Associations between diabetes mellitus and pulmonary hypertension in chronic respiratory disease patients

博士（医学）福島県立医科大

モートン・フェルドマン論 : 間(あいだ)間性 inbetween-nessという美学

東京藝術大学平成20年

ボアソナード「帝国民法草案註解」(4)

　ボアソナードによる旧民法典が現行法に大きな影響を与え，また，現行法の構造的な理解は旧民法の理解なくしてはありえないことは，現在の学説の共通の認識であることはいまさら強調するまでもないことであろう。ボアソナードは旧民法の準備草案を起草するにあたり，詳細な注解書（Boissonade, Projet de Code Civi; pour lʼempire du Japon accompagné dʼun commentaire, tome1～4）を残しており，同書は今なお参照する機会が多い重要な資料である。　ところが，同書の翻訳についてはボアソナード滞朝中に作られたと見られる「再閲修正民法草案注釈」（刊行年不詳）があるのみであり，しかも，法律用語または法概念が定着していない時代思潮を反映して，日本語としても分かりやすいものとは言いがたい。同書が現在かならずしも入手可能な図書とは言いがたい現状で，あえてボアソナードの同書を現代文に翻訳することも，それなりの意義があるのではないかと愚考し，ここに訳出することにした

粘土質転換畑のダイズ増収を目的とした土壌特性および耕うんに対する生育反応の解明

The self-sufficiency rate of soybeans in Japan has been determined to be only 5-7%. More specifically, in the Hokuriku region comprising Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, and Fukui Prefectures, soybean yields are low and unstable. The low productivity in the Hokuriku region may be due to soil characteristics in addition to climatic factors. Paddy fields occupy 89% of the croplands in this region and almost all soybean cultivation takes place in upland fields converted from rice paddies. Typical cropping systems employ rotation between rice paddy cropping and short-term upland soybean cropping using rotation patterns such as rice-rice-soybean-rice-rice-soybean. Furthermore, one-third of the farmland in this region contains clayey soils with low soil drainage and water retention capacity; obtaining ideal soil tilth and suitable water management for soybean growth is difficult under these environmental conditions. Knowledge of the physical characteristics of the soils in which upland crop-rice paddy field rotation systems are used and the effects of these soils on soybean growth is needed to attain high and stable yields in this region. The first objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between soybean yield and soil characteristics in the farmlands of the Hokuriku region to identify limiting factors that prevent high soybean yields. The second objective was to determine the effect of the transformation of iron oxides on soil microstructure and tillage properties. The third objective was to evaluate the effects of using recently developed machinery designed to achieve high seedling establishment and mitigation of water damage by tilling, ridge seeding, and compressing soil in a single process on seed imbibition and nitrogen (N) accumulation during the dry season. Soil properties and soybean growth were investigated in 33 upland fields converted from rice paddy fields in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture. Variations in soybean yield could be attributable specifically to soil characteristics because the subject fields were concentrated in a small plateau area with a homogeneous climate, planted with the same cultivar (Glycine max Merr. cv. Enrei), and managed by the same farmer. Fields equipped with underdrains showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher yields and a lower soil water content than fields without underdrains: the mean yields were 420 g m＾-2 for fields with underdrains and 330 g m＾-2 for fields without underdrains. Based on the coefficient of determination, 48% of the yield variance in the fields with underdrains was accounted for by differences in 100-seed-weight (Table 3). A significant correlation was also observed between 100-seed-weight and the amount of mineralized N in the soil (P < 0.01). In contrast, pod number accounted for 82% of the yield variance in fields without underdrains (Table 3). The yields from fields without underdrains were determined mainly by the initial growth during the period from seedling establishment to the determination of pod number. The relatively high yields from the fields with underdrains demonstrates a strong relationship between soybean 100-seed-weight and soil mineralized N. A comparison of paddy soil (Typic Endoaquepts) that contained 38% clay (mainly smectite) and 1.3% free iron oxide with a model substance that was a　mixture of smectite with 85g of iron per kilogram of　iron oxide revealed that the transformation of soil iron oxide affected the soil microstructure of upland croppaddy rice rotation soils. The sediment volume (SV) of paddy soil decreased when the matric potential of the soil was less than -1.5 MPa and increased again with flooding after drying. The amount of reduced iron associated with flooding indicates that the increase in SV was dependent upon the soil reduction history and not on the state of reduction. The effect of soil drying on SV was reproduced in the model substance when the matric potential of the sample was less than -1.5 MPa (Fig. 8). Furthermore, drying reduced the SV of smectite that contained iron oxide more than smectite without iron oxide. When samples were reduced by the addition of sodium ascorbate, the SV increased only for the smectite that contained iron oxide (Fig. 10). An analysis of pore distribution and scanning electron micrographs showed that the addition of iron oxide decreased the volume of 1-μm diameter pores and increased the volume of 100-nm diameter pores (Fig. 11). These results indicate that the aggregation of layered silicates in the presence of iron oxide caused by drying was a contributing factor to the decrease in SV and that the decreased volume could be restored by the reductive dissolution of iron oxides in the soil. Free iron oxides have a poor crystalline order in paddy fields. Poorly ordered iron has properties that allow it to react with some species of anions and change the soil microstructure by reductive dissolution. These chemical properties are unique to upland fields converted from rice paddy fields. A new method for evaluating the status of free iron oxide crystallinity was developed in this study. Free iron crystallinity was defined as the amount of iron extracted over 120min in 1M sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.0) at a solution to soil ratio of 100: 1 (Fe_ac). The soil Fe_ac decreased in proportion to the length of time after conversion from rice paddy to upland cultivation. The Fe_ac was correlated significantly with phosphate retention properties (Fig. 15) and the iron reducibility of soils under