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    ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™”์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ๊น€์ฐฝ์—ฝ.์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ODA๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์›์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์›์กฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›์กฐํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์›์กฐ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์„ ์–ธ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์›์กฐ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด๋“๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๋งŒํผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ์€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ •์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์„ ์–ธ๋„ ์›์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์œ ํ˜•์ž์ฒด๋„ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ค‘๋ณต๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”•ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–‘์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”์— ๋ฌด์‹ ๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. 70 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ๋งŽ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™”์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์›์กฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” 1. ์›์กฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” 2. ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๋ฐ ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™”์ •์ฑ… 1. ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 2. ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” 3. ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™”์ •์ฑ… ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 1. ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์›๊ตญ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 2. ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” 3. ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ”์œ„ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 2. ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 3. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ 4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 3. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์›์กฐ์กฐํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ 1. ์›์กฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 2. ์›์กฐ ์ค‘๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™” ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ€ ๋ก : ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตญ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผMaste

    A Study on the Effects of Lubricant Containing Copper-Nickel Nano Metal Powder on Lubrication and Engine Performance

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    The characteristic of a lubricant is important under severe running condition. Especially on diesel engines the better lubrication performance is required due to the extreme condition such as high temperature and pressure by combustion process in a combustion chamber. Many research works for improving a boundary lubrication performance have been studied by using solid lubricants, and have been tried to apply solid lubricants to an engine. However those general lubricants like MoS2 or PTFE have not been applied on engines due to the extreme conditions such as very high temperature and pressure by combustion process in a cylinder. Recently, the solid lubricant containing a copper nickel alloy has been introduced and studied. In this report the lubricant containing the metal alloy particles is applied on wear test machines and diesel engines. The lubricant is assessed by mechanical characteristic test and by engine performance test. The results by mechanical characteristic test show the decrease of the coefficient of friction and oil temperature. The results by engine test show the decrease of X-axis and Y-axis amplitude which strongly effect on engine vibration and the decrease of torque related strongly to the engine efficiency as well as the improvement of the engine lubrication performance. In the engine performance test, the results were manifested as shown the increase of maximum torque, and the decrease of cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature, scavenging air temperature, CO emission according to running time lapse at various speed and torque on a diesel engine. It is clear that the lubricant containing the copper nickel alloy nano-powder decreases friction and wear, increases the sealing effect between a cylinder and piston rings and also improves engine performances.List of tables iv List of figures โ…ต Abstract ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์œคํ™œ์œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์—”์ง„์ ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1 1.2 ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 2.1 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 6 2.2 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ์‘์šฉ 10 2.3 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ  13 2.3.1 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด 15 2.3.2 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธก์ • 18 2.3.3 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณต์ • 21 2.4 RF ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  24 2.4.1 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 2.4.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 28 2.4.3 ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ์žฅ์  31 2.4.4. ๊ณต์ •์˜ ํŠน์ง• 31 2.4.5 ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ 32 ์ œ3์žฅ ์œคํ™œ์œ  ๋ฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ 3.1 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œคํ™œ 35 3.1.1 ์œคํ™œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 36 3.1.2 ์œคํ™œ์ž‘์šฉ 38 3.1.3 ์œคํ™œ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 40 3.2 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œคํ™œ์ œ 42 3.2.1์—”์ง„์˜ค์ผ์˜ ์—ญํ•  42 3.2.2 ์—”์ง„์œ ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 47 3.2.3 ์—”์ง„์œ ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์ค€ 50 3.3 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œคํ™œ์œ  ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ 51 3.3.1 ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 51 3.3.2 ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 53 3.3.3 ๊ณ ์ฒด์œคํ• ์ œ 57 3.4 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ์œคํ™œ์ œ 61 3.4.1 ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 63 3.4.2 ์—”์ง„์˜ค์ผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ 67 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์œคํ™œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 4.1 ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋งˆ๋ชจ ์‹คํ—˜ 69 4.1.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 69 4.1.2 ์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 73 4.1.3 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 74 4.1.4 ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 88 4.2 ๊ทน์••์œคํ™œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 91 4.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 93 4.2.2 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 97 4.3 ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 100 ์ œ5์žฅ ์—”์ง„ ์œคํ™œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 5.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 102 5.1.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ 102 5.1.2 ๊ตฌ๋™์žฅ์น˜ 104 5.1.3 ๊ณ„์ธก์žฅ์น˜ 105 5.1.4 ์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 110 5.2 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 111 5.2.1 ์ถ• ์ง„๋™ํŠน์„ฑ 111 5.2.2 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œคํ™œํŠน์„ฑ 128 5.3 ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 132 ์ œ6์žฅ ์—”์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ ์šฉ์‹คํ—˜ 6.1 ์—”์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹คํ—˜ 134 6.1.1 ์—”์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 134 6.1.2 ์—”์ง„์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด 148 6.1.3 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 151 6.2 ๋ฐ•์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ ์šฉ์‹คํ—˜ 189 6.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 189 6.2.2 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 191 6.3 ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 197 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  200 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 20

