Risk Network Evaluation of Prefabricated Building Projects in Underdeveloped Areas: A Case Study in Qinghai

Prefabricated building projects (PBPs) face more risks than traditional construction projects, especially in underdeveloped areas. This study takes Qinghai Province as a study case. Social network analysis (SNA) is adopted to develop a risk network of PBPs, and nine core risk factors and five key risk relationships are identified. Risk effect detection reveals the effectiveness of risk response strategies. The research shows that PBPs in underdeveloped areas are still in the early stage of development, and developers generally lack a leading role. There are prominent problems in the design stage of PBPs, so the stakeholders pay special attention to them. In underdeveloped regions, the development of PBPs must rely on the strong promotion of the government. Limited by natural and economic conditions, the market mechanism of PBPs in underdeveloped areas is not perfect, and policy regulation greatly affects the spread of the risk network. Therefore, local governments need to actively introduce corresponding supportive policies and mobilize the enthusiasm of stakeholders. This is the first study to consider the risk within the life cycle of PBPs in underdeveloped plateau areas. This study expands the research system of risk management of PBPs and provides valuable risk response strategies for the stakeholders.</jats:p

Risk Network Evaluation of Prefabricated Building Projects in Underdeveloped Areas: A Case Study in Qinghai

Prefabricated building projects (PBPs) face more risks than traditional construction projects, especially in underdeveloped areas. This study takes Qinghai Province as a study case. Social network analysis (SNA) is adopted to develop a risk network of PBPs, and nine core risk factors and five key risk relationships are identified. Risk effect detection reveals the effectiveness of risk response strategies. The research shows that PBPs in underdeveloped areas are still in the early stage of development, and developers generally lack a leading role. There are prominent problems in the design stage of PBPs, so the stakeholders pay special attention to them. In underdeveloped regions, the development of PBPs must rely on the strong promotion of the government. Limited by natural and economic conditions, the market mechanism of PBPs in underdeveloped areas is not perfect, and policy regulation greatly affects the spread of the risk network. Therefore, local governments need to actively introduce corresponding supportive policies and mobilize the enthusiasm of stakeholders. This is the first study to consider the risk within the life cycle of PBPs in underdeveloped plateau areas. This study expands the research system of risk management of PBPs and provides valuable risk response strategies for the stakeholders

Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China

Prefabricated buildings (PBs) are vigorously promoted for their many advantages. However, obvious regional differences exist in the development of PBs in China, and underdeveloped areas significantly lag behind other areas. Regional “tactics” have a more direct effect on the development of PBs than national “strategies”. A targeted analysis of PB policies in underdeveloped areas in China is lacking in current research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to construct a comprehensive policy framework to help underdeveloped areas improve PB policies to develop PBs. In this study, we constructed a three-dimensional policy framework based on the content analysis method and policy instrument theory. Through a comparative analysis of 137 PB policies in three representative regions, 547 policy content codes were obtained, and reliability and validity tests were completed. The results indicate that (1) underdeveloped areas should focus on improving the number of policies rather than the accuracy in the early stages of development of PBs; (2) underdeveloped areas should focus on mandatory policy instruments (MPIs) supplemented by incentive policy instruments (IPIs) and social policy instruments (SPIs) rather than a balanced use of various policy instruments; and (3) underdeveloped areas should adjust the policy layout of the whole life cycle, and stakeholders should pay attention to the construction willingness of developers and the demands of consumers and seek policy support in the operation and maintenance stages, as well as during the demolition and recovery stages. In this study, we systematically analyzed the focus of PB policies for different stages and stakeholders and proposed an application strategy of policy instruments, contributing to the improvement of the PB policy system and the narrowing of regional development gaps with respect to PBs

Policy Framework for Prefabricated Buildings in Underdeveloped Areas: Enlightenment from the Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Regions in China

