함백산 분비나무의 집단 내 유전변이와 종자 특성

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 산림과학부(산림환경학전공), 2023. 2. 강규석.Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim. is a subalpine conifer species and its southernmost natural populations are distributed in South Korea. Conservation actions should be considered as population decline is expected due to climate change. For ex-situ conservation of A. nephrolepis, securing enough genetic diversity and quantity of seeds is important. There were several studies on the weak genetic variation among populations of A. nephrolepis in South Korea, but there were few studies on genetic variation within a population. This study aimed to provide a reference for ex-situ conservation of an A. nephrolepis population in South Korea. Genetic variations and seed characteristics were investigated in an A. nephrolepis population at Mt. Hambaeksan, Gangwon-do, South Korea. The population of A. nephorlepis in Mt. Hambaeksan had the observed heterozygosity of 0.809 and the expected heterozygosity of 0.820. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the individuals had a positive genetic relationship within a 30 m distance, which was interpreted as a minimal sampling distance. The bigger trees had a stronger spatial genetic structure than the smaller trees. The inferred number of clusters (K) within a population did not converge: STRUCTURE inferred K=1 while GENELAND inferred K=2, but principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) supported K=1. Sampling simulation found that at least 20 individuals need to be sampled to secure the genetic diversity in a population. The seeds of A. nephrolepis population in Mt. Hambaeksan had similar characteristics to other populations in South Korea, with a germination percentage of 32.2%. However, there was a lower purity, probably caused by the higher temperature and less precipitation in the sampling year. The correlation analysis showed that the seed weight could be the most effective indicator of seed quality. The mother trees that were genetically closer to overall individuals had poorer seed quality, but it was insignificant. This study provided some strategies that contribute to the ex-situ conservation of A. nephrolepis. Further studies on the mating system and gene dispersal are needed to improve the understanding of the genetic structure of an A. nephrolepis population.분비나무 Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim.는 아고산 침엽수종의 하나로 남방한계 집단이 국내에 분포해 있다. 현재 분비나무는 기후변화 취약종으로 쇠퇴가 진행되고 있어 보전의 중요성이 증가하고 있으며, 현지외 보전을 위해서는 유전다양성과 종자에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 그 동안 분비나무 집단에 대해서는 집단 간 변이를 확인하는 연구가 주로 진행되어 왔으며, 집단 간 분화가 작음을 확인하였다. 그러나 분비나무의 집단 내 변이에 대한 연구는 거의 진행된 바가 없다. 본 연구는 분비나무의 현지외 보전 전략 수립에 필요한 정보를 제공하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 함백산 분비나무의 집단 내 유전구조와 종자 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 결과적으로 함백산 분비나무의 이형접합도 관측치는 0.809, 이형접합도 기대치는 0.820로 나타났다. 공간적 자기상관성 분석 결과, 분비나무 개체는 30 m 이내에서 서로 유전적으로 연관되어 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 곧 샘플링에 있어 개체 간 거리가 30 m 이상 간격이 유지되어야 함을 의미한다. 직경급 간 공간적 유전구조의 정도를 비교한 결과, 직경이 큰 나무들에서 상대적으로 강한 구조를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 집단 내 하부 집단의 수(K)를 계산한 결과, STRUCTURE와 GENELAND는 각각 K=1, K=2로 차이를 보였다. 그러나 주좌표 분석 결과, 특별한 하부 구조가 발견되지 않아 K=1의 결과가 지지되었다. 샘플링 시뮬레이션 결과, 충분한 유전변이를 확보하기 위해서는 적어도 20 개체 이상이 채집되어야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 함백산 분비나무의 종자는 기존 연구의 다른 집단과 유사한 특성을 보였으며, 32.2%의 발아율을 보였다. 하지만 순량율의 경우 분비나무 임목종자표준품질에 비해 다소 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이는 채집 연도가 평년에 비해 기온이 더 높았고 강수량이 더 적었던 것과 관련되었을 것으로 추정되었다. 상관분석 결과, 종자 무게가 종자 품질의 가장 효과적인 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 보였다. 다른 개체들과 유전적 거리가 비교적 가까운 모수에서 종자 품질이 떨어지는 경향이 존재하였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 본 연구는 분비나무의 공간적 유전구조와 종자생산을 함께 고려함으로써 현지외 보전에 적용가능한 정보를 제공하였다. 추후 유전자 분산 및 교배양식에 대한 연구를 통해 분비나무의 유전구조에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study background 1 1.2. Objectives of this research 3 2. Literature Review 4 2.1. Abies nephrolepis 4 2.2. Spatial genetic structure within population 7 2.3. Ex-situ conservation 10 3. Materials and Methods 13 3.1. Study site 13 3.2. Within-population genetic variation 15 3.2.1. Sampling 15 3.2.2. Genetic diversity 16 3.2.3. Spatial genetic structure 18 3.2.4. Sampling simulation study 22 3.3. Seed characteristics and germination 23 3.3.1. Cone sampling and analysis 23 3.3.2. Germination test 24 3.3.3. Statistical analysis 27 4. Results 29 4.1. Within-population genetic variation 29 4.1.1. Selection of microsatellite markers 29 4.1.2. Genetic diversity 30 4.1.3. Spatial genetic structure 30 4.1.4. Sampling simulation study 39 4.2. Seed characteristics and germination 41 4.2.1. Seed characteristics 41 4.2.2. Germination test 45 4.2.3. Statistical analysis 46 5. Discussions 52 5.1. Spatial genetic structure 52 5.2. Seed production 56 5.3. Strategy for ex-situ conservation 59 6. Conclusions 61 References 63 초 록 75석