    Differential Diagnosis Using Immunohistochemistry between Metastatic Cancers to Oral Cavity and Salivary Cancers

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    Metastatic tumors in oral cavity are rare, where their prognoses are considered to be extremely poor. Unless recognizing its primary origin, pathologic diagnoses for metastatic cancer have been troublesome for oral pathologists. This retrograde analysis was aimed at providing practical suggestion for the diagnoses of metastatic cancers to oral and maxillofacial region. We reviewed 20 patients diagnosed as metastatic cancers to oral cavity from 1991 to 2007. The patients were classified according to their clinical and histologic findings. We also reviewed 19 patients of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 16 patients of adenoid cystic carcinoma to compare with those of metastatic cancers. Immunohistochemical staining for CK 5/6, CK 17, TTF-1, CEA was performed for differential diagnosis. Histologically, 20 cases compromised 11 cases of adenocarcinoma, 5 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma, 3 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and one papillary carcinoma. The lung was the most common site for primary site (5/20), followed by the breast (2/20). In metastatic adenocarcinoma, TTF-1 positive cases were one lung cancer and a rectal cancer, and carcinomas from breast and rectum showed CK5/6 positive reaction. CEA was expressed in gastric and rectal carcinomas. In 19 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 13 cases (68.4%) are CK5/6 (+). In 16 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 11 cases (68.8%) showed the positive reaction for CK5/6. TTF-1 is an antibody to show high sensitivity and specificity for lung adenocarcinoma, therefore, TTF-1 is helpful to make a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinomas from lung. Adenocarcinomas originated from salivary glands show high CK5/6 expression, but metastatic adenocarcinomas, except of those from breast and rectum, show no CK5/6 expression, lending support that CK5/6 may be useful to differentiate metastatic adenocarcinomas from carcinomas of salivary gland origin.ope

    Novel Topology and Control of Two Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines for Two Speed Operation using Single 6-Bridge Inverter

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ํ•˜์ •์ต.์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „์›๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ, ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŒํผ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋‹จ(ac link) ํ˜น์€ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ(dc link)์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋งŒํผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ, ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ค‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์› ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ง๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์™€ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ๋„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒˆ์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒˆ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 6-๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 3์ƒ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์กฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘ ์ƒ์€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์šด์ „ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™์†์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด 6-๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์†๋„ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ 560W๊ธ‰ ์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์™€ 25 A ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3์ƒ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์›Œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iii ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ viii ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  2 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด์ค‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 4 2.1 ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 2.1.1 ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•[1] 5 2.1.2 ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ / ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹[2]-[4] 6 2.1.3 q์ถ• ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฒ•[5] 7 2.2 ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.2.1 5-๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ[6]-[8] 9 2.2.2 9-์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ[9][10] 10 2.2.3 2-๋ ˆ๊ทธ 6-์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ[11][12] 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ 13 3.1 ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ โ€“ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 13 3.2 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ 15 3.2.1 ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„์™€ ํšŒ์ „์ž ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 18 3.2.2 ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ํšŒ์ „์ž ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 23 3.2.3 ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 28 3.3 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ• 33 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋น„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 35 4.1 ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด์ „ ์˜์—ญ ์ œ์–ด 35 4.1.1 ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 42 4.1.1 ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 45 4.2 ํšจ์œจ ์ œ์–ด 47 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 5.1 ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ 50 5.1.1 ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด์ „ ์˜์—ญ ์ œ์–ด 51 5.1.2 ํšจ์œจ ์ œ์–ด 55 5.2 ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 58 5.3 ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 5.3.1 ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด์ „ ์˜์—ญ ์ œ์–ด 59 5.3.2 ํšจ์œจ ์ œ์–ด 63 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 66 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 68 ABSTRACT 70Maste

    Validity and interexaminer reliability of different methods for the diagnosis of approximal caries

