国别化:对外汉语教材编写的趋势

“2009年汉语国别化教材国际研讨会“是学界召开的有关国别化教材的第一次高层次专题研讨会,专家们围绕国别化汉语教材的需求分析与编写原则、汉语教材的立体化与数字化、汉语特征在汉语教材编写中的运用等三个主要议题进行了讨论与交流。文章从汉语国别化教材编写理论认知的深化、汉语国别化教材的编写实践、汉语国别化教学与文化因素、汉语国别化教材的立体化建设等四个方面对会议的研讨成果进行了概括与总结,将本次会议的学术共识归结为“五个重视“,即重视国别化的文化表征与各国的教育体系、国外非常规学生的学习需求、网络传播媒介的作用、多层次合作与共享学术资源、建立国别化教材评价指标体系。也惟其如此,才能切实有效地开展面向各个国家的国别化汉语教材编写工作,实现汉语教材建设的可持续发展

The assemblage and abundance distribution of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf

根据“908“专项北部湾2006—2007年四个季节的调查数据,分析了北部湾北部(20°n以北海域)水母类的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和群集结构特征及其环境影响因子。该区共记录水母类4类125种,分别为水螅水母类99种、管水母类17种、钵水母类4种和栉水母5种;以沿岸暖水种为主,占本区水母总种数的61.6%,其次是大洋暖水种,占37.6%,沿岸暖温种仅占0.8%。种数季节变化呈单峰型,夏季83种,冬季56种,秋季和春季各49种,四季均以水螅水母类为主。周年丰度变化呈单峰型,夏季(943.0个/M3)>春季(572.4个/M3)>冬季(548.2个/M3)>秋季(427.6个/M3)。拟细浅室水母、双生水母、球型侧腕水母、四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母、两手筐水母、异摇篮水母、双小水母、单囊美螅水母、疣真囊水母、半球美螅水母、六幅和平水母、八囊摇篮水母、刺胞真囊水母、黑球真唇水母、端粗范式水母和细颈和平水母共17种全年出现,为四季种;其中,前7种为四季优势种,优势度(y)分别为0.25、0.19、0.09、0.08、0.05、0.03和0.03,各季节的优势种演替模式不尽相同。依据水母种类和数量分布情况,北部湾北部水母类可划分2个群集:栖息在受沿岸流影响的20 M以浅的低盐群集,代表种有拟细浅室水母和双生水母等;栖息在受外海水影响的20 M以深的高盐群集,代表种有四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母和两手筐水母等。海流与水团的消长是影响水母类群集结构和水平分布格局的重要影响因素。The assemblage structure and abundance distribution of jellyfish were studied based on the samples of Beibu Gulf during 4 seasons in 2006—2007.The environmental factors that probably affected the number of species,abundance and assemblage structure were analyzed.The study showed that a total of 125 jellyfish species were identified,which belongs to4 assembleges,they were Hydromedusae,Siphonophora,Scyphomedusae and Ctenophore.Hydromedusae was the dominant assemblege,accounted for 79.2% of the total species.The species number of jellyfish varied seasonally,there was 83 in summer,which was the highest among 4 seasons,followed by winter,autumn and spring,the species number were 56,49 and 49.The 20 meters deep of water could be considered as the boundary according to the horizontal distribution of jellyfish species,the species number of the above was more than the under.There were three ecological groups of the jellyfish,the neritic warm-water group such as Lensia subtiloides,Diphyes chamissonis and Pleurobrachia globosa was the dominant group,accounted for 61.6% of total species, followed by the high-temperature oceanic group, occupied 37.6%, Liriope tetraphylla,Aglaura hemistoma and Solmundella bitentaculata were belonged to this group,and there was only one neritic low-temperature specie identified,that was Ocyropsis crystallina.The abundance of jellyfish varied seasonally,was highestin summer,followed by spring,winter and autumn.The abundance in the northwest of the studied area was higher,and the northern of Weizhou Island was lower,basiclly less than 10.0 ind / m3.There were 17 seasonal species which appeared the whole year,7 of them were dominant species,Lensia subtiloides,Diphyes chamissonis,Pleurobrachia globosa and Liriope tetraphylla were the most important.Lensia subtiloides got the largest abundance in summer,made contributions to 40.4%of the sum.Diphyes chamissonis' abundance was large in spring and winter,occounted for 36.3% and 32.6% of the sum in each season.The abundance of Liriope tetraphylla in autumn occupied 36.7% of the sum,was far more than the other three seasons.Pleurobrachia globosa' abundance in 4 seasons changed not much compared to the 3 mentioned species,was largest in summer,occupied 12.2% of the sum.The assemblage of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf was analyzed based on the effect of 10 factors,they were deeper( D,m),surface temperature( Ts,℃),middle temperature( Tm,℃),bottom temperature( Tb,℃),surface salinity( Ss),middle salinity( Sm),bottom salinity( Sb),surface chlorophll a( Chas,mg / m3),middle chlorophll a( Cham,mg/m3) and bottom chlorophll a( Chab,mg/m3).Though the results showed details difference in 4 seasons,it could be divided into two groups,the low-salinity group( lower than 20 m) and highsalinity group( deeper than 20 m) formed northern Beibu Gulf jellyfish assemblage structure.The low-salinity group was mainly affected by the coastal current from Guangxi to Vietnam,this group had two types depended on temperature,they were the neritic low-temperature type and the neritic warm-water type.The high-salinity group was mainly affected by the seawater.The environmental factors varied during four seasons.Currents and water masses were the main factors on jellyfish assemblage and abundance distribution.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09); 海洋公益项目“东南沿海半封闭海湾生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应评价、生态重构技术及示范”(201005012); 国家自然科学基金(41006078