submerged conditions (Fig. 16), but did not correlate with the amount of acid oxalate-extracted iron, which is generally used to extract amorphous free iron. The relationship between the transformation of iron oxide crystallinity and soil tillage properties was analyzed in upland crop-paddy rice rotation fields. Soil friability increased with time (0-5 years) after the conversion from paddy field to upland field (Fig. 20). The amounts of dithionite-citrate-extractable free iron and oxalate extractable iron did not change over time after conversion, but the Fe_ac, phosphate retention, and ferrous iron content under flooded conditions decreased gradually (Fig. 19). These results imply that the iron oxide crystallinity increased with time after conversion, and that this resulted in a decrease in reactivity with phosphate and reductive dissolution under flooded conditions. During the first year after conversion to an upland field, the Fe_ac decreased gradually, but irregularly, and the changes in the ratio of ferric to ferrous iron in the Fe_ac fraction did not show an obvious trend (Fig. 21). After 6 years as an upland field, the addition of organic matter before flooding increased the content of reduced iron after conversion to a paddy field. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the ferrous iron content and SV and the proportion of clods < 2 mm in size after paddling (Fig. 22). The following model is proposed for the change in soil microstructure in upland crop-paddy rice rotation fields (Fig. 23). The soil microstructure is altered in converted upland fields by the process of drying after drainage. In this soil environment, free iron oxides interact with layered silicate to form a unique microstructure. Because free iron oxides are easily reduced immediately after oxidation, flooding for a short period such as after a period of rainfall could reduce iron oxides and cause the soil microstructure to be unstable. The iron oxides and soil microstructure that are formed become more stable with time after the paddies are converted to upland fields. Soybean seed imbibition is poor in the heavy clay of upland fields after conversion from rice paddy fields due to the severe conditions of drought in the soil. These conditions are due to low water availability caused by physical properties of the soil and planting during late May to early June when the soil is very dry. The effects of soil compression on soil drying and soybean seed imbibition were examined to identify methods for improving seed imbibition. Tillage promoted soil drying. The soil water content remained higher in soil compressed by a seeder (6 kPa) to a depth of 50 mm than in uncompressed soil, and the rate of soybean seed imbibition increased significantly (Fig. 26). Furthermore, an extremely dry layer was present at a depth of 10-40 mm in the uncompressed soil. Soybean seeds are typically sown at a depth of 20-30 mm, placing them in the dry layer. Such a dry layer was not observed in compressed soils (Fig. 25), which indicates that the movement of soil water from lower to upper layers was inhibited in seedbeds with no compression due to small contact areas of soil clods. In conclusion, soil compression facilitates imbibition by promoting the movement of water from lower soil layers, and soil compression immediately after tillage promotes seed imbibition for seeds sown at depths of 20-30 mm. These results also imply that machine tilling and compressing the soil in a single process is an effective approach to improve soybean seed imbibition. Sowing on elevated ridges reduces water damage to soybean plants cultivated in upland fields converted from rice paddy fields. Therefore, the effect of ridge tillage (RT) on soybean N accumulation was investigated. The amounts of plant N derived from N2 fixation in nodules, from soil, or from fertilizer were compared between RT and conventional tillage (CT) in two replicate fields during 2002-2003. Both fields were upland fields converted from rice paddies (Typic Hydraquents). The main difference between the two fields was the presence or absence of field underdrains. The amounts of rubidium (Rb) and potassium (K) that accumulated in the shoots were also determined as an indicator of root distribution in the soil. The yields in the two fields were higher with RT by 106 and 129%, respectively, than with CT. An increased pod number and seed weight were the major factors contributing to the increased yield. An analysis of variance indicated that N_2 fixation by nodules and N absorption by roots increased significantly with RT until the R1 (flowering) stage. The amounts of Rb and K that accumulated in the shoots indicate that the roots were distributed more abundantly in the upper soil layers with RT than with CT. Consequently, RT resulted in reduced water damage during the part of the rainy season that overlapped with the flowering stage. N accumulation from N_2 fixation through the R7 (maturity) stage was significantly higher with RT than with CT. RT was an effective method for increasing N_2 fixation by nodules in poorly drained upland fields converted from rice paddies. In conclusion, improvements to the initial stage of soybean growth are required to obtain high and stable yields from soybean grown in poorly drained heavy clay soil in the Hokuriku region. One of the best practices for improving initial growth is the modification of soil tilth in seedbeds, and high soil friability is desirable to permit the modification of tillage practices. The soil microstructure, which affects soil friability, changes gradually during the period after conversion from paddy field to upland field. This study shows that the transformation of iron oxide in upland crop-paddy rice rotation soil affected the soil microstructure, and a new method for evaluating the transformation of iron oxides was presented. This study also demonstrates that seeding and compressing the soil immediately after tilling promotes imbibition and that RT can mitigate water damage during the initial growth stage and increase N accumulation in plants. These results support the use of machinery that tills, ridges, seeds, and compresses the soil in a single process as one of the best approaches to improve soil tilth and the initial growth of soybeans

