Analysis and VLSI Architecture Design of Non-Deblocking Loop Filter in HEVC Encoder

在人類視覺感知系統的歷史裡，先進的視訊應用是具有劃時代意義的影響。這些電視技術的應用走向更豐富多彩以及更高的畫素。為了追求更高的視覺品質和更逼真的視覺感受，越來越多的先進視訊應用正在開發，如高解析度電視（HDTV），3D應用以及網絡視訊串流。然而在視訊應用中，巨大的數據資料大小和數據遺失為兩大重要的挑戰。為了解決這兩大挑戰，視訊編碼變得越來越重要。隨著對於更高品質以及更高解析度的視訊應用、頻寬的限制以及視訊壓縮技術的進步，下一代的視訊編碼標準，高效率視訊編碼標準(HEVC)也正在如火如荼的制訂中，其目標是相比於H.264/AVC再進一步降低50%的壓縮效率。在高效率視訊編碼標準中，很多新的編碼技巧被提出，在本篇論文中，我分析其中的非除區塊濾波器編碼器的演算法並針對其演算法設計及實作其積體電路架構。 非除區塊濾波器的目的在於減少原圖與壓縮圖之間的誤差。在非除區塊濾波器中有兩種新採用的壓縮工具，為可調式樣本補償以及可調式迴路濾波器。非除區塊濾波器提供了5%的壓縮效率進步，但付出的代價是極高的演算複雜度；此外現在的非除區塊濾波器演算法並不適合於硬體的實作。為了將非除區塊濾波器實作在硬體上並降低演算複雜度，我提出了許多技巧以及硬體架構。首先，我針對非除區塊濾波器的演算法做了許多化減，結果顯示大多數的硬體資源可以被節省同時維持住壓縮效率以及壓縮品質。再來我提出了統一非除區塊濾波器流程、兩級非除區塊濾波器硬體架構以及LCU level-D資料重覆利用技巧，並應用這些方法實作於硬體上。基於我們所做的分析、演算法的化減與改進以及硬體架構的設計，我所提出的硬體架構減少了75%頻寬使用、99%的內部記憶體使用以及超過40%的硬體運算資源，同時只降低了1.29%的壓縮效率。此為全球第一的高效率視訊編碼標準非除區塊濾波器編碼器的硬體實作，規格為7680x4320序列，每秒30幀，每秒處理能力為1.49億個像素。Advanced video applications have an epochal impacts to the history of human visual perception system. Television and communication technology evolve toward more realistic and higher resolution. Many applications, such as high definition TV (HDTV), 3D device and Internet video streaming are developed to fulfill the human desire. However, the massive data size and data loss are still the challenges for these applications. With the advances in video coding technology, the demand of high quality and high definition video encourages the development of next generation video coding standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In 2010, ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) formed a Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) and has began working on the next generation video coding standard HEVC. Many advanced techniques and enhanced coding tools are proposed in HEVC. In this thesis, we analyze and design the algorithm and hardware architecture of non-deblocking loop filter in HEVC. The non-deblocking loop filter aims to decrease the distortion between original pictures and reconstructed pixels. Sample adaptive offset and adaptive loop filter are two newly adopted tools in HEVC. The non-deblocking loop filter has 5\% coding efficiency gain; nevertheless, the cost is high complexity. In addition, the algorithm of non-deblocking loop filter is not hardware friendly. In order to implement the non-deblocking loop filter on hardware and reduce the complexity, we propose many techniques and hardware architecture. First, we propose many simplifications on SAO and ALF, especially on ALF. We show that much of the hardware resource can be saved yet keeps the video quality and coding performance. Second, we propose unified non-deblocking loop filter flow, two-stage non-deblocking loop filter architecture and LCU level-D data reuse to implement the non-deblocking loop filter on hardware. The proposed hardware architecture reduces 75\% of external memory access bandwidth, 99.9\% of memory usage and more than 40\% of hardware computation resource with only 1.29\% of coding efficiency loss. Based on the proposed algorithm and hardware architecture design, a worldwide first non-deblocking loop filter of HEVC standard hardware with 1.49G pixels/s throughput under the specification Ultra-HD $7680 imes4320$, 30fps is achieved

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Retropharyngeal Abscess Complicated by a Cervical Spinal Subdural Empyema