Healthcare spending and utilization of lung cancer patients using 2002-2012 health insurance claims data

Dept. of Public Health/박사Background: Over the past decades, lung cancer has one of the highest fatality rates, and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality and disease burden not only in South Korea but also worldwide. Studies focused on lung cancer are well documented, however, the factors that are associated with survival probability of lung cancer patients and their healthcare spending and utilization using long periods of large dataset is less researched in this country. The purpose of this study was to investigate how different individual and hospital factors are associated with total, inpatient, outpatient spending and utilizations measured by length of stays and outpatient days among nationwide dead or 5 years follow-up lung cancer patients using 2002-2012 health insurance claims data.Materials and Methods: We used nationwide lung cancer patients’ health insurance claims during 2002-2012 which accounted for 1,417,380 (673,122 inpatients and 744,258 outpatients). We transposed the dataset into a retrospective cohort design study that the unit of analysis is information of each lung cancer patient. We included patients who newly diagnosed with lung cancer after 2005 and dead or follow-up of 60 months which eventually included patients diagnosed during 2005-2007. Furthermore, this study also excluded patients who had inpatient spending less than KRW 400,000 to minimize bias of real lung cancer patient selection. We then calculated various spending and utilization measures (total, inpatient, outpatient spending, length of stays and outpatient days). Survival time was also measure for each patient that the variable is measured by time from diagnosis to all-cause mortality or end of 60 months follow-up. Finally we obtained total population for analysis of 53,451 lung cancer patients and matched 916 hospitals. Hospital data included characteristics of the hospital, such as hospital type, teaching status, number of beds, specialists, and nurses. Cox-proportional hazard model was performed to investigate survival probability of lung cancer patients by using individual factors. In order to investigate individual and hospital factors associated with healthcare spending and utilization of lung cancer patients, multi-level linear mixed models that avoid problems created by possible nesting of patient level observations within hospital clusters and overestimation of significance were performed.Results: Our retrospective cohort design study using nationwide claim data of past decade showed that increase in new lung cancer cases during year 2005 to 2007 (16,654 in 2005, 18,149 in 2006, 18,648 in 2007 which are similar to actual number of patients reported by national cancer center), increased spending and utilization (total spending of KRW 22,883,645 to KRW 27,462,222; inpatient LOS of 51.4 days to 58.8 days; outpatient utilization of 25.4 days to 26.1 days for patient diagnosed in 2005 and 2007 respectively), and higher proportion of spending and utilization during very first periods after diagnosis and last periods before death or follow-up ends of lung cancer patients (about 70% over total), no significant improvements of 5 years survival rates by year of diagnosis (20.4%, 19.7%, and 20.3% for diagnosed in 2005, 2006, and 2007 respectively, P=0.462) and higher spending and utilization trend among dead population (5-years survivors: total spending of KRW 24,486,381, inpatient LOS of 39.2 days, outpatient utilization of 40.9 days; Dead population: total spending of KRW 15,936,865~54,945,330, inpatient LOS of 44.4~107.8 days, Outpatient utilization of 9.0~66.0 days). Results of Cox-proportional hazard model showed that indifferent hazard ratio by insurance type (health insurance vs. medical aids, HR=0.99, P=0.489), however, hazard ratio was increased for male (female HR=0.74, P<0.001), as older age of diagnosis after 40+ for lung cancer (HR range from 2.02 to 6.63, P<0.001). Using the multi-level linear mixed analysis models, we found evidences of differences in the use of healthcare resources among individual and hospital factors that individual with health insurance (2.9% higher in total spending, P<0.001; 23.8% higher in outpatient days, P<0.001), male (5.6% higher in total spending, P<0.001; 8.6% higher in outpatient days, P<0.001), 40-79 age group (28.0% to 61.0% higher in total spending, P<0.001; 24.8% to 34.0% in LOS, P<0.001; 38.9% to 65.8% higher in outpatient days, P<0.001) and hospital type with tertiary/large (27.6%, 12.7% higher in total spending), teaching (35.6% higher in total spending, P<0.001; 13.4% higher in LOS, P=0.001; 21.9% higher in outpatient days, P<0.001) had relatively higher spending and utilization among nationwide 5 year follow-up lung cancer patients. Some population groups showed that higher hazard ratios with higher healthcare spending and utilization.Discussion & Conclusion: This study might suggest that efficient manner of healthcare policy implementation for patients’ spending and utilization in order to maintain financial viability of national health insurance program that the allocation of limited health-care resources demands an agreed rational allocation principle, and consequently priority setting is considerably importance. In addition, healthcare spending and utilization considered to be targeted to under-served population groups that will ensure efficient locus of healthcare service delivery by accounting for survival probability of different sub-population groups. Results of this study might be useful to health policy makers not only in South Korea but also international readers that need to develop a national cancer management strategy that reduce differences in the use of healthcare resources and flexible healthcare benefits plan which might helpful to targeted sub population groups.ope

The changing Meaning of Gardens in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility(1811) and Mansfield Park(1814)