中国红树林的害虫种类及其综合防治

通过对文献资料的统计，共发现中国红树林害虫128种，隶属2纲7目55科，其中以鳞翅目、半翅目昆虫为主，分别占总数的52.4%和26.6%。危害无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、秋茄Kandelia obovata、白骨壤Avicennia marina、海桑Sonneratia caseolaris的害虫分别有45种、45种、37种、32种和20种。广东红树林害虫种类最多，共计95种，广西其次，有49种。鳞翅目害虫多以幼虫取食为害，主要包括海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick、棉古毒蛾Orgyia postica Walker、蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida Cramer等；半翅目害虫以幼虫、成虫吸食植物汁液为害，主要有考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley)、广翅蜡蝉Ricania sp.等。在虫害的综合防治中，以生物防治为主，即利用寄生蜂、苏云金杆菌、白僵菌、捕食性天敌和生物制剂等进行防治，结合物理防治方法可以提升防治效果。此外，对红树林虫害暴发的原因和机制也进行了探讨分析

Progress in Molecular Biological Studies of α_Tubulin in Maize (Zea mays)

自1963 年在植物细胞中发现微管以来，其研究取得了较大进展。α＿ 微管蛋白是组成微管的基本单位之一。本文综述了玉米α＿微管蛋白基因及其表达调控的研究进展The studies on microtubule have been made great progresses since microtubule was found in plant cells in 1963.Researches on the genes and the regulation of gene expression of α_tubulin in maize, a subunit of tubulin which is a major constituent of microtubule, are reviewed

1,3-取代吲唑类低氧诱导因子l抑制剂的设计合成及其抗肝癌活性

低氧诱导因子l（HIF-1）与肿瘤细胞的生长、侵袭和耐药密切相关,在肿瘤细胞内HIF-1高度表达,因此新型的HIF-1抑制剂可作为潜在的抗肿瘤药物。本文合成了9个1,3-取代吲唑衍生物。通过蛋白质印迹（Western Blot）法及实时定量荧光PCR（Real time-PCR）等方法检测了其对HIF-1及其靶基因血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平的影响,并以3-（5’-羟甲基-2’-呋喃基）-1-苯甲基吲唑（YC-1）为阳性对照药物初步评价了其体外抗肝癌细胞增殖的生物活性。实验发现化合物7b可显著抑制HIF-1及其下游靶基因VEGF的表达,且体外抗肝癌增殖生物活性优于YC-1,半抑制浓度(IC50)值为10.37μmol/L。研究结果表明,3-（5’-羟甲基-2’-呋喃）-1-（1″-对甲苯磺酰基）吲唑具有靶向抑制HIF及良好的抗肝癌活性作用。福建省科技厅项目(2015Y0081,2015J01350);;厦门大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2016X0644,20720152005)~