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cervical spinal subdural empyema a a result of a retropharyngeal abscess has not been reported previously. We present a 65- year-old male intravenous drug user who developed spinal subdural empyema after an operation for a retropharyngeal abscess. Although imaging diagnosis and follow-up surgery were performed quickly. the neurological outcome was poor. We review the literature on retropharyngeal abscess with intraspinal infection

Nitrogen containing FePt Catalyst in Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Fuel Cells

為加速燃料電池之實用化，開發具高活性、高穩定性與低成本之陰極觸媒為科學界之一大課題。近年藉沉積鐵氮碳奈米粒子於零維碳材或二維結構之石墨烯，並於氨氣環境進行熱處理，開發具一定活性、低雙氧水產率與近四電子轉移數之過渡金屬觸媒，但其活性與鉑等貴金屬觸媒仍有一定差距。 因觸媒催化能力與其結構具顯著相關性，藉調控觸媒之結構，可改善其對氧氣還原反應之活性以及副反應之產生。本研究將藉添加鉑金屬於鐵氮粒子之結構，藉由鉑較鐵富電子之特性，改善鐵氮觸媒之活性，並藉此為爾後富電子金屬改質方法之研究奠定基礎。此外此合成法將觸媒乘載於將金屬離子結合之熬合劑碳化所形成之碳材。不似過往金屬觸媒合成後，需額外添加碳材再經熱處理之方法，流程精簡。相較於已發展之合金觸媒，本研究所開發之觸媒具降低成本之優勢並可有效提升此非貴重金屬觸媒之催化活性。 藉調整合成方法後，本研究以X光粉末繞射儀(X-ray powder diffraction; XRD)鑑定觸媒晶體結構與純度；以感應耦合電漿質譜分析儀(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ICP-MS)與元素分析儀(elemental analyzer; EA)分析觸媒元素組成，藉穿透式電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscopy; TEM)進行觸媒形貌、粒徑大小與分布之分析，以循環伏安電位儀(cyclic voltammetry)量測觸媒之電化學特性、氧氣還原(ORR)活性與雙氧水產生率，以X光吸收光譜(X-ray absorption spectroscopy; XAS)之X光近吸收邊緣結構(X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure; XANES)量測觸媒元素之電子結構。藉由上述方法，確認藉添加鉑金屬於鐵氮粒子之結構將改善鐵氮觸媒之活性。To promote the commercial of fuel cell, designing a high activity, high stability and low cost catalyst was a critical issue. Recently, the catalyst which iron nitride nanoparticle deposited on the zero dimensional and three dimensional carbon support was synthesized under the ammonia atmosphere and demonstrated a well performance in activity, electron transfer and yield of hydrogen peroxide in oxygen reduction reaction. However, its activity was still lower than commercial Platinum catalyst. The electronic structure was an important factor to enhance the activity and inhabit the side reaction of catalyst. In present study, we established method to improve the activity by importing an electron donor, platinum for example, into the iron nitride catalyst enhance the back donation of active site. In the present study, the characteristics of catalyst were identified by following technology. Crystal structure identified X-ray powder diffraction. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) study by using synchrotron radiation was applied for the d-band vacancy of iron and platinum. The oxygen reduction performance was identified by cyclic voltammery. Confirm the introduction of platinum into iron nitride catalyst would enhance the catalytic activity.口試委員會審定書 i 謝誌 ii 摘要 iii Abstract iv 總目錄 v 圖目錄 vii 表目錄 x 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 燃料電池之歷史 1 1.2燃料電池介紹 3 1.2.1燃料電池特色 3 1.2.2燃料電池種類 3 1.2.3質子交換膜型燃料電池之發展 5 1.2.4質子交換膜型燃料電池之原理 5 1.2.5質子交換膜型燃料電池之構造 6 1.2.6質子交換膜型燃料電池之極化曲線 8 1-3 氧氣還原反應介紹 9 1.3.1 氧氣還原反應之重要性 9 1.3.2 氧氣還原反應之路徑 10 1.3.3 氧氣還原反應機制 10 1.4質子交換膜型燃料電池之陰極觸媒 14 1.4.1陰極觸媒之發展 14 1.4.2 鉑系陰極觸媒 15 1.4.3 非貴金屬系陰極觸媒 18 1.5研究動機與目的 22 第二章 實驗步驟與儀器分析原理 24 2.1 化學藥品 24 2.2 鐵鉑氮觸媒合成 25 2.3 觸媒電化學量測方式 27 2.4觸媒樣品之鑑定與分析 27 2.4.1 X光粉末繞射(X-ray powder diffraction; XRD) 29 2.4.2感應耦合電漿質譜分析(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ICP-MS) 31 2.4.3元素分析(Eelemental analyzsis; EA) 34 2.4.4 穿透式電子顯微鏡(Transmission electron microscope；TEM) 35 2.4.5循環伏安電位(Cyclic voltammetry) 36 2.4.6 X光吸收光譜 (X-ray absorption spectroscopy; XAS) 37 第三章 結果與討論 41 3.1 觸媒結構分析 41 3.1.1 觸媒合成條件探討 41 3.1.2 粉末X光繞射圖譜 42 3.1.3 元素分析 46 3.1.4 高解析穿透式電子顯微鏡分析 47 3.1.5.1 X光吸收近邊緣結構 49 3.2觸媒電化學特性分析 53 3.2.1 循環伏安法分析 53 3.2.2 線性伏安法-氧氣還原反應活性測試 54 3.2.3 電子轉移數與雙氧水產率 56 第四章 結論 58 參考文獻 5