Cell competition: a mechanism for survival of the fittest in the multi-cellular community

金沢大学がん進展制御研究所MCF-7（luminalタイプ乳がん細胞株）とMCF10A（乳腺上皮細胞株）細胞においてモザイク状にRBを不活性化することによって、RB不活性化細胞がそうでない細胞群から細胞競合を受けることが判明した。MCF-7細胞における細胞競合においては、いわゆるapical extrusionののちにRB不活性化細胞は細胞死の表現型を示した。しかし、apical extrusionされるRB不活性化細胞は全体の40%未満であり、完全には駆逐されない。一方、MCF10Aにおける細胞競合では、apical extrusionはRB不活性化細胞の25%程度であったが、apical extrusionに先行して細胞死が起きている可能性が示された。これらの観察は、トランスフォームした細胞群のなかでRBが不活性化する場合と正常細胞群のなかでRBが不活性化する場合とでは、細胞競合の機構が全く異なることを示唆した。Organoid系では、乳腺上皮が内腔側(apical側)で一層となり、筋上皮細胞がそれを取り囲む形態(basal側)が確認された。Bicistronic Cre recombinase-GFPアデノウイルスの感染によって乳腺上皮においてモザイク状にRBが欠失するとき、乳腺上皮が40%ほどの頻度でbasal側に抜け出る現象が観察された。対して、apical側への抜け出しは、5%程度と低かった。すべての乳腺上皮においてRBが欠失するorganoidでは、basal側への抜け出しは、10%程度に抑制されたので、RB欠失細胞が非欠失細胞に取り囲まれる状態が細胞の抜けだしを促進する、つまり、細胞競合的な機序が介在する可能性を見出した。研究課題/領域番号:15H01487, 研究期間(年度):2015-04-01 – 2017-03-3

ボアソナード「帝国民法草案註解」(3)