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 환경대학원 : 환경대학원 환경조경학과, 2016. 2. 성종상.본 연구는 정원의 의미를 18, 19세기 영국의 정원 양식을 망라한 풍경식 정원을 통하여 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 풍경식 정원에 대한 주체 관점의 해석을 당대 정원과 가까운 관계를 유지하며 집필된 제인 오스틴의 일련의 소설들, 『이성과 감성』, 『맨스필드 파크』를 통해 비교해보고자 하였다. 두 작품은 각각 그녀가 출간한 작품들 중 첫째와 후기 세 작품 가운데 첫 번째 작품으로, 두 소설이 집필된 18세기 말과 19세기 초의 정원에 대한 인식의 변화를 각각 시공간적으로 대변한다. 본 연구에서는 형식적 틀로서 구축된 풍경식 정원을 한 작가의 일상적 기록을 통하여 재-해체함으로서 한 사회의 표현 양식으로서, 정원이 지닌 잠재성을 측정해보고 나아가 정원 속 주체의식 및 이데올로기(ideology)의 팽팽한 긴장감이 정원의 요소들을 통하여 다양하고 복합적으로 표현된 양상을 분석하고자 하였다. 오스틴의 소설 속 정원은 집, 개인-사회의 관계의 장, 자연화 및 응시(gazing)의 장소로서 특히 상태적 자연에 대한 역동적 응시를 통한 새로운 자아의 발견 및 관계성의 회복을 도모하며, 귀결되는 삶의 과정의 일부였다. 풍경식이라는 정태적인 양식 아래 그녀의 주인공들의 내면에는 훨씬 동태적이고 상호 연관된 관계성이 정립되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 사회-문화적 맥락 속에서 아이덴티티(identity)의 갈등이 심화되거나 해소되는 과정을 프로타고니스트(protagonist)의 정원을 통해서 이해하는 것이었다. 오스틴이 거주했던 실제 정원들이 소설 속에 묘사된 의미를 유추하기 위하여 장소(place), 태도(manner), 감정(emotion), 인물(character), 자아(self)의 의미소들을 기저로 설정하고 소설 속 정원 공간에서 출현한 단어 빈도표가 작성되었다. 이후, 수집된 어휘의 상관관계를 바탕으로 이분법적 구도로 의미 단위를 작성하였다. 분석 주제를 설정하여 두 텍스트를 비교 분석함으로써 정원의 의미를 도출하였다. 전작이 조화와 과정으로서의 정원, 내면과 하나 되는 요소로서의 풍경, 관상적 환원주의, 창문 통한 이차적 조망, 자유 의지 등으로 정원을 인식한 반면 후작에서는 권위와 결과로서의 정원, 전체적 그림으로서의 풍경, 행동적 전체주의, 직접적 수용, 순응 의사 등을 통하여 정원을 보았다. 나아가, 두 소설에서 보편적인 정원의 의미는 회유의 정원, 공감의 정원, 절충의 정원, 치유의 정원, 비유의 정원이었다. 낭만주의와 고전주의 사이에서 제인 오스틴의 소설 속 정원들은 요소들이 두 가지 맥락에 대하여 부분적으로 보충되고 결핍되는 기작을 장소, 태도, 감정, 인물, 자아의 의식적 변화를 통하여 환기한다. 