Optimal Design of Friction Pendulum System Typed Tuned Mass Damper

本文旨在探討結構加裝單一FPS型TMD之最佳化研究，考慮定摩擦與變摩擦兩種摩擦系統，其中定摩擦系統之摩擦係數為定值，不隨著摩擦面位置不同而改變；變摩擦系統之摩擦係數則為變數，隨著摩擦面位置不同而改變。首先，將動力平衡方程式轉換成一階狀態方程式，以求得離散時間系統之狀態方程式來進行動力分析，在TMD之摩擦力計算方面，以一個方程式囊括兩種滑動行為 (滑動狀態與非滑動狀態) 而求出摩擦力。接著，推導出最佳化理論，於計算流程中採用迭代法並搭配golden section search以求取最佳化參數。再者，針對TMD設計參數，即質量比、頻率比及摩擦參數，進行參數分析 (靈敏度分析)，探討設計參數對減振之影響與效果。最後，以臺北101大樓為案例分析對象，模擬臺北101加裝FPS型TMD之減振效果，驗証FPS型TMD之可行性，並與原來的減振元件 (黏滯型TMD) 做一比較。分析結果顯示，FPS型TMD之擺動在小角度的前提下，最佳化理論確實可行，可達到良好的減振效果；而參數分析部分，頻率比對於結構減振相當靈敏，摩擦參數則較不靈敏；並由臺北101大樓的案例分析可知，只要設計得宜，不論是定摩擦系統、或者變摩擦系統之FPS型TMD，均可達減振目的，使其頂樓加速度峰值降至5 gal以下，而其中變摩擦系統之FPS型TMD減振效果最為顯著。In this report, optimal design of a structure implemented with a friction pendulum system (FPS) typed tuned mass damper (TMD) is proposed. Two kinds of friction system are considered. One of them is fixed friction system whose friction coefficient is fixed and independent of relative displacement; the other one is variable friction system whose friction coefficient is variable and dependent on relative displacement. At first, by employing the first order state-space equation transferred from the motion equation of a structure implemented with a FPS typed TMD, the discrete-time state-space equation by which the time history analysis can be conducted is derived. In computing friction force, an equation which includes two kinds of motion behaviors (stick and slip states) is proposed. Then, the procedure of optimal theory is proposed to obtain the optimal design parameters of FPS typed TMD, and the iteration method and golden section search are used in the process. Moreover, the effect of design parameters to vibration suppression (sensibility analysis) is studied. Finally, as an example the structural response of Taipei 101 implemented with a FPS typed TMD subjected to designed wind force is simulated, and the feasibility is verified and compared with the original design of the nonlinear viscous TMD for Taipei 101. The result shows that optimal theory works but relies on an assumption: small angle of sliding of FPS typed TMD. In the analysis of parameters, it shows that vibration suppression is very sensitive to frequency ratio, but not to friction parameters. In case study, once the TMD is properly designed, no matter fixed or variable FPS typed TMD, the requirement of comfort for Taipei 101 can be satisfied such that the peak acceleration of roof is reduced to less than 5 gal, and the variable FPS typed TMD is most effective one.口試委員會審定書............................................ I謝.......................................... II要........................................ III一章 緒論 1.1 研究動機及目的 1.2 文獻回顧 3.3 本文內容 6二章 摩擦鐘擺型TMD之動力行為 9.1 結構動力系統 9.2 結構加裝FPS型TMD之動力系統 10.3 FPS型TMD之摩擦行為與摩擦力計算 14三章 最佳化理論 19.1 設計參數與最佳化目標函數 19.2 最佳化理論 21.3 數值計算程式 26四章 最佳化參數分析 33.1 臺北101結構系統簡介 33.2 單自由度化結構並加裝單一FPS型TMD 33.3 可行性驗證 35.4 參數分析 36五章 案例分析 43.1 臺北101的數值模擬 43.2 單自由度化結構加裝FPS型TMD之案例分析與比較 44六章 結論與展望 49.1 結論 49.2 展望 51考文獻 5