ボアソナードによる旧民法典が現行法に大きな影響を与え、また、現行法の構造的な理解は旧民法の理解なくしてはありえないことは、現在の学説の共通の認識であることはいまさら強調するまでもないことであろう。ボアソナードは旧民法の準備草案を起草するにあたり、詳細な注解書（Boissonade, Projet de code Civil pour l\u27empire du Japon accompagnè d\u27un commentaire, tome 1～4）を残しており、同書は今なお参照する機会が多い重要な資料である。 　ところが、同書の翻訳についてはボアソナード滞朝中に作られたと見られる「再閲修正民法草案注釈」（刊行年不詳）があるのみであり、しかも、法律用語または法概念が定着していない時代思潮を反映して、日本語としても分かりやすいものとは言いがたい。同書が現在かならずしも入手可能な図書とは言いがたい現状で、あえてボアソナードの同書を現代文に翻訳することも、それなりの意義があるのではないかと愚考し、ここに訳出することにした

水稲の育苗箱全量施肥における培土と施肥位置が苗箱内の水分環境に与える影響

One-shot application of controlled release fertilizer in a nursery box is an advantageous technique to decrease the labor cost of rice production. However, heavy application of fertilizer is considered to cause drought stress because the water-holding capacity of the nursery box decreases. The objective of this study was to elucidate the possibility of drought injury of rice seedlings in a nursery box with heavy, one-shot application of controlled-release fertilizer. We examine the drought stress for three fertilizer application levels (0, 600, 1200 g/box), nine types of potting soils, two periods (a covered period for retaining heat by plastic film in the initial stage of seedlings and the subsequent uncovered period with daily watering), and three methods of seeding (seeding on a mixture of soil and fertilizer and covering with soil ; adding potting soil first, applying fertilizer on the potting soil, seeding on the fertilizer, then covering with soil ; and putting down fertilizer first, applying potting soil on top, seeding on the potting soil, then covering with soil). In the covered period, the water content of the surface soil had a high correlation with ratio of standing. Using high-water-holding-capacity potting soil and seeding on soil but not on fertilizer increased the water content of covered soil and the standing ratio. In the uncovered period, the water content of nursery boxes had a significant correlation with the dry matter of seedlings, but the coefficient of determination was small (r^2=0.13). We concluded that the most critical period for the risk of drought stress is the covered period, and that the selection of potting soil with a high water-holding capacity and the application of seeds on soil rather than fertilizer are important techniques to avoid drought injury.水稲の疎植栽培の普及などにより、育苗箱全量施肥を行う際、苗箱への肥料の多量施用が必要となる機会が増えている。肥料の多量施用は苗箱中の保水性や苗の生育に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。そこで本研究では多量施用を行った場合の育苗時の乾燥ストレスの可能性について検討を行った。施用量は0, 600, 1200g/箱とし、培土の種類、施肥位置 (混合、層状施肥、箱底施肥) をかえ、無加温育苗での農業フィルムの被覆期間と灌水開始以降の水分環境について検討した。被覆期間においては表面から5mmの土壌の水分と出芽率の間に有意な正の関係がみられ、最大容水量が大きい培土、または箱底施用で表層土壌の含水比が高まり、出芽率が高くなった。被覆除去後においては苗箱の保水性と苗の乾物重に有意な関係は見られたが、決定係数は小さかった (r^2=0.13)。以上から被覆期間において出芽率が低下するリスクを第一に考える必要があり、これを防ぐためには最大容水量の大きな培土を選ぶこと、箱底に施肥することが効果的だと結論した

Intersection of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor function, stem cells, metabolism, and inflammation

金沢大学がん進展制御研究所The Retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor regulates G1/S transition during cell cycle progression by modulating the activity of E2F transcription factors. The RB pathway plays a central role in the suppression of most cancers, and RB mutation was initially discovered by virtue of its role in tumor initiation. However, as cancer genome sequencing has evolved to profile more advanced and treatment-resistant cancers, it has become increasingly clear that, in the majority of cancers, somatic RB inactivation occurs during tumor progression. Furthermore, despite the presence of deregulation of cell cycle control due to an INK4A deletion, additional CCND amplification and/or other mutations in the RB pathway, mutation or deletion of the RB gene is often observed during cancer progression. Of note, RB inactivation during cancer progression not only facilitates G1/S transition but also enhances some characteristics of malignancy, including altered drug sensitivity and a return to the undifferentiated state. Recently, we reported that RB inactivation enhances pro-inflammatory signaling through stimulation of the interleukin-6/STAT3 pathway, which directly promotes various malignant features of cancer cells. In this review, we highlight the consequences of RB inactivation during cancer progression, and discuss the biological and pathological significance of the interaction between RB and pro-inflammatory signaling. © 2017 Japanese Cancer Association