풍경식 정원을 완전히 정형적이지도, 표현적이지도 않은 단지 매개적 상투물로 인식한 그녀에게 있어 정원의 의미성은 다양한 인물들의 주체적 의식이 정원의 사회문화적 맥락 안에서 순간적으로 제각기 발화되는 순간들이다. 그러한 순간들이 그녀의 서사 단위로 구성되어 정원에서의 보다 성숙된 일반적 사고 및 비판 의식으로 진척되는 발달 양식은 그녀가 당시 환경을 정원예술로서 인식한 결과물로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 오스틴이 실제 거주하던 당시 정원들에 대한 기록에 대한 세밀한 연구가 부족하며, 향후 이용자의 선호도 및 어휘소 수집에 대한 연구로 이어질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.제1장 서론 01 1절. 연구의 배경 및 목적 01 1. 연구의 배경 01 2. 연구의 목적 07 2절. 정원 개념 08 1. 공간의 해석적 범위 08 2. 내용의 해석적 범위 12 3절. 연구의 방법 14 1. 의미소 15 2. 의미 단위 23 3. 분석의 주제 29 제2장 제인 오스틴의 정원 42 1절. 코티지 (1775-1801, 1809-1817) 42 1. 정원의 배경 42 2. 소설 속 구현 방식 43 2절. 대저택 조경 (1801-1806, 1806-1809) 49 1. 정원의 배경 49 2. 소설 속 구현 방식 50 3절. 폐허 정원 (1806-1809) 52 1. 정원의 배경 52 2. 소설 속 구현 방식 53 4절. 제인 오스틴의 소설 속 정원의 재구성 55 제3장 두 소설 속 정원의 인식 비교 58 1절. 장소(place)에 대한 인식과 의미 58 1. 이성과 감성 58 2. 멘스필드 파크 65 2절. 태도(manner)에 대한 인식과 의미 71 1. 이성과 감성 71 2. 멘스필드 파크 76 3절. 감정(emotion)에 대한 인식과 의미 78 1. 이성과 감성 78 2. 멘스필드 파크 80 4절. 인물(character)에 대한 인식과 의미 82 1. 이성과 감성 82 2. 멘스필드 파크 84 5절. 자아(self)에 대한 인식과 의미 84 1. 이성과 감성 84 2. 멘스필드 파크 86 제4장 제인 오스틴 소설 속 정원의 의미 변화 88 1절. 장소(place)에 대한 의미 변화 88 2절. 태도(manner)에 대한 의미 변화 89 3절. 감정(emotion)에 대한 의미 변화 90 4절. 인물(character)에 대한 의미 변화 91 5절. 자아(self)에 대한 의미 변화 92 제5장 결론 및 고찰 93 1절. 제인 오스틴의 두 소설 간 정원 인식의 분화 93 2절. 제인 오스틴의 소설 속 정원의 의미 95 1. 회유의 정원 95 2. 공감의 정원 95 3. 절충의 정원 96 4. 치유의 정원 96 5. 비유의 정원 97 3절. 결론 및 고찰 97 참고문헌 99 부록 103 Abstract 113Maste

