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    ๊ณต์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์กฐ์žฌ์—ด.ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธํ›„๋œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ผํ™”๋ฌผ ์นจํˆฌ, ํƒ„์‚ฐํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๋ถ€์‹ ๋“ฑ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์ด 1995๋…„์— ์ œ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์ ๊ฒ€, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฌดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ1์ข…, ์ œ2์ข… ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์ ๊ฒ€ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์ ๊ฒ€, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ง€์นจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋…ธํ›„ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ, ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ค‘์‹ฌํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ์ด ์‹ ์„ค๋˜์–ด 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€์นจ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์‹ค์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ง€์นจ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO)์˜ AASHTO The Manual for Bridge Evaluation, American Concrete Institute(ACI)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-16), ์˜๊ตญ์˜ BD 21/01 The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋„๋กœ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ(์•ˆ)์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ค€๋งŒ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ ๊ฒ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์•ˆ์ „๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ ฅํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์™ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ํ•˜์ค‘๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์žฌํ•˜์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋‚ด ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋„๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์žฌํ•˜์‹œํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋‚ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ง€์นจ์ด ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ AASHTO, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋„๋กœ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์žฌํ•˜์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์žฌํ•˜์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„ ์ง€์นจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.With economic growth, bridge constructions have been increased since the middle of the 1980s. Since the majority of bridges in Korea is concrete, especially, demand for the accurate performance assessment of an existing concrete bridge is increasing. For a deteriorated concrete bridge, deterioration, which are not seen on the exterior such as reinforcing steel corrosion caused by chloride attack or carbonation, is propagated. Accordingly, techniques to evaluate and predict such conditions and safety are required to be investigated. As Special Act on the Control of Public Structures has been enacted in 1995, a safety inspection and an examination have been conducted for Class I and II establishments. An inspection or an examination for an existing bridge is performed according to Detailed Guidelines for Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments However, the question of whether it can evaluate an exact safety or condition or not has been brought out continuously. Accordingly, researches associated with the question have been carried out recently. As a result, A guideline for a performance-based assessment was investigated and has been adopted since 2018 for an economic evaluation of a bridge. Nonetheless, it is controversial in a respect that the inspection items and methods are not different as the pre-existing guideline specifies. As part of the studies, the thesis has aimed to validate the performance assessment guideline for an existing concrete bridge. To achieve this, domestic and foreign guidelines for evaluating an existing concrete bridges were examinedthey were Detailed Guidelines for Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments of KoreaThe Manual for Bridge Evaluation of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-16) of American Concrete Institute (ACI)and BD 21/01 The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures of United Kingdom. In addition, Reliability-Based Safety Assessment Guidelines of Expressway Bridges which was developed by Korea Expressway Corporation Research Institute (KECRI), though it has not been used as a current standard, was covered. The study has identified that an inspection will be an inefficient task because only the domestic guideline specifies mandatory inspection items and the ways of rating each inspection results, rating in a component's level, and in a structural level. The thesis has also shown that the load rating method of the domestic guideline adopts load factors which are based on the design code of the past, and larger than the ones foreign guideline adopting. Accordingly, it has been analyzed that the guideline will evaluate a bridge conservatively. Moreover, a diagnostic load test has been pointed out as one of the problems. Validity analyses were conducted on actual cases. Inspection reports and relevant documents of bridges and flyovers in Seoul were collected. For each case, load rating was conducted according to every guideline examined in the study. The diagnostic load test was conducted on one of the cases. In addition, records of material test results are investigated. The investigation of load rating has shown that the domestic guideline evaluates the safety of a bridge in the most conservative way. Accordingly, it is desirable to adopt a reliability-based evaluation guideline such as AASHTO and KECRI developed. Analyzing the diagnostic test results, the study has found that the stiffness change of a structure may not be evaluated through the test. The examination of material test has confirmed that inconsistencies have been presented through the current inspections, and the study has suggested improvements for the problems. In the further research, it is expected that the current performance assessment guideline will be improved by experimental verification of the problems presented in the thesis.