Occurrence of PM10-bound PAHs in Big Xiamen Bay

多环芳烃(PAHs)是大气中广泛存在的一类有机污染物，主要来自化石燃料的燃烧，其中具“三致作用”PAHs主要以吸附于大气颗粒物的形式存在。大厦门湾（包括泉州、厦门、金门、漳州等沿海区域）是福建省重要的集工业、旅游和交通运输为一体的区域，为海峡西岸经济区的龙头。随经济的快速发展，空气质量呈逐年持续下降。为此，于大厦门湾设置8个采样点，对PM10中的PAHs进行为期一年的监测(2008年3月-2009年3月)以探讨PM10中PAHs的季节变化、时空分布及昼夜分布特征，并对其本地与区域污染来源进行分析，得出以下结果： 1.所有站点PAHs均呈现显著的季节变化特征，表现为春冬季高，夏秋季低的趋势；...PAHs are a large group of semi-volatile organic compounds, and widely distributed in the atmosphere. Incomplete combustion of fossil is the main source of PAHs in ambient air. Much attention has been focused on PAHs due to their carcinogenic and mutageniccharacters. The Big Xiamen Bay, on the southeastern coast of China, to the west of Taiwan Strait, including Xiamen, Kinmen, part of Zhangzhou and...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学与工程系_环境科学学号：2262007115238

Characteristics and Sources of PM_(10)-bound PAHs During Haze Period in Winter-Spring of Xiamen

采集了厦门市冬春季(2008-12-04~2009-03-20)湖里工业区和大嶝岛旅游区大气PM10样品,用gC-MS定量了PM10负载的19种多环芳烃(PAHS),并结合采样期间气象资料对灰霾期和非灰霾期多环芳烃的差异特征进行对比分析.结果表明,冬春季采样期内,厦门市大气PM10中PAHS的浓度变化范围为12.93~79.27 ng.M-3,平均42.28 ng.M-3,比2004年冬季增长近3倍.灰霾期间PM10中PAHS总的质量浓度明显高于非灰霾期,并且灰霾期间低分子量组分菲、荧蒽和芘的质量分数显著下降,高分子量组分苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧、苯并[A]芘、苝、茚并[1,2,3-Cd]芘、苯并[gHI]苝和晕苯的质量分数相对升高.采用特征化合物比值、主成分分析与多元线性回归对来源与贡献率进行了分析和估算.灰霾期间识别出3类污染源:机动车尾气排放+天然气燃烧、煤燃烧和焦炉排放,其贡献率分别为62.7%、28.1%和9.2%;非灰霾期间同样识别出这3类污染源,其贡献率分别为48.6%、36.9%和14.5%.表明厦门市冬春季灰霾期间PM10中PAHS受本地源排放影响相对较多,非灰霾期间受北方燃煤长距离传输影响更显著.PM10 samples were collected at Huli(industrial zone) and Dadeng Island in Xiamen from December 2008 to March 2009.Nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) during haze and non-haze periods were determined by GC/MS.Combined with the meteorological data,the differences of chemical composition and source of PAHs were compared.During sampling periods,the concentrations of PM10-bound PAHs ranged from 12.93 to 79.27 ng·m-3 with the average of 42.28 ng·m-3,which were almost three times higher than those in the winter of 2004.PAHs concentrations were much higher during the haze periods than those in the non-haze periods.Meanwhile,during the haze periods the percentages of lower molecular weight PAHs such as Phe,Fluo and Pyr decreased significantly,on the contrary,individual components of BbF,BkF,BaP,Per,Icdp,BghiP and COR were more abundant.The main sources of PAHs were estimated by the Principal Component Analysis method and the contributions of various pollution sources to PAHs were calculated by the Multiple Linear Regression method.Results showed that the main pollutant sources of PM10-bound PAHs in winter-spring of Xiamen during the haze period were vehicle emission plus natural gas,coal combustion and coke oven,their contribution rates were 62.7%,28.1% and 9.2%,respectively.During non-haze periods,the main pollutant sources identified were the same and the contribution rates were 48.6%,36.9% and 14.5%,respectively.In winter-spring of Xiamen,PM10-bound PAHs were more influenced by local emission sources during the haze periods;coal combustion emissions in north China had a big contribution to PAHs during the non-haze periods.环保公益项目(201009004);厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20093013

Effect of Surfactant on the Volatilization of Organochlorine Pesticides from Still Artificial Seawater