Prefabricated buildings (PBs) are vigorously promoted for their many advantages. However, obvious regional differences exist in the development of PBs in China, and underdeveloped areas significantly lag behind other areas. Regional “tactics” have a more direct effect on the development of PBs than national “strategies”. A targeted analysis of PB policies in underdeveloped areas in China is lacking in current research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to construct a comprehensive policy framework to help underdeveloped areas improve PB policies to develop PBs. In this study, we constructed a three-dimensional policy framework based on the content analysis method and policy instrument theory. Through a comparative analysis of 137 PB policies in three representative regions, 547 policy content codes were obtained, and reliability and validity tests were completed. The results indicate that (1) underdeveloped areas should focus on improving the number of policies rather than the accuracy in the early stages of development of PBs; (2) underdeveloped areas should focus on mandatory policy instruments (MPIs) supplemented by incentive policy instruments (IPIs) and social policy instruments (SPIs) rather than a balanced use of various policy instruments; and (3) underdeveloped areas should adjust the policy layout of the whole life cycle, and stakeholders should pay attention to the construction willingness of developers and the demands of consumers and seek policy support in the operation and maintenance stages, as well as during the demolition and recovery stages. In this study, we systematically analyzed the focus of PB policies for different stages and stakeholders and proposed an application strategy of policy instruments, contributing to the improvement of the PB policy system and the narrowing of regional development gaps with respect to PBs.</jats:p

Further validating of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (Dass-21) in Chinese adolescents: factor structure and measurement invariance

Abstract Background Prior studies of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) have validated its first-order three-factor structure (e.g., depression, anxiety, and stress) in Chinese students and/or adult populations. This study aimed to further examine alternative factor models (e.g., higher-order structure model, bifactor model), and measurement invariance (e.g., across genders, and across grade levels) of the DASS-21 among Chinese adolescents. Methods Two samples were collected by the convenience sampling. More specifically, the Sample 1 (n 1 = 472, 50.2% boy, M age=14.91) was collected from three middle schools in Guizhou and Sichuan Province; the Sample 2 (n 2 = 564, 44.5% boy, M age=13.62) was collected from three middle schools in Guizhou Province. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), and other criterion measures (e.g., MMHI-A, MMHI-AS, GAD-7, PHO-9, and WHO-5) were completed by the adolescents. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group CFA, internal consistency, and zero-order correlation were used to evaluate the results. Results The CFA supported a three-factor bifactor structure model for the DASS-21, and multi-group CFAs further demonstrated the bifactor model of DASS-21 scores exhibited scalar invariance across gender (boys and girls) and grade levels (junior high and high school students). Additionally, the DASS-21 scores displayed satisfactory internal consistency, as indicated by alpha and omega coefficients. Finally, the criterion validity was established based on the expected relationships between the DASS-21 scores and external variables (depression, anxiety, academic stress, and well-being). Conclusion The DASS-21 is an effective tool designed for young people, used to measure common mental health statuses—such as anxiety, depression, and stress—and the general distress factor among Chinese adolescents

Additional file 1 of The comorbid network characteristics of anxiety and depressive symptoms among Chinese college freshmen

Supplementary Material

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 Mediate Species-Specific Modulations of Programmed Necrosis through the Viral Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunit R1

ABSTRACT Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and its substrate mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are core regulators of programmed necrosis. The elimination of pathogen-infected cells by programmed necrosis acts as an important host defense mechanism. Here, we report that human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 had opposite impacts on programmed necrosis in human cells versus their impacts in mouse cells. Similar to HSV-1, HSV-2 infection triggered programmed necrosis in mouse cells. However, neither HSV-1 nor HSV-2 infection was able to induce programmed necrosis in human cells. Moreover, HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection in human cells blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necrosis by preventing the induction of an RIP1/RIP3 necrosome. The HSV ribonucleotide reductase large subunit R1 was sufficient to suppress TNF-induced necrosis, and its RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain was required to disrupt the RIP1/RIP3 complex in human cells. Therefore, this study provides evidence that HSV has likely evolved strategies to evade the host defense mechanism of programmed necrosis in human cells. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 blocked TNF-induced necrosis in human cells while these viruses directly activated programmed necrosis in mouse cells. Expression of HSV R1 suppressed TNF-induced necrosis of human cells. The RHIM domain of R1 was essential for its association with human RIP3 and RIP1, leading to disruption of the RIP1/RIP3 complex. This study provides new insights into the species-specific modulation of programmed necrosis by HSV. </jats:p