中国发现基因3型戊型肝炎病毒

目的通过对中国华东地区分离出的2株基因3型戊型肝炎病毒株进行同源性分析,探讨其分子起源和传播问题。方法收集华东某地区13个养猪场的133份猪粪便标本,利用巢式RT-PCR技术扩增戊肝病毒基因组的开放读码区2(ORF2)和RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶区(RdRp,ORF1),并进行基因同源性分析。结果戊肝病毒RNA检出率为43.61%(58/133)。其中,在同一个养猪场检出的2份阳性标本与23条戊肝病毒基因3型全长序列在ORF2和ORF1区的同源性分别为77.10%~92.64%和77.49%~91.14%,被划分为基因3型。另外12个养猪场的56份阳性标本均为基因4型。同时发现,某些日本分离的基因3型病毒株比其他基因3型株更接近本次分离的病毒株。结论这是在中国大陆地区首次发现基因3型戊肝病毒。同时证明在一个较为局限的群体中基因3型和4型病毒可以共存

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and phylogenetic analysis of HBV S gene among high school students

目的了解江苏省海门市高中生乙型肝炎感染情况及其HbV S基因的变异情况。方法采用整群抽样方法抽取江苏省海门市职业中心校的407名高三学生进行乙肝血清学调查;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ElISA)和巢氏聚合酶链式反应(PCr)扩增方法检测血清样本的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HbSAg)、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HbS)和乙型肝炎病毒(HbV)S基因并进行进化分析。结果 407名高中生中乙肝表面抗原(HbSAg)阳性率为6.39%;在家中、乡镇卫生院和县级及以上医院出生学生的HbSAg阳性率分别为11.76%、8.02%和2.27%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);抗-HbS滴度≥10u/l者占72.5%,且呈u形分布;不同乡镇、不同性别学生抗-HbS滴度差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);407名高中生HbV S基因均为C基因型,主要变异在蛋白疏水区,抗原决定簇A区未发生免疫原性改变。结论出生时接受的医疗水平对HbV感染有影响;海门市高中生HbV S基因受到正选择作用而出现变异,但未发生免疫原性改变。Objective To understand the hepatitis B infection and HBV S gene variation among high school students in Haimen city,Jiangsu province.Methods A serological survey of hepatitis B was conducted in a high school with cluster sampling method.HBsAg and anti-HBs were detected with ELISA,and phylogenetic analysis for HBV S gene with nested PCR.Results HBsAg positive rate was 6.39% and the rate for the students born at home,township health centers,and hospital above the county level was 11.76%,8.02%,and 2.27%,respectively,with significant difference(P<0.05).The percentage of the students with anti-HBs titer ≥ 10U/l was 72.5%,and the titer distribution was U-shaped.The difference in anti-HBs titer between boys and girls,as well as different towns,was statistically significant(P<0.01).All genotype of HBV S gene was C-type,and the main variation was in protein hydrophobic area.The change of immunogenicity in antigenic determinant "a" zone was not observed.Conclusion The level of health care at birth can affect the HBV infection among high school students in Haimen.S gene variation occurs through positive selection,but not antigenicity.国家科技支撑计划(2006BAI02A03);传染病重大专项(2008ZX10002-012);上海市重点学科项目(B118

水源因素与戊型肝炎病毒感染的关联性

目的通过检测浙江省德清县水系上下游地区农村人群血清戊型肝炎病毒抗体水平,以评价非爆发状态下水源因素与戊型肝炎病毒感染的关联性。方法通过统一的调查表收集1 720人的一般资料及可能危险因素,并采用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测血清抗HEV-IgG抗体。结果总标化抗体阳性率为48.79%。其中,上游地区人群标化抗体阳性率为43.52%,下游标化阳性率为51.26%。将两地人群不同的构成特征调整后,下游抗体阳性率仍显著高于上游。同时发现,男性抗体阳性率高于女性;各年龄组阳性率随年龄升高而增加;家庭养猪、喜食猪肝、主要饲养动物和饮酒皆与戊肝感染有统计学关联。结论浙江农村地区戊型肝炎病毒感染情况与当地水源因素有较为显著的关联;猪可能是戊型肝炎病毒的自然宿主之一