[摘要]：研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠( SDBS) 对17 种有机氯农药(OCPs) 在模拟静海水水面挥发的影响及机制. 结 果表明, 低浓度SDBS的存在能抑制OCPs 的挥发, 抑制能力有随SDBS 浓度增加而增加的趋势, 且经盐常数校正后的气2水分配 系数与挥发速率常数在对数散点图上存在很好的正相关关系. OCPs 化合物挥发阻力分析表明, 低浓度SDBS 形成的表面膜不 会对OCPs 的挥发阻力产生直接影响, 但却增加了大气中OCPs 化合物在液面的沉降, 造成净挥发量减少, 且挥发性相对较强的 化合物受表面活性膜的影响更大.[ABstract]:The effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate ( SDBS) on the volatilization of 17 organochlorine pesticides ( OCPs) from still artificial seawater has been examined. The results show that SDBS at low concentration can retard the volatilization of OCPs compared to / clean0 surface. The retarding influence ismore pronounced for high level of SDBS than it is for low level of SDBS. A good positive correlation between the gas2seawater partition coefficients and the measured volatilization rates of OCPs is observed. Although the SDBS films present no significant, direct resistance to transfer, the films can absorb more OCPs from the above atmosphere with respect to the / clean0 surface and reduce the net volatilization flux from the still artificial seawater. The effect of the film is more pronounced for volatilization of more volatile OCPs than it is for less volatile OCPs.国家自然科学基金项目( 40603020) ; 中国博士后科学基金 项目(20060390186

P ollution of an ion ic surfactan t and PCB in coasta l surfa ce seawa ter of Fujian Lprovince

[摘要]：用亚甲蓝分光光度法和GC2ECD 法分别对福建近岸表层海水中的阴离子表面活性剂和PCBs进行了分析, 初步探 讨了表层海水中这两类污染物的来源。表层海水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度范围为0. 04~ 1. 987 mg/L, 较高浓度值站点主要 位于九龙江口、闽江口和湄洲湾海域。PCBs的浓度在3. 9 ~ 367. 1 ng/L之间, 整体上近岸站点浓度值比离岸站点高, 中北部 浓度值比南部高。与其他地区的研究结果及海水水质标准进行比较, 福建沿海表层海水中阴离子表面活性剂和PCB的污染 都较为严重。[Abstract]:The an ion ic surfactant and PCB in the coasta l su rface seawater of Fu jian p rovin ce were analyzed bymethylene blue sp ectro2 photometricmethod andGC2ECD, respectively. Th e concen trations ofmethylene b lu e act ive substan ce (MBAS) in th e surface seawater ranged from 0. 04 to 1. 987mg /L with the h ighest value found at the p ipe ou tlet near X iamen Un iversity. The elevated concentrat ions ofMBASwere observed in J iu long jiang, M in jiang Estuary andMeizhou Bay, poss ib ly du e to the d ischarge of sewage. Th e concentrat ions of totalPCBs ( d issolved p lu s particu late phase) ranged from 3. 9 to 367. 1 ng/L in th e surface L seawater and increased concentrat ions were ob served from offsh ore to inshore and from sou th to north. Th e pollut ion of an ion ic surfactan ts and PCBs in the coastal su rface sea2 water of Fu j ian P rovin ce is a seriou s prob lem comparingw ith other values reported andU S and Canada seawater2qu ality criteria.中国博士后科学基金( 20060390186); 国家自然科学基金项目( 40603020

MEASUREMENT of PARTICULATE NITRATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS USING GC-NCI/MS