Insight-HXMT and GECAM-C observations of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A

International audienceGRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected since the discovery of this kind of energetic explosions. However, an accurate measurement of the prompt emission properties of this burst is very challenging due to its exceptional brightness. With joint observations of \textit{Insight}-HXMT and GECAM-C, we made an unprecedentedly accurate measurement of the emission during the first $\sim$1800 s of GRB 221009A, including its precursor, main emission (ME, which dominates the burst in flux), flaring emission and early afterglow, in the hard X-ray to soft gamma-ray band from $\sim$ 10 keV to $\sim$ 6 MeV. Based on the GECAM-C unsaturated data of the ME, we measure a record-breaking isotropic equivalent energy ($E_{\rm iso}$) of $\bf \sim 1.5 \times 10^{55}$ erg, which is about eight times the total rest-mass energy of the Sun. The early afterglow data require a significant jet break between 650 s and 1100 s, most likely at $\sim950$ s from the afterglow starting time $T_{AG}$, which corresponds to a jet opening angle of $\sim {0.7^\circ} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/8}$, where $n$ is the ambient medium density in units of $\rm cm^{-3}$ and $\eta_\gamma$ is the ratio between $\gamma$-ray energy and afterglow kinetic energy. The beaming-corrected total $\gamma$-ray energy $E_{\gamma}$ is $\sim 1.15 \times10^{51} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/4}$ erg, which is typical for long GRBs. These results suggest that this GRB may have a special central engine, which could launch and collimate a very narrowly beamed jet with an ordinary energy budget, leading to exceptionally luminous gamma-ray radiation per unit solid angle. Alternatively, more GRBs might have such a narrow and bright beam, which are missed by an unfavorable viewing angle or have been detected without distance measurement

Insight-HXMT and GECAM-C observations of the brightest-of-all-time GRB 221009A

GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected since the discovery of this kind of energetic explosions. However, an accurate measurement of the prompt emission properties of this burst is very challenging due to its exceptional brightness. With joint observations of \textit{Insight}-HXMT and GECAM-C, we made an unprecedentedly accurate measurement of the emission during the first $\sim$1800 s of GRB 221009A, including its precursor, main emission (ME, which dominates the burst in flux), flaring emission and early afterglow, in the hard X-ray to soft gamma-ray band from $\sim$ 10 keV to $\sim$ 6 MeV. Based on the GECAM-C unsaturated data of the ME, we measure a record-breaking isotropic equivalent energy ($E_{\rm iso}$) of $\bf \sim 1.5 \times 10^{55}$ erg, which is about eight times the total rest-mass energy of the Sun. The early afterglow data require a significant jet break between 650 s and 1100 s, most likely at $\sim950$ s from the afterglow starting time $T_{AG}$, which corresponds to a jet opening angle of $\sim {0.7^\circ} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/8}$, where $n$ is the ambient medium density in units of $\rm cm^{-3}$ and $\eta_\gamma$ is the ratio between $\gamma$-ray energy and afterglow kinetic energy. The beaming-corrected total $\gamma$-ray energy $E_{\gamma}$ is $\sim 1.15 \times10^{51} \ (\eta_\gamma n)^{1/4}$ erg, which is typical for long GRBs. These results suggest that this GRB may have a special central engine, which could launch and collimate a very narrowly beamed jet with an ordinary energy budget, leading to exceptionally luminous gamma-ray radiation per unit solid angle. Alternatively, more GRBs might have such a narrow and bright beam, which are missed by an unfavorable viewing angle or have been detected without distance measurement