일반화된 4차원 동작 특징을 이용한 시선각에 무관한 행동 인식

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2014. 8. 최진영.본 논문은 일반화된 4차원 [x,y,z,t] 동작 특징을 이용하여 시선각에 무관한 행동 및 행동 방향 인식 문제를 해결하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 기존의 행동 인식 연구는 주로 카메라의 위치는 고정되어있고 사람들은 카메라를 바라보고 서있는 상황을 가정하였다. 그러나 실제 비디오나 감시카메라에 등장하는 사람들은 카메라를 의식하지 않고 자연스럽게 행동하기 때문에 제한된 조건, 환경에서 행동을 인식하는 것과 달리, 카메라의 위치와 사람의 방향에 따라서 다양한 시선각에서 영상이 촬영될 수 있다. 따라서 실제 어플리케이션에 적용하기 위해서는 무작위의 시선각에서 영상이 들어왔을 때 행동 인식을 하는 것이 필수적이며, 어떤 방향으로 행동하는 지 알 수 있다면 누구와 상호작용을 하는 지 아는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 몇 개의 다른 시선각에서 찍힌 영상을 이용하여 3차원 [x,y,z] 입체를 복원하고, 연속된 3차원 입체에서 4차원 시공간 특징점을 구하는 방법을 제안하여 시선각에 무관한 행동 및 행동 방향 인식을 수행하였다. 3차원 입체 및 연속된 3차원 입체에서 구한 4차원 시공간 특징점은 모든 시선각에서의 정보를 갖고 있으므로, 원하는 시선각으로 사영을 하여 각 시선각에서의 특징을 얻을 수 있다. 사영된 실루엣과 4차원 시공간 특징점의 위치를 바탕으로 각각 움직이는 부분과 움직이지 않는 부분에 대한 정보를 포함하는 motion history images (MHIs)와 non motion history images (NMHIs) 를 만들어 행동 인식을 위한 특징으로 사용을 하였다. MHIs만으로는 행동 시 움직이는 부분이 비슷한 패턴을 보일 때 좋은 성능을 보장할 수 없고 따라서 행동 시 움직이지 않는 부분에 대한 정보를 줄 수 있는 NMHIs를 제안하였다. 행동 인식을 위한 학습 단계에서 MHIs와 NMHIs는 클래스를 고려한 차원 축소 알고리즘인 class-augmented principal component analysis (CA-PCA)를 통해서 차원이 축소되며, 이 때 행동 라벨을 이용하여 차원을 축소하므로 각 행동이 잘 분리가 되도록하는 principal axis를 찾을 수 있다. 차원이 축소된 MHIs와 NMHIs는 support vector data description (SVDD) 방법으로 학습되고, support vector domain density description (SVDDD)를 이용하여 인식된다. 행동 방향을 학습할때에는 각 행동에 대해 방향 라벨을 사용하여 principal axis를 구하며, 마찬가지로 SVDD로 학습을 하고 SVDDD를 이용하여 인식된다. 제안된 4차원 시공간 특징점은 시선각에 무관한 행동 및 행동 방향 인식에 사용될 수 있으며 실험을 통해 4차원 시공간 특징점이 각 행동의 특징을 압축적으로 잘 보여주고 있음을 보였다. 또한 실제 어플리케이션에서처럼 무작위의 시선각에서 영상이 들어왔을 경우를 가정하기 위하여 학습 데이터셋과 전혀 다른 새로운 인식 데이터셋을 구축하였다. 기존의 여러 시선각에서 촬영 된 IXMAS 행동 인식 데이터셋을 이용하여 학습을 하고, 학습 데이터셋과 다른 시선각에서 촬영한 SNU 데이터셋에서 인식 실험을 하여 제안한 알고리즘을 검증하였다. 실험 결과 제안한 방법은 학습을 위해 촬영한 영상에 포함되지 않는 시선각에서 테스트 영상이 들어왔을 경우에도 좋은 성능을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 5개의 방향으로 촬영된 SNU 데이터셋을 이용하여 행동 방향 인식 실험을 하였으며, 좋은 방향 인식률을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 행동 방향 인식을 통해서 영상 내에서 여러 사람이 등장할 때 다른사람들과 어떻게 상호 작용을 하는지 정보를 알 수 있고, 이는 영상을 해석하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.In this thesis, we propose a method to recognize human action and their orientation independently of viewpoints using generalized 4D [x,y,z,t] motion features. The conventional action recognition methods assume that the camera view is fixed and people are standing towards the cameras. However, in real life scenarios, the cameras are installed at various positions for their purposes and the orientation of people are chosen arbitrarily. Therefore, the images can be taken with various views according to the position of camera and the orientation of people. To recognize human action and their orientation under this difficult scenario, we focus on the view invariant action recognition method which can recognize the test videos from any arbitrary view. For this purpose, we propose a method to recognize human action and their orientation independently of viewpoints by developing 4D space-time interest points (4D-STIPs, [x,y,z,t]) using 3D space (3D-S, [x,y,z]) volumes reconstructed from images of a finite number of different views. Since the 3D-S volumes and the 4D-STIPs are constructed using volumetric information, the features for arbitrary 2D space (2D-S, [x,y]) viewpoint can be generated by projecting the 3D-S volumes and 4D-STIPs on corresponding test image planes. With these projected features, we construct motion history images (MHIs) and non-motion history images (NMHIs) which encode the moving and non-moving parts of an action respectively. Since MHIs cannot guarantee a good performance when moving parts of an object show similar patterns, we propose NMHIs and combine it with MHIs to add the information from stationary parts of an object in the description