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 Performance Assessment in South Korea 2 1.1.2 Limitations on Performance Assessment in South Korea 9 1.1.3 Preceded Researches on Materials Deterioration Model 12 1.2 Research Objectives and Scopes 15 2 Guidelines for Assessment of Existing Concrete Bridges 17 2.1 Detailed Guidelines for Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments (2018, Korea) 17 2.1.1 On-Site Inspection and Material Test 18 2.1.2 Load Rating 24 2.2 AASHTO The Manual for Bridge Evaluation (2013, US) 28 2.2.1 Load Rating 28 2.2.2 Relevant FHWA Guidelines 37 2.3 ACI 562-16: Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (2016, US) 41 2.4 BD 21/01: The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures (2001, UK) 42 2.5 Reliability-Based Safety Assessment Guidelines of Expressway Bridges (2013, Korea) 43 2.6 Summary 47 3 Verification of Performance Assessment by Case Studies 50 3.1 Verification of Load Ratings 52 3.1.1 Load Rating Methods 52 3.1.2 Diagnostic Load Test and Load Carrying Capacity 57 3.2 Verification of Material Tests 62 3.2.1 Rebound Hammer Test 62 3.2.2 Carbonation Depth Measurement 67 4 Conclusions 71 Appendix A Load Rating Computation Examples 73Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 8. ์ •๊ด‘ํ˜ธ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ(GDP) ํ˜น์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด์†Œ๋“(GNI) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์•ฝํ™”, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”, ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊น€๋ฏผ์˜ ์™ธ, 2011์ด์žฌ์—ด, 2007์ •์ง„์„ฑ, 2001). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ยท์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์›์ธํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, IMF์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, 1992๋…„-2011๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐยท์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์œ„๊ธฐยท๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  15๊ฐœ ์‹œ๋„(์šธ์‚ฐ ์ œ์™ธ)์˜ ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1๊ณ„ ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„(two-way fixed effect with AR(1) disturbance)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์€ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ ์งํ›„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‚ด์  ์œ„๊ธฐ(์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์œ„๊ธฐ)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ(์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐยท๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํญ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ถ„์„(๊น€๋ฏผ์˜ ์™ธ, 2011)๊ณผ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ 2011๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 2008๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง์—…ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต(15-34์„ธ)์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต(65์„ธ์ด์ƒ) ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋žต์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„(social tie)๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์†Œ์†๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, 2003๋…„-2010๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 230๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„(์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต) ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„(two-way fixed effect)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ฒด๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ฒดํšŒ์› ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธก์ •๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด ๋…ธ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ๋„์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” 100๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํšŒ์›์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(non-hierarchical structure)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๋ขฐ, ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ˜• ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ•™์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ซํžŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด(๋ฅ˜์„์ถ˜ยท๊น€์šฉ๋ฏผ, 2000๋ฅ˜์„์ถ˜ยท์™•ํ˜œ์ˆ™, 2006) ๊ฒฐ์†ํ˜• ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด(์—ฐ๊ณ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด ์ œ์™ธ) ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— 2010๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ฃผํƒ์ด์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšก๋‹จ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ„์•ผ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธ์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์นœ๋ชฉยท์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์–‘(+)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋‹จ์ฒดํ™œ๋™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด์—ฐ๋ น ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์ด ์ฆ์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž์›์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค๋น„์œจ ๋ฐ ๋™๋„ค์ฒด์œก์‹œ์„ค๋น„์œจ์€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ์  ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ •ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ „๋…„๋„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๋„์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 1์ธ๋‹น ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „๋…„๋„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๋„ ์ „์ฒด์—ฐ๋ น์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ (์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๋น„์ค‘) ๋ฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ (1์ธ๋‹น ์ง€์›๊ทœ๋ชจ) ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ยท์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹นํ•ด ์—ฐ๋„ ์ผ์ธ๋‹น ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์ •์ฑ… ์ •ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด์žฅ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ถœ์€ ๋ถ„์„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ”, ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํฌ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ ๋ถ„์„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ(1์ธ๋‹น ๊ด‘์—…์ œ์กฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์•ก)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ธ๊ตฌ์ด๋™๋ฅ , ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋น„์œจ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ดํ˜ผ์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ€์กฑํ•ด์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์•ฝํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋…ธ์ธ์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ €ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์ง€๋ง ์•ฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธ์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์ด๋ผ๋Š”, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋‘ ์ธก๋ฉด-๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด-์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ฒดํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ์ƒํ˜ธํ˜ธํ˜œ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ยท์ •์„œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Focusing on the rapidly increasing suicide rates in South Korea, this study analyzed the regional suicide rates. More than ten years, the suicide rates of South Korea have been increased, even though the economic status has been growing up steadily. Especially after experiencing the economic crises, not only the economic situation has suffered but also the social structure has changed: The income inequality has widened, family relationship has weakened, and the relative deprivation has increased. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationship between economic crisis and suicide rates and tried to find out the effective policies to lower the suicide rates at the ecological level. Fist, with the cause of death statistics of Korea, the age and gender specific suicide rates were calculated. The trend showed that the suicide rates of men are higher than those of women and the suicide rates of elderly are higher than those of youth. And the gender gap of the suicide rates increased as getting old. This is because the age and gender groups are affected from the social factors. So for the dependent variable, this study used age-standardized suicide rates which enable comparing the regional suicide rates by controlling the demographic structures. Second, this study explores the impact of external and internal economic crises on suicide rates using the Asian economic crisis (1998๏ฝž1999), the Subprime mortgage crisis (2009) and credit card liquidity crisis (2003๏ฝž2005). Two-way fixed effect model with AR(1) disturbance was employed to examine the regional suicide rates of the 15 provinces(si-do) with special emphasis on age-specific and gender-specific differences during 1992๏ฝž2011. The result showed that Suicide rates increased markedly at the time of the Asian economic crisis, the credit card liquidity crisis was the next, and the Subprime mortgage crisis was the last. This is different from the previous result (Kim et al., 2011). That is because in this study the age-standardized suicide rates were used instead of the crude suicide rates and the time span has expanded from 2009 to 2011 unlike the previous study. Therefore the negative impact of Subprime mortgage crisis could be analyzed more clearly. More specifically, male suicide rates were increased higher than female ones by the economic crises. While the suicide rates of the youth (15-34) increased more due to the external economic crises than the internal one, the suicide rates of the elderly (above age 65) increased more due to the credit card liquidity crisis than others. These results imply that the government needs to strengthen social safety net with respect to not only the characters of economic crises but also the target groups gender and age. Third, the impact of social capital, enjoyment of art, and local governments welfare expenditure on the regional suicide rates were analyzed. Especially this study focused the role of social capital and enjoyment of art as the socio-psychological approach and that of local governments welfare expenditure as the safety net. Two-way fixed effect model was employed to examine the regional suicide rates of the 230 provinces(si-gun-gu) with special emphasis on age-specific (total and elderly) and gender-specific differences during 2003๏ฝž2010. It is shown that structural social capital has no impact on or rather increasing suicide rates. The places with high percentage of volunteer organization membership or high percentage of volunteer organizations do not have statistically significant impact on suicide rates. On the other hand, places with high percentage of nonprofit organizations -which are registered on the governmental list voluntarily- have higher suicide rates. There are many possible explanations. First, as the nonprofit organizations with more than one hundred members could register to the governmental list, they may not have horizontal structure which could create the positive externality like general trust or reciprocity. Second, because of the nepotism of the Korean society, the nonprofit organizations may have generated the bonding social capital and the negative externality could be enforced. Third, as the nonprofit organizations like yongo chipdan-the traditional community based on kinship, home region and school (Lew, Wang, & Park, 2008)- or religious organizations could not enroll the governmental list, the expected positive externality may not be generated. Fourth, there is a possibility that places with serious problems could have more registered nonprofit organizations which are established and enrolled in order to help the residents with the governmental subsidy. Additionally, places with high local turnout rates have higher suicide rates. This is because in South Korea the high local turnout rates is a way to express the dissatisfaction or complaints As expected, the results show that the places with high rates of enjoyment of art โ€“the percentage of users of public library and museum among residents- have low suicide rates. It was statistically significant for the total female suicide rates and all of the elderly suicide rates. The art facility rates or neighborhood sports facility rates do not have impact on suicide rates. This implies that what is more important is time to enjoy the art in the public sphere. So the government needs to make incentive policy instruments in order to make the people to locate time for the art. The percentage of previous years welfare expenditure has some negative impact on the total female suicide rates. Also the previous years per capita welfare expenditure has some negative impact on the total suicide rates and total female suicide rates. In sum, the previous years welfare expenditure lowers the female suicide rates by relieving the economical and psychological hardships. On the other hand, places with higher per capita welfare expenditure have lower elderly men suicide rates. This implies that for the elderly men, the economic hardship of the time is more stressful than the anxiety for the future. In addition, the places with high percentage of recipients of the National Basic Livelihood Security Program have low suicide rates of all the age and gender specific groups. It means that the social safety net for the poverty is really important for lowering suicide rates. In accord with the previous research, the importance of social integration and regional economic status was confirmed. Especially, the places with high divorce rate have high suicide rate. Therefore, in order to supplement the low social integration, the government should strengthen policies which would create social capital with positive externality. However, this study has some limitations. First, it is important to recognize during that this study used aggregation data. Further research is required to apply a multi-level model to identify macro-economic shocks on individual suicidal behaviors. Second, the social capital variable in this study measured simply by structural aspects and does not include other aspects of social capital such as trust or reciprocity. Further research with more detailed data and the cognitive aspect of social capital is needed. Third, as the results suggest the negative externality of nepotism, a further study on the yongo chipdan as a unique feature of social capital is needed.