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ์น˜์•„์šฐ์‹์ฆ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์—ฐ ์œต์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์ด ์—†๋Š” 80๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ 1์ธ์˜ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„  ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œ์ง„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋‚ด์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋กœ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์–ด ์•…๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์น˜์•„ ๋ชจํ˜•์ƒ ์ ‘์ด‰๋˜๋Š” 118๊ฐœ ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 15๋ช…์˜ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž„์ƒ์‹ค์Šต์šฉ dental practice table unit์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์— ์‹œ์ง„, ์‹œ์ง„+ํƒ์นจ, ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI (fiber-optic transillumination), ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์น˜์•„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์ ˆํŽธ์ƒ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 15๋ช…์˜ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค 1. ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ ์‹œ์ง„, ์‹œ์ง„+ํƒ์นจ, ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI, ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.35, 0.29, 0.34, 0.40, 0.48์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ด๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ 0.91, 0.94, 0.98, 0.98, 0.99์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋Š” ์‹œ์ง„, ์‹œ์ง„+ํƒ์นจ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI, ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„+ํŠน์ด๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹œ์ง„๊ณผ ์‹œ์ง„+ํƒ์นจ์€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (kappa<0.4), ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI, ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (0.4<kappa<0.75). 3. ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI, ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.26, 0.20, 0.27์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠน์ด๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ 0.88, 0.89, 0.92์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋Š” ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„+ํŠน์ด๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹œ์ง„+FOTI์™€ ์‹œ์ง„+๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  (kappa<0.4), ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (0.4<kappa<0.75). 5. ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋ณ‘์†Œ ๊นŠ์ด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์™€๋™์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์น˜์•„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™€๋™์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰ ๋ณ‘์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€๋™ํ˜•์„ฑ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„๋Š” 0.75, 0.98๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์™€๋™์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰ ๋ณ‘์†Œ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„๋Š” 0.95, 0.94๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘์งˆ ์šฐ์‹์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋Š” ํŠน์ด๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์ง„๋‹จ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ FOTI๋‚˜ ๊ต์ต๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์ง„๋‹จ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹œ์ง„๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ์น˜์•„์šฐ์‹์ฆ์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์ง„๋‹จ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์น˜์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์‹œ์ง„์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฒญ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The objective of this study was to measure validity and interexaminer reliability of current methods for diagnosis of approximal caries. Eighty extracted premolars and molars without fillings or marginal defects were selected. Firstly, selected teeth were examined using direct visual inspection by one dentist, and ten models of mandibular or maxillary arch each containing 12 contacting approximal surfaces were constructed. 15 dentists were asked to examine for approximal caries under standard condition in a dental practice table unit. The methods employed were visual inspection (โ…ฅ), visual inspection combined with probing (โ…ฅ+P), visual inspection combined with fiber-optic transillumination (โ…ฅ+FOTI), conventional bitewing radiography (BW) and visual inspection combined with conventional bitewing radiography (โ…ฅ+BW). Histological sections of the teeth were examined to give the valid state of disease in each surface. The results were as follows; 1. In case of histological dentin caries, the mean sensitivity and specificity values were โ…ฅ = 0.35 and 0.91, โ…ฅ+P = 0.29 and 0.94, โ…ฅ+FOTI = 0.34 and 0.98, BW = 0.40 and 0.98, and โ…ฅ+BW = 0.48 and 0.99, respectively. The positive predictive values of โ…ฅ+FOTI, BW and โ…ฅ+BW were markedly higher than those of โ…ฅ and โ…ฅ+P. The negative predictive values of five methods were similar. 2. In case of histological dentin caries, interexaminer reliability of โ…ฅ and โ…ฅ+P were poor (0 kappa<0.4), but that of โ…ฅ+FOTI, BW, and โ…ฅ+BW were good (0.4<kappa<0.75). 3. In case of histological enamel caries, the mean sensitivity and specificity values were โ…ฅ+FOTI = 0.26 and 0.88, BW = 0.20 and 0.89, and โ…ฅ+BW =0.27 and 0.92, respectively. The positive predictive value of โ…ฅ+BW was markedly higher than those of BW and โ…ฅ+FOTI. The negative predictive values of three methods were similar. 4. In case of histological enamel caries, interexaminer reliability of โ…ฅ+FOTI and BW were poor (0<kappa<0.4), but that of โ…ฅ+BW was good (0.4<kappa<0.75). 5. Sensitivity and specificity values of direct visual inspection were 0.75 and 0.98 for histological dentin caries, and the values for histological enamel caries were 0.95 and 0.74, respectively. According to the results, the validity of current methods for the diagnosis of approximal caries is acceptable for specificity but unsatisfactory for sensitivity. Interexaminer reliability of clinical examination using diagnostic aids such as FOTI, BW was generally good. But results of unaided clinical examination was very variable between examiners like many other previous studies. From this study, it is implied that the development of diagnostic aids with improved sensitivity is necessary and that further study is needed about how to reduce interexaminer variation of unaided clinical examination to appropriate level.ope