of the particular action class. To reduce the dimension of MHIs and NMHIs, we apply class-augmented principal component analysis (CA-PCA) which uses class information for dimension reduction. Since we use the action label for reducing the dimension of features, we obtain the principal axis which can separate each action well. After reducing the feature dimension, the final features are trained by support vector data description method (SVDD) and tested by support vector domain density description (SVDDD). As for the recognition of action orientation, the features are reduced the dimension using orientation label. Similarly, the reduced features are trained by SVDD and tested by SVDDD. The proposed 4D-STIPs can be applied to view invariant recognition of action and their orientation, and we verify that they represent the properties of each action compactly in experiments. To assume arbitrary test view as in real applications, we develop a new testing dataset which is totally different from the training dataset. We verify our algorithm by training action models using the multi-view IXMAS dataset and testing using SNU dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more generalized and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, especially when training the classifier with the information insufficient about the test views. As for the recognition of action orientation, we experiment with SNU dataset taken from 5 different orientations to verify recognition performance. The recognition of action orientation can be helpful in analyzing the video by providing the information about interactions of people.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Contents of the research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1 Generalized 4D motion features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2.2 View invariant action recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.3 Recognition of action orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 Generalized 4D Motion Features 14 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.1 Harris corner detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2 3D space-time interest points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.3 3D reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3 Proposed method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Modified 3D space-time interest points . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.2 4D space-time interest points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.5 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 View Invariant Action Recognition 40 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2.1 Motion history images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2.2 Class-augmented principal component analysis . . . . . . . 47 3.2.3 Support vector data description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.2.4 Support vector domain density description . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3 Proposed method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.1 Silhouettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3.2 Space-time interest points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.3.3 Motion history images and Non-motion history images . . . 69 3.3.4 Training and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.5 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4 Recognition of Action Orientation 87 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.2 Proposed method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.1 Training and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.4 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5 Conclusions 100 Bibliography 103 Abstract in Korean 113Docto