比较了硝基多环芳烃(nITrO-PAHS)的gC-EI/MS,gC-nCI/MS和HPlC-fld分析方法,结果表明,gC-nCI/MS法选择性和灵敏度较高,样品前处理简单,满足大气颗粒物中痕量nITrO-PAHS的分析要求.用gC-nCI/MS法分析了厦门市钟鼓山隧道、厦门大学海洋楼和环岛干线大气颗粒物PM10中6种nITrO-PAHS,包括9-硝基蒽(9-nAn)、2-硝基荧蒽+3-硝基荧蒽(2+3-nf)、1-硝基芘(1-nP)、7-硝基苯并[A]蒽(7-nbAA)和6-硝基苯并[A]芘(6-nbAP).结果显示,隧道样品中nITrO-PAHS的浓度最高,6种nITrO-PAHS的日均总浓度在1210.0—1931.0Pg.M-3之间,其次为海洋楼顶和环岛干线,分别处于100.6—900.4Pg.M-3和96.5—332.1Pg.M-3范围内.隧道样品中1-硝基芘(1-nP)含量占绝对优势((60.9±7.0)%),显示汽车尾气直接排放的特征;而海洋楼顶和环岛干线站点的样品以2+3-硝基荧蒽(2+3-nf)为主,分别占到nITrO-PAHS总浓度的(54.9±6.7)%和(66.4±5.0)%,说明受气相反应生成的影响明显.海洋楼顶PM10中nITrO-PAHS的浓度显示明显的昼夜变化规律,夜间nITrO-PAHS浓度及2+3-nf/1-nP比值均明显高于白天,说明大气颗粒物中的nITrO-PAHS受光降解的影响明显,夜间nITrO-PAHS主要由PAHS与nO3.自由基的反应生成.The analysis methods of particulate nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(nitro-PAHs)were compared by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry(GC-NCI/MS),gas chromato-graphy-electron impact/mass spectrometry(GC-EI/MS),high performance liguid chromatography-fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD).The result shows that the GC-NCI/MS method has higher selectivity and sensitivity than the other two methods and the pre-treatment process of samples before GC-NCI/MS analysis is simple.Six nitro-PAHs,including 9-nitroanthracene(9-NAN),2+3-nitrofluoranthene(2+3-NF),1-nitropyrene(1-NP),7-nitrobenz[a]-anthracene(7-NBaA)and 6-nitrobenz[a]pyrene(6-NBaP),were identified and quantified in PM10 samples collected inside Zhonggu tunnel,on the roof of Ocean building and a site close to Around-the-Island line in Xiamen in November 2008.The daily averaged concentrations of nitro-PAHs in the tunnel ranged from 1210.0 to 1931.0 pg·m-3 and 1-nitropyrene(1-NP)dominated the nitro-PAHs profile((60.9±7.0)%),suggesting the primary source was vehicle exhausts.The concentrations of nitro-PAHs measured at the site of Ocean building and Around-the-Island line ranged from 100.6 to 900.4 pg·m-3 and from 96.5 to 332.1 pg·m-3,respectively.The 2+3-nitrofluoranthene(2+3-NF)predominated the profiles at the above two sites(accounting for(54.9±6.7)% and(66.4±5.0)%,respectively)suggesting the importance of gas phase formation of nitro-PAHs and the rapid transformation rate of PAHs to nitro-PAHs.The significant diurnal variations of 6 nitro-PAHs concentrations and the ratios of 2+3-NF to 1-NP measured on the roof of Ocean building highlighted the importance of the gas phase formation of nitro-PAHs from NO3·radical-initiated reactions during the night time and the importance of photo degradation in the daytime.国家自然科学基金(No.20777060;No.40971257)资

The Characteristics of Particulate PAHs in the Inside and Outside of South Putuo Temple Air

采集并分析了南普陀寺庙寺内外大气颗粒物中16种优控PAHs,寺内浓度(19.16～55.76 ng/m3)与车站浓度(33.32～123.28 ng/m3)相当,但都大于厦大校园站点的浓度(8.06～34.37 ng/m3).南普陀寺内和车站样品中苯并[ghi]苝的贡献最大,且寺内样品中能检出较高含量的惹烯.典型特征化合物比值分析表明,大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来自交通源(汽车尾气).Total suspended particles(TSP) samples from inside of south putuo buddhist temple(SPT),a bus terminal in the busy traffic area,and a building on the campus of Xiamen University,China were collected from July 31 to August 15,2006.The particulate samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) to and the aim is investigate the influence of incense burning and vehicle emissions on the local environment,respectively.The concentrations range of 16 PAHs in TSP samples were 19.16~55.76 ng/m3,33.32~123.28 ng/m3 and 8.06~34.37 ng/m3 for SPT,bus terminal and campus,respectively.The characteristic compound of retene from wood burning was detected is SPT samples, and the biggest contribution of PAH compound in both SPT and bus terminal samples was from Benzoperylene.The major sources of PAHs in all the TSP samples were believed from vehicle emissions(gasoline exhaust) based on the results from PAH diagnostic ratios

鄱阳湖区粮食供给功能的空间格局分析

在种植制度复杂、地块破碎及多阴雨天气的南方地区,应用卫星遥感植被指数时间序列数据提取复种指数受到中低空间分辨率的限制。使用较高空间分辨率影像是提取该区域复种信息有效的数据源。论文以鄱阳湖区为研究区,通过遥感解译提取水田空间信息;在界定单/双季稻生长期物候历的前提下,根据水稻不同生长期内归一化植被指数(NDVI)的明显差异,选择合理时间窗口的TM影像获取水田NDVI数据,采用非监督分类法提取单/双季稻的空间分布信息;结合湖区乡镇不同熟制水稻单产数据估算出基于栅格的水稻产量。研究表明,4月下旬到6月下旬是判别双季早稻与单季稻空间分布的合理时间窗口;7月上旬到8月上旬及9月中旬到10上旬是判别单季稻与双季晚稻空间分布的合理时间窗口。2005年,单季稻播种面积为3081.58km2,晚稻/早稻播种面积为3602.97km2,水稻复种指数为153.9%。单季稻普遍分布在市县建成区周边,双季稻主要分布在河口三角洲等地。全年水稻总产量约1650×104t,单季稻占30.5%,双季稻占69.5%。赣江下游地区两种熟制水稻产量均较高,而湖汊及湖区外围丘陵地区产量较低。国家自然科学项目“鄱阳湖区洪水调蓄与粮食供给服务的多情景互竞研究”(40901285);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)“中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全”(2009CB421106

