic activity of A. gramineus was investigated. The 70% ethanol extract of the rhizomes of A. gramineus was found to inhibit the allergic response against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-catalyzed leukotriene (LT) production from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-1 cells and ฮฒ-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells with IC50's of 48.9 and >200 ฮผg/ml, respectively. Among the 9 major constituents isolated, ฮฒ-asarone, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-bis (2',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran (AF) and 2,3-dihydro-4,5,7-trimethoxy-1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)indene (AI) strongly inhibited 5-LOX-catalyzed LT production in A23187-treated RBL-1 cells, AI being the most potent (IC50=6.7 ฮผM). Against ฮฒ-hexosaminidase release by antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, only AI exhibited strong inhibition (IC50=7.3 ฮผM) while ฮฒ-asarone and AF showed 26.0% and 39.9% inhibition at 50 ฮผM, respectively. In addition, the ethanol extract of A. gramineus showed significant inhibitory action against the hapten-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction in mice by oral administration at 200 mg/kg. Therefore, it is suggested that A. gramineus possesses anti-allergic activity and the constituents including ฮฒ-asarone and AI certainly contribute to the anti-allergic activity of the rhizomes of A. gramineus.This study was financially supported by the research fund of Studies on the Identification of the Efficacy of Biologically Active Components from Oriental Herbal Medicines from Korean Food and Drug Administration (2009-2011) and post-BK21 project from the Ministry of Education, Korea.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/0000001731/23SEQ:23PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:0000001731ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A000864DEPT_CD:371CITE_RATE:.794FILENAME:bt_asarone.pdfDEPT_NM:์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผEMAIL:[email protected]_YN:YCONFIRM:
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