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ 8 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋…ผ์˜ 10 1. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 10 2. ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 12 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋…ผ์˜ 13 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์  14 2. ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ด€์  16 3. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„โ€ง์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด 18 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋…ผ์˜ 19 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  19 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด 19 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ 21 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  24 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  27 1) ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• 27 2) ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  29 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  30 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์š”์ธ 33 ์ œ6์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ค€๊ฑฐํ‹€ 35 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  37 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 37 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 1. ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 37 2. ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ 39 3. ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋น„๊ต 42 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 43 1. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ ์‚ฌ๋ง์›์ธํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 43 2. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ 46 1) ๋ถ„์„๋‹จ์œ„: ๊ด‘์—ญ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด 46 2) ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ „์ฒด์—ฐ๋ น ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธตยท์žฅ๋…„์ธตยท๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  46 3) ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 47 4) ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 48 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ 49 1) ๋ถ„์„๋‹จ์œ„: ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด 49 2) ์ „์ฒด์—ฐ๋ น ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  50 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ธก์ • 50 4) ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ธก์ • 52 5) ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ์˜ ์ธก์ • 53 6) ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 54 4. ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์„ ์ • 56 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋น„๊ต๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 1. ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ 58 2. ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด 60 1) ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์กฐ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  60 2) ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  62 3. ์„ฑยท์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด 64 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 69 1. ์ž์‚ด์‚ฌ์œ ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด์ž ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 69 2. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „๊ตญ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 71 3. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹œ๋„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 74 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 74 2) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ 75 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ž๋ณธ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 85 1. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 85 1) ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 85 2) ์ด์™ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 88 2. ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 92 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  92 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  107 3. ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™” 112 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  119 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 119 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ ยท์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 126 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 131Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๋ฐ•์ค€์„.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ด€๊ณ„ - ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ - ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…, ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์ค‘ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ, ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž๊ธˆ, ์ธ๋ ฅ, ์‹œ์„ค, ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ, ์ •๋ณด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐํ•™์—ฐํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ์ž์ฒด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์œ„ํƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ ์‹ฑ(Licensing)๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌด๋ช…์˜ ์Œ๋ฌด๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์„ค์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์† ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์น™์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ „๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์† ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์† ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฐœ๋ช… ์Šน๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ทœ์ •์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง๋ฌด๋ฐœ๋ช… ์Šน๊ณ„์™€ ์ œ3์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๋“๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 2011๋…„์— ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ Stanford Univ. v. Roche ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2011. 7. 