[[alternative]]The Impact of Extending Trading Hours on Returns and Volatility--An Example of Taiwan Security Market and Futures Market

[[abstract]]　　台灣證券市場從2001年1月2日起，每日交易時間由3小時延長到4.5小時，而期貨市場之交易時間，也從原本的3.5小時延長到5小時，此新制度的實行，改變了台灣金融市場行之多年的交易習慣。本研究主要探討延長交易時間制度實施前後，是否會對股票及期貨報酬與波動性產生影響，以台股指數、電子指數、金融指數、台股期貨、電子期貨及金融期貨為主要研究對象。六種研究樣本資料選取期間皆為2000年1月到2001年12月的每日收盤價，主要結論如下：　　1.在報酬的研究方面，交易時間延長前一年的台股指數、電子指數及金融指數之報酬在交易時間延長之後，受落後期之報酬及報酬殘差的影響減少，表示其市場訊息的傳遞速度已獲得改善。交易時間延長前後的台股期貨報酬並沒有明顯改變，而電子期貨及金融期貨之報酬則在交易時間延長之後，不受到落後期之報酬及報酬殘差之影響，表示其市場訊息的傳遞速度已獲得改善。2.在波動性的研究方面，交易時間延長前後的台股指數與台股期貨波動性並沒有明顯改變，表示大盤指數的波動性不會因為交易時間的延長而有所改變，因此，若不考慮對總體經濟指標，如生產率、失業率的影響，單純就市場績效的觀點而言，政府全面推行全天交易是可行的。電子指數與金融指數的波動性在交易時間延長之後，其受落後期的影響有所增加，表示波動的持續性增加，市場反應資訊的能力減少；而電子期貨與金融期貨的波動性在交易時間延長之後，其受落後期的影響趨於緩和，表示波動的持續性減少，市場反應資訊的能力增加。　[[abstract]]　　This study mainly focuses on the impact of extending trading hours on the return and volatility of stocks and futures. The daily price data dated from 2000/1-2001/12 of stock indexes and index futures were obtained from TSEC and TAIFEX. The main research results include: 　1. Research in return shows that indicates the transmission speed of market information has been improved in the year-before period of extending trading hours among Taiwan Stock Index, Electronic Sector Index and Banking and Insurance Sector Index. Taiwan Stock Index futures return does not have great changes in the year-before period and year-after period of extending trading hours, and Electronic Sector Index futures and Banking and Insurance Sector Index futures did not be affected by lagged return and residual that indicates the transmission speed of market information has been improved in the year-after period of extending trading hours.2. Research in volatility presents that volatilities in Taiwan Stock Index and Taiwan Stock Index futures did not exist significant change in the year-before period and year-after period of extending trading hours, indicating volatility of stock index doesn’t have any change due to extending trading hours. Therefore, without considerating effects on macro economy such as productivity rate, unemployment rate, all-day trading would be feasible from the perspective of market performance. Volatilities of Electronic Sector Index and Banking and Insurance Sector Index are slightly influenced by lagged term in the year-after period of extending trading hours, indicating volatility persistence increasing, ability for market reacting to information declining; volatilities of Electronic Sector Index futures and Banking and Insurance Sector Index futures tend to smooth influence by lagged term in the year-after period of extending trading hours that indicates when volatility persistently decrease, the ability for market reacting to information will rally.