Serum Calcitonin-Negative Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Series of 19 Patients in a Single Center

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare cancer that accounts for 5% of thyroid cancers. Serum calcitonin is a good biomarker for MTC, which is used for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of recurrence. Calcitonin-negative MTC (CNMTC) is rare but confounds diagnostic and prognostic directions. This study introduces 19 cases of CNMTC in a single center. Method: From 2002 March to 2020 July, more than 76,500 patients had undergone thyroid surgery due to thyroid cancer at the Severance Hospital, and a total of 320 patients were diagnosed with MTC (0.4%). Serum calcitonin levels were obtained from every patient who was suspected with MTC. These patients had undergone either bilateral total thyroidectomy or unilateral thyroidectomy with central compartment lymph node dissection, and additional modified radical lymph node dissection if lateral lymph node metastasis was positive. Postoperative monitoring and out-patient clinic follow-up were performed with obtaining the serum calcitonin levels. Result: Nineteen patients tested negative for calcitonin preoperatively (6%). The mean preoperative calcitonin level was 5.1pg/mL if undetectable level is regarded as 0pg/mL. Only two patients were males, and the female bias was significant (p = 0.017). No one except two patients with modified radical neck dissection showed central compartment lymph node metastasis. Every patient's postoperative calcitonin level remained low. The median follow-up period was 71 months. There was no recurrence and only one fatality, and the overall survival rate was 95%. Conclusion: Since incidence of CNMTC is not negligible, MTC should not be ruled out in the diagnostic phase even if serum calcitonin is negative in preoperative examination. We presented 19 cases of CNMTC whose prognosis in general were favorable. Markers of serum and immunohistochemical samples other than calcitonin should be actively examined.ope

Effect of Nutritional Intervention by the Nutrition Support Team on Postnatal Growth in Preterm Infants

"Purpose: Nutritional intervention by an interdisciplinary nutrition support team (NST) can potentially improve postnatal growth outcomes in preterm infants. This study aimed to measure the growth impact of a nutritional intervention package performed by an NST in a quality improvement effort in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Fifty-two infants born below 2,000 g and admitted to NICU participated in the Quality Improvement (QI) program between March 2016 and February 2017. The nutritional intervention was applied according to newly established nutritional guidelines on parenteral and enteral nutrition, and an NST performed a weekly nutritional assessment. The Z-scores of weight, height, and head circumference were calculated according to the gestational age and sex. The clinical impact on postnatal growth was compared between the QI and pre-QI groups. The pre-QI group included 69 infants admitted in the same NICU between 2014 and 2015. Results: The time to the initiation of enteral nutrition decreased significantly (P＜0.001). Changes in weight (P=0.027), head circumference (P=0.003), Z-scores between birth, and 40 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) were significantly larger in the QI than the pre-QI group. The percentage of infants weighing below the 10th percentile at one month after birth and at 40 weeks PCA was higher in the pre-QI than the QI group. Conclusion: The implementation of evidence-based best practices for preterm nutrition resulted in significant improvements in the growth outcomes in preterm infants."22othe