    (The) related factors of perceived oral health in Korean adults

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋ณด๊ฑด์˜์‹ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„, ์žฅ๋…„, ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ~34์„ธ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„, ๋งŒ 35~64์„ธ์˜ ์žฅ๋…„, ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌด์น˜์•…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ด 4,428๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์ด 43.7%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต์ด 28.8%, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 27.6%์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋งŒ 18~34์„ธ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ, ์ ์€ DMFS, ์ถœํ˜ˆยท์น˜์„ํ˜•์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์ด ์—†์Œ, ์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œ„์ƒ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋งŒ 18~34์„ธ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…, ์ ์€ DMFS, ๊ณ ์ •์„ฑ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋งŒ 35~64์„ธ ์žฅ๋…„์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง, ์ ์€ DMFS, ๋งŽ์€ ์ž”์กด์น˜์•„์ˆ˜, ๊ตญ์†Œ์˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ์ž‡์†”์งˆ์„ 4ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ๋งŒ 35~64์„ธ ์žฅ๋…„์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง, ์ ์€ DMFS, ๋งŽ์€ ์ž”์กด์น˜์•„์ˆ˜, ๊ณ ์ •์„ฑ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญํ˜•์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์ด ์—†์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋ฌด์ง, ๋งŽ์€ ์ž”์กด์น˜์•„์ˆ˜, ๊ตญ์†Œ์˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ž”์กด์น˜์•„์ˆ˜, ์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญํ˜•์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์ด ์—†์Œ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—ผ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์€ ์žฅ๋…„์ธต์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์€ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณด์žฅํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์น˜๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋งŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ์‹๋„๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to examine oral health perception of Korean adult population. And the relationship of self-rated oral health to a comprehensive battery of clinical, demographic, socioeconomic factors and oral health related behaviors was tried to clarify. The 4,428 subjects over 18 years were selected for oral examination and survey. Baseline-category logits model was used to assess perceived oral health of young middle and old age groups. The results are as follows; 1. 43.67% of Korean adults rated their oral health as poor, 28.77% as fair, and 27.55% as good. 2. In young age group of 18-34 years old, living in metropolitan area, low income, low DMFS, no bridge, no bleeding gum or calculus, no TMD, no worry about their oral health, and use of oral hygiene products were positively associated with self-rated oral health. 3. In middle age group of 35-64 years old, older age, middle income than low, professional job, low DMFS, many remaining teeth, no bridge, no periodontal pocket, no worry about their oral health, and brushing more than 4 times were positively associated with self-rated oral health. 4. In old age group of over 65 years old, older age, living in metropolitan area, no job, many remaining teeth, no denture, no periodontal pocket, and no worry about their oral health were positively associated with self-rated oral health. In all age groups, major predictors of perceived oral health were oral epidemiological indicators and worry about oral health. Socioeconomic factors were more strongly associated in middle age group than others. Oral health security system and the types of dental visit were not associated with perceived oral health in Korea. Nowadays only objective clinical or epidemiological indicators are used for assessment of dental treatment and oral health policy. But self-rated oral health is a simple measure and reflects not only objective oral status but also socioeconomic status and psychological effect as worry about oral health. So, we should actively use the perceived oral health to promote nation''s actual oral well-being.ope

    Hepatoma-targeted human sodium iodide symporter gene expression using alpha fetoprotein enhancerpromoter

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ํ•ต์˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2007.Docto