UV-VIS and Surfactant Characteristics of Water-soluble Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosol

采集并分析了厦门-金门地区8个站点气溶胶(PM10)中水溶性有机物的紫外-可见光谱及表面活性物质.结果表明,气溶胶颗粒的水溶性有机物与腐殖酸标准具有很接近的紫外-可见吸收光谱,根据E2/E3(250nM吸光值与365nM吸光值之比)计算了水溶性有机物具有较高的芳构化程度(28.7%--34.64%)和分子量(10--19kdA).表面活性剂分析表明,交通繁忙及密集居民区气溶胶颗粒中的表面活性物质的浓度(0.16--0.19μg/M3)比郊区和农村地区高(0.06--0.10μg/M3),且大多表现为东北季风期的浓度高于东南季风期.表面活性剂浓度与颗粒浓度之间不存在简单的函数关系.PM10 samples from 8 sites in Xiamen-Jinmen area were collected and analyzed for the UV-VIS spectral characteristics and surfactant substances in the water-soluble organic compounds(WSOC).The results showed that the UV-VIS spectra of WSOC were very similar to those of humic acid standards,and the ratio of absorbance at 250 to 365 nm wavelength(E2/E3) showed that the WSOC had much high aromatic content(28.7%--34.64%) and molecular weight(10--19 kDa).The concentrations of surfactant in the WSOC samples collected from busy traffic and compact residential district sites(0.16--0.19 μg/m3) were much higher that those of the suburban and rural sites(0.06--0.10 μg/m3).A seasonal trend was also observed that the concentrations of surfactant in Northeast monsoon samples were almost higher than those of Southeast monsoon samples.There was no simple linear relationship between the concentration of surfactant and PM10.国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号:40603020;20777060

我国饲草用燕麦现状、问题和潜力

燕麦(Avena spp.)是一种优良的一年生粮饲兼用作物,具有耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、耐干旱、耐严寒等特性,并且产草量大、营养价值高,是目前广泛被认可和推广的优良禾本科牧草.随着国家"草牧业"、"粮改饲"、"引草入田"等政策的实施,国内燕麦草需求量将不断扩大.但是,我国对于饲草型专用燕麦的品种选育、种植技术和模式、收获与加工利用等燕麦饲草体系的研究与建设还很不完善.因此,本文从我国饲用燕麦的品种现状、燕麦饲草现状及饲用燕麦存在的问题和解决对策与发展潜力进行了综述,以期为我国饲用燕麦的研究及燕麦饲草产业的发展提供指导

UV–VIS and Surfactant Characteristics of Water-soluble Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosol

[摘要]：采集并分析了厦门−金门地区8 个站点气溶胶(PM10)中水溶性有机物的紫外−可见光谱及表面活性物质. 结果 表明，气溶胶颗粒的水溶性有机物与腐殖酸标准具有很接近的紫外−可见吸收光谱，根据E2/E3(250 nm 吸光值与365 nm 吸光值之比)计算了水溶性有机物具有较高的芳构化程度(28.7%~34.64%)和分子量(10~19 kDa). 表面活性剂分析表明， 交通繁忙及密集居民区气溶胶颗粒中的表面活性物质的浓度(0.16~0.19 μg/m3)比郊区和农村地区高(0.06~0.10 μg/m3)， 且大多表现为东北季风期的浓度高于东南季风期. 表面活性剂浓度与颗粒浓度之间不存在简单的函数关系.[Abstract]:PM10 samples from 8 sites in Xiamen–Jinmen area were collected and analyzed for the UV–VIS spectral characteristics and surfactant substances in the water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). The results showed that the UV–VIS spectra of WSOC were very similar to those of humic acid standards, and the ratio of absorbance at 250 to 365 nm wavelength (E2/E3) showed that the WSOC had much high aromatic content (28.7%~34.64%) and molecular weight (10~19 kDa). The concentrations of surfactant in the WSOC samples collected from busy traffic and compact residential district sites (0.16~0.19 μg/m3) were much higher that those of the suburban and rural sites (0.06~0.10 μg/m3). A seasonal trend was also observed that the concentrations of surfactant in Northeast monsoon samples were almost higher than those of Southeast monsoon samples. There was no simple linear relationship between the concentration of surfactant and PM10.国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号：40603020; 20777060