Identification of a radiosensitivity signature using integrative metaanalysis of published microarray data for NCI-60 cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: In the postgenome era, a prediction of response to treatment could lead to better dose selection for patients in radiotherapy. To identify a radiosensitive gene signature and elucidate related signaling pathways, four different microarray experiments were reanalyzed before radiotherapy. RESULTS: Radiosensitivity profiling data using clonogenic assay and gene expression profiling data from four published microarray platforms applied to NCI-60 cancer cell panel were used. The survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2, range from 0 to 1) was calculated as a measure of radiosensitivity and a linear regression model was applied to identify genes or a gene set with a correlation between expression and radiosensitivity (SF2). Radiosensitivity signature genes were identified using significant analysis of microarrays (SAM) and gene set analysis was performed using a global test using linear regression model. Using the radiation-related signaling pathway and identified genes, a genetic network was generated. According to SAM, 31 genes were identified as common to all the microarray platforms and therefore a common radiosensitivity signature. In gene set analysis, functions in the cell cycle, DNA replication, and cell junction, including adherence and gap junctions were related to radiosensitivity. The integrin, VEGF, MAPK, p53, JAK-STAT and Wnt signaling pathways were overrepresented in radiosensitivity. Significant genes including ACTN1, CCND1, HCLS1, ITGB5, PFN2, PTPRC, RAB13, and WAS, which are adhesion-related molecules that were identified by both SAM and gene set analysis, and showed interaction in the genetic network with the integrin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of four different microarray experiments and gene selection using gene set analysis discovered possible target genes and pathways relevant to radiosensitivity. Our results suggested that the identified genes are candidates for radiosensitivity biomarkers and that integrin signaling via adhesion molecules could be a target for radiosensitization.ope

애기장대 CYP78A6와 CYP78A9 유전자의 기능 및 발현 양상

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :생명과학부,2004.Maste

Weavable asymmetric carbon nanotube yarn supercapacitor for electronic textiles

Asymmetric supercapacitors are receiving much research interests due to their wide operating potential window and high energy density. In this study, we report the fabrication of asymmetrically configured yarn based supercapacitor by using liquid-state biscrolling technology. High loading amounts of reduced graphene oxide anode guest (90.1 wt%) and MnO2 cathode guest (70 wt%) materials were successfully embedded into carbon nanotube yarn host electrodes. The resulting asymmetric yarn supercapacitor coated by gel based organic electrolyte (PVDF-HFP-TEABF(4)) exhibited wider potential window (up to 3.5 V) and resulting high energy density (43 W h cm(-2)). Moreover, the yarn electrodes were mechanically strong enough to be woven into commercial textiles. The textile supercapacitor exhibited stable electrochemical energy storage performances during dynamically applied deformations.This work was supported by the Creative Research Initiative Center for Self-powered Actuation in Korea, Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1A6A3A04004987), and DGIST R&amp;amp;D Program of Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning of Korea (17-NT-02). Support at the University of Texas at Dallas was provided by Air Force Office of Scientific Research grants AOARD-FA2386-13-1-4119 and FA9550-15-1-0089 and Robert A. Welch Foundation grant AT-0029. Additional support was from the Australian Research Council (DP110101073)

Harvesting electrical energy from torsional thermal actuation driven by natural convection

The development of practical, cost-effective systems for the conversion of low-grade waste heat to electrical energy is an important area of renewable energy research. We here demonstrate a thermal energy harvester that is driven by the small temperature fluctuations provided by natural convection. This harvester uses coiled yarn artificial muscles, comprising well-aligned shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) microfibers, to convert thermal energy to torsional mechanical energy, which is then electromagnetically converted to electrical energy. Temperature fluctuations in a yarn muscle, having a maximum hot-to-cold temperature difference of about 13 degrees C, were used to spin a magnetic rotor to a peak torsional rotation speed of 3,000 rpm. The electromagnetic energy generator converted the torsional energy to electrical energy, thereby producing an oscillating output voltage of up to 0.81 V and peak power of 4 W/kg, based on SMPU mass.This work was supported by the Creative Research Initiative Center for Self-Powered Actuation of the National Research Foundation and the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp;amp; Future Planning (MSIP) in Korea. Support in Australia was from Centre of Excellence funding from the Australian Research Council. Support in the USA was from Air Force Grant AOARD-FA2386-13-4119, Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant FA9550-15-1-0089, and Robert A. Welch Foundation grant AT-0029