28. ์„ ๊ณ  2009๋‹ค75178 ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์™„์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ–‰์œ„์— ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ข…๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋…์†Œ์œ ๋กœ ์•ฝ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋… ์†Œ์œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์—†์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ•ฉ์œ ์— ์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค€๊ณต์œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2004๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋จผ์ € ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์›ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ์ „์›์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ์ถœ์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋™์˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›์„ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋‹จ๋… ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์›ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ์ •์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ž ์ž์œ ๋กœ์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ œ3์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„ํƒ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ธ์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ„ํƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํœ˜ยท๊ฐ๋… ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ œ3์ž์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์ œ3์ž์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ํญ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ3์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„ํƒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ ์ธ์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ œํ’ˆํ™”๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„๋„ ์•ฝ์ •์‹œ ์ž์œ  ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์‹œ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ต ํ–ฅ์œ  ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณต์œ ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณต์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ƒ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ• ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2014. 8. 20. ์„ ๊ณ  2013๋‹ค41578 ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์˜๋กœ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‚˜, ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋งค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ„์†์  ํŠนํ—ˆ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์™„์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์„ ๋งค์ž…๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• , ์šฐ์„  ๋งค์ž…๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ดํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์œ ์ง€์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„, ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„, ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ์นจํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์นจํ•ดํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ• ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  2 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜์˜ 3 I. ๊ฐœ๋… 3 1. ์ •์˜ 3 2. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 5 3. ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… 6 II. ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฅยท๋‹จ์  8 1. ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 8 2. ์žฅยท๋‹จ์  8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 11 I. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 11 II. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 12 III. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 12 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ • 13 I. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์ • 13 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 13 2. ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 14 3. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 15 4. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 15 II. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ • 16 III. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ œํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 16 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ 16 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์—์˜ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ 18 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์† 21 I. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด 21 II. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์†์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 23 1. ๊ณ„์•ฝ 23 2. ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ • 24 III. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ท€์†์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ 25 1. ๊ณ„์•ฝ 25 2. ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ • 31 IV. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ท€์†์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ 46 1. ๋‹จ๋… ์†Œ์œ  46 2. ๊ณต๋™ ์†Œ์œ  50 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ 61 I. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 61 II. ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถœ์› ํ–‰์œ„ 61 III. ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ 63 1. ๊ฐœ๋… 63 2. ์‹ค์‹œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ 64 3. ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ(์‹ค์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ) 71 IV. ์ œ3์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ–‰์œ„ 76 1. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ, ์–‘๋„, ์งˆ๊ถŒ ์„ค์ • 76 2. ํฌ๊ธฐ 95 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 96 I. ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 96 II. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ท€์† ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 98 III. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 103 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  104 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 107 Abstract 113Maste

    The Social and Linguistic Turns in Literacy Theory A Retrospective and Prospective View