    (A) Study on the incidence of the cellulitis in military

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    ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ(๋ด‰์†Œ์—ผ, Cellulitis)์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ •๋„์™€ ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ „๋ฐฉ โ—‹๊ฐœ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ โ—‹๊ฐœ ํŠน๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์† ์žฅ๋ณ‘ 6,800๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  4,432๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฐํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉํŒŒ์•…์€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ, ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ฯ‡๏ฟฝ๋ถ„์„, ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„ ์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ณ‘์ด 45.1%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 20โˆผ24์„ธ๊ฐ€ 96.2%์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ 2๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด 55.5%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 28.1%๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋ณต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 4. ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 36.1%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์œกํ†ต, ์—ด, ๋‘ํ†ต, ์‹์š•๋ถ€์ง„ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์†Œ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ถ€์œ„ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆ„, ๋ฐœ์ , ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 52%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌผ์ง‘๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์••ํ†ต, ํ™๋ฐ˜, ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ข…์ฐฝ, ๋ถ€์ข…, ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ถค์–‘ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 68.6%์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 19.3%, ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์ž ์„ ๋ชป ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์•„ํŒ ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 10%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 31.1%์˜€๋‹ค. 8. ๋ฐœ ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๊น”์ฐฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=24.976, p<0.001). 9. ํ–‰๊ตฐ ์ „ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ์ง‘์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰์–‘๋ง์„ ๋‘ ๊ฒน ์‹ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐํ™” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋น„๋ˆ„์น ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜น์€ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‚น์ด๋‚˜ ์–‡์€ ์–‘๋ง์„ ๋ง์‹ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10. ์ง€๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ตฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์—ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์—๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 11. ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฐฑ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฐฑ์„ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=71.320, p<0.001), ํ”ผ๋ถ€์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=200.709, p<0.001). 12. ๊ตฐํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์ฒ˜, ํƒ€๋ฐ•์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒ˜์™€ ํƒ€๋ฐ•์ƒ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=68.376, p<0.001). ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ง‘์ด ์‹ ๋ณ‘๊ต์œก๋Œ€์™€ ์ž๋Œ€, ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=21.579, p<0.001), ๋ฌผ์ง‘์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์ง‘์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=5.520, p<0.05). 13. ๋ฌผ์ง‘๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ 84.5%์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 14. ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2.35๋ฐฐ, ํ–‰๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ง‘์€ 1.62๋ฐฐ, ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฐฑ์„ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— 1.27๋ฐฐ, ๋ณต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 6๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 1.19๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์งˆํ™˜, ๋ฌผ์ง‘, ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ด‰์™€์ง์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The aim of this research was to examine the incidence of the cellulitis, and to look at not only the status of sanitation management and health problems but the relationship between the cellulitis and the sanitation management and problems related with feet in the military. The test group in this study was total of 6,800 ROK military men who were stationed at โ—‹ infantry divisions and โ—‹ ranger corps. However, only 4,432 of total was used in analyzing results. Data were collected using detailed questionnaire containing questions about the general characteristics, sanitation management, problems related with feet and the cellulitis occurrence. The general characteristics, the status of sanitation management, foot problems and the cellulitis were expressed as percentage, and the relationship between the cellulitis and the status of foot management, foot problems tested using ฯ‡๏ฟฝ-test, and the degree of significance of some of factors was analyzed by logistic regression. The main results of this study are as follows. 1. Corporal, the age between 20 to 24 and people with 1 to 2 years of service period were found to be the major group of the study, each comprising 45.1%, 96.2% and 55.5% of total respondents, respectively. 2. 28.1% of the respondents experienced cellulitis. 3. People with higher rank and longer service period in infantry division were found to experience cellulitis more frequently. 4. 36.1% of the soldiers had gone through the treatment more than twice. 5. The auras of the cellulitis include muscular pain, fever, headache, and anorexia. 6. The most common skin status before treatment of the cellulitis was the pus and fever by secondary infection of the injury, and the other symptoms were in the order of blisters, tenderness, reddening, swelling, edema and skin ulceration. 7. The 68.6% soldiers who experienced cellulitis needed analgesics. 8. The use of the inner soles increased incidence of the cellulitis (ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=24.976, p<0.001). 9. Wearing extra socks, using soap inside boots for lubrication, using thin inner socks consisting of polyester reduced the possibility of cellulitis and blister. 10. Softening new boots did not prevent cellulitis. 11. Aggravated tinea pedis(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=71.320, p<0.001) and dermatitis(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=200.709, p<0.001) contributed to the incidence of cellulitis as significant factors. 12. Soldiers with injury and bruise alone, and combination of injury and bruise developed more cellulitis(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=68.376, p<0.001). Also, soldiers who had blisters previously developed more cellulitis than those with no blisters(ฯ‡๏ฟฝ=5.520,p<0.05). 13. 84.5% of respondents developed cellulitis at the same area compared to that of blisters. 14. By analysing significant factors using logistic regression, the aggravated dermatitis, blisters, aggravated tinea pedis and service period each increased the risk of cellulitis 2.35, 1.62, 1.27 and 1.19 times, respectively. The results of this study indicate that it is important to prevent from getting aggravated tinea pedis, dermatitis, blisters and injury. The service period was shown to be significant. Therefore, education and continuous health care should be provided to soldiers in the army.ope
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