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    ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ „ํ™”์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์€ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ -ํƒˆ๋งฅ๋ฝํ™”๋œ ์ธ์ง€์  ์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ž ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹คํ–‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ-, ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ยท์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ง€์  ํ˜น์€ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ „ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค, ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด ๋‘ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ 7ํ•™๋…„ ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๊ต์‹ค ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์‹์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.The study of literacy and language education has undergone two major philosophic shifts in its evolution: the social turn in the study of literacy and the linguistic turn in the social sciences. These shifts have changed not only what counts as literacy โ€“ from a set decontextualized cognitive and linguistic skills to social practices in which the use of written language is non-trivial -, but also what the nature of language, literacy, and even personhood is. These turns also have revealed that the work of teaching and researching of language and literacy does not exist as culturally and politically neutral, separable from local and global social, economic, and political contexts. In this manuscript, we briefly review the philosophical discussions of the linguistic turn in the social sciences and the social turn in the study of literacy. To illustrate how close analysis of classroom events reflects and refracts the linguistic turn and the social turn, we focus on analysis of a seventh grade classroom language arts lesson. Analysis of the classroom lesson reveals how students are doing literacy by using the text as a tool and prop for deconstructing and reconstructing the world in which they live

    Two ZNF509 (ZBTB49) isoforms induce cell-cycle arrest by activating transcription of p21/CDKN1A and RB upon exposure to genotoxic stress

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    ZNF509 is unique among POK family proteins in that four isoforms are generated by alternative splicing. Short ZNF509 (ZNF509S1, -S2 and -S3) isoforms contain one or two out of the seven zinc-fingers contained in long ZNF509 (ZNF509L). Here, we investigated the functions of ZNF509 isoforms in response to DNA damage, showing isoforms to be induced by p53. Intriguingly, to inhibit proliferation of HCT116 and HEK293 cells, we found that ZNF509L activates p21/CDKN1A transcription, while ZNF509S1 induces RB. ZNF509L binds to the p21/CDKN1A promoter either alone or by interacting with MIZ-1 to recruit the co-activator p300 to activate p21/CDKN1A transcription. In contrast, ZNF509S1 binds to the distal RB promoter to interact and interfere with the MIZF repressor, resulting in derepression and transcription of RB. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ZNF509 is highly expressed in normal epithelial cells, but was completely repressed in tumor tissues of the colon, lung and skin, indicating a possible role as a tumor suppressorope

    ZBTB2 increases PDK4 expression by transcriptional repression of RelA/p65

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    The NF-ฮบB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in a myriad of cellular responses. Aberrant expression of NF-ฮบB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory diseases and improper development. Little is known about transcriptional regulation of the NF-ฮบB family member gene RelA/p65. Sp1 plays a key role in the expression of the RelA/p65 gene. ZBTB2 represses transcription of the gene by inhibiting Sp1 binding to a Sp1-binding GC-box in the RelA/p65 proximal promoter (bp, -31 to -21). Moreover, recent studies revealed that RelA/p65 directly binds to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ฮณ coactivator1ฮฑ (PGC1ฮฑ) to decrease transcriptional activation of the PGC1ฮฑ target gene PDK4, whose gene product inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key regulator of TCA cycle flux. Accordingly, we observed that RelA/p65 repression by ZBTB2 indirectly results in increased PDK4 expression, which inhibits PDH. Consequently, in cells with ectopic ZBTB2, the concentrations of pyruvate and lactate were higher than those in normal cells, indicating changes in glucose metabolism flux favoring glycolysis over the TCA cycle. Knockdown of ZBTB2 in mouse xenografts decreased tumor growth. ZBTB2 may increase cell proliferation by reprogramming glucose metabolic pathways to favor glycolysis by upregulating PDK4 expression via repression of RelA/p65 expression.ope

    nursing outcomes in cancer patients cared by oncology advanced practice nurses during chemotherapy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ(๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์ „๊ณต),2008. 8.Docto

    ๋™์  ์ „์•• ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™์  ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ.์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2001.Maste

    Tours by public transport in Jeju Island - the time-space constraints of transport modes and tourists' reponses -

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘ ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด, ์ฆ‰ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ(์šด์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ์„ ), ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋‚ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์ (๋ฐฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ)์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ด์šฉ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„, ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ, ์ฆ‰ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค, ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ๊ณณ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. This research aims to identify the differences of independent tourists' movement between by public transport and by other modes of transport, and also to understand how tourists develop their itineraries and time schedules despite the time-space constraints of public transport. Time-space patterns of tourists movement are found to be different by transport modes they ride. The difference in spatial pattems of movements is more notable than that in temporal patterns. ฯ€lese differences in movement pattems are found to be related with the very attributes of the public transport system: the limited operating hours and routes of bus services at the first, and the discontinuity of operation caused by the linรนted bus headway and stops at the second. The independent tourists using public transport do not only travel within the bus network, but they also travel beyond the time-space limits given by the public transport system, employing a number of strategies. Two strategies are identified more salient among others: to combine several transport modes such as taxi and car rental, and to reshuff1e the places they want to visit. This study highlights that independent tourists who use public transport consume places by interacting continuously with unfami1iar environment
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