15世纪末至16世纪的德意志长矛兵

在15世纪末至16世纪初,欧洲野战方式发生了很大变化。奥地利大公马克西米连一世效仿瑞士长枪方阵的战术和组织方式创建了德意志长矛兵。德意志长矛兵除了效力于哈布斯堡王朝以外,还不加..

The influence of military revolutions to the deportment and idea about value of the soldiers of early modern Europe

军事革命扩大了近代早期欧洲军人与平民的分野,使军人的行为方式和价值观念呈现出一些新的特点:中世纪骑士军队那种以追求荣誉、个人的英勇和对领主的忠诚为美德的观念不见了,取而代之的是以服从命令、遵守纪律、集体感、合作精神、标准化、等级制为特征的行为方式和价值观念。主要由于军事革命而形成的这些行为方式和价值观念,后来被引入到工厂、机关、学校等社会组织中,有效地改善了这些组织的管理,从而在一定程度上促进了欧洲社会的发展。The military revolutions broadened the interfluves between soldiers and the civilian, so they made the European soldiers' deportment and idea about value present some new characteristics: the medieval knight's notion which regard pursuit of honor, individual valor and loyalty to one's lord as virtue had disappeared, what had replaced it is the new notion that regard merits as to obey the orders, to observe the disciplines, the loyalty to the collectivity, the team spirit, the standardization and the grading system. Subsequently, the soldier's deportment and idea about value that came into being mostly as a result of the military revolutions were introduced into the factories, the organs of administration, the schools and other social institutions, and effectively improved the management of them. At a certain extent, this had speeded the development of the European society

百年战争期间法国领土上的自由军团

百年战争间歇期,大量由失业的雇佣兵聚集而成的自由军团在法国领土上肆虐。除了抢劫和绑架人质索取赎金以外,自由军团更主要的收入来源是征收保护费。自由军团内部组织具有一定民主色彩...国家社会科学基金项目“转型时期欧洲雇佣兵问题研究(1350—1800)”(14BSS045

Statistic Analysis of the Causes of war in Medieval Europe

本文对中世纪时期欧洲272次战争的主要起因进行了统计分析,其结果表明,中世纪欧洲出现频率最高的战争起因是领土、霸权/征服、争夺权力和宗教等问题,而商业/航海问题、民族问题和阶级压迫等在中世纪欧洲的战争起因中还不是十分重要。Statistics concerning the causes of 272 wars reveal that the issues about territory,hegemony/conquest,the dispute about political power and the issues about religion are the most important causes of war in medieval Europe.Meanwhile,the issues about commerce/navigation,ethnicity and oppression between classes are not very important causes of war in Europe at the time

The Military Revolutions and the Rise of Europe

由于异常激烈的生存竞争和有利于革新的思想文化背景,当世界其它地区军事上还在缓慢发展时,欧洲在14—17世纪发生了一系列军事革命,其军队在陆地和海上的作战能力得到了稳步提高。这使欧洲人在与世界其它地区的对抗中逐渐取得了越来越明显的军事优势。尽管欧洲的堀起是由政治、经济、军事、文化及社会等各个领域的许多复杂因素相互作用共同促成的,但在多数情况下军事优势是其征服过程中必不可少的条件。During the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, there were a lot of political entities in Europe. The competition for subsistence between them urged the Europeans to improve the efficiency of their armies and navies. At other regions of the world, there were stable centers of power, so the rulers had not enthusiasm as much as the European for enhancing their military power. After the 16th century, Europe gradually obtained the military superiority to other regions. Though the rise of Europe was realized by the interaction of many complicated factors, the military superiority is the direct reason of the Europe's rising in the world

On the Origin of the Issue of Scottish Independence

历史上,苏格兰为捍卫民族独立与强邻英格兰进行过长期的斗争。由于经济上呈现空前的繁荣,苏格兰在19世纪没有出现以脱离英国为目标的民族主义倾向。20世纪20年代以后,随着苏格兰经济的衰退,苏格兰民族主义兴起,以独立为目标的苏格兰民族党逐渐崛起。除苏格兰民族党外,工党、保守党的一些政策也在不同时期以不同方式导致了苏格兰独立问题的发展。In history,Scotland had been struggling against England for several centuries to keep its national independence.Due to the unparalleled economic prosperity in the 19 th century,separatist nationalism did not appear in Scotland in this period.Since 1920 s,with the decline of Scottish economy and the rise of Scottish nationalism,the SNP,aiming at the independence of Scotland,has grown into an important political party.Besides SNP,some policies of the Labor and the Conservative Party in different periods have also led to the problem.教育部社科基金项目“转型时期西欧军人日常生活与社会变迁的关联性研究”(项目号:13YJA770038)的阶段性成

“新军事史”在西方史学界的兴起

20世纪后期西方史学界兴起的"新军事史"不以总结战争的经验教训为目标,而以探讨战争与社会的互动关系为宗旨,关注的焦点从战争本身转移到战争以外,其研究者多为专业历史学家。"新军事史"拓宽了军事史研究的主题,丰富了军事史的研究途径和方法,革命性地改变了军事史的性质。它的兴起弥补了传统军事史的某些不足,但它不会完全取代传统模式的军事史。教育部社科研究基金青年项目“转型时期西欧雇佣军现象研究”的阶段性研究成果,项目批准号:07JC77001

The Enterprise of Mercenaries of Hesse-Cassel:1677—1815

在历代邦伯的积极推动下,黑森-卡塞尔政府成为18世纪欧洲最著名的雇佣兵提供者之一。本文考察了黑森-卡塞尔雇佣兵事业的形成背景、发展过程、运作机制及其在国内和国际上的影响,指出雇佣兵事业不仅促进了黑森-卡塞尔经济的发展与社会矛盾的缓和,而且使这个原本积贫积弱的德意志小邦国在国际舞台上发挥了与其领土面积、人口规模不成比例的较大影响。Thanks to the policy of successive Landgraves,Hesse-Cassel became one of the most famous providers of mercenaries in 18th century Europe.This article analyzes the background,development,mechanism and impact of the Hessian mercenary enterprise.The author holds that the mercenary enterprise had not only boosted the Hessian economy and eased social tension,but also made it possible for Hesse-Cassel to exert greater international influence which was disproportionate to its small territory and population.教育部社科基金项目“转型时期西欧雇佣军现象研究”(项目批准号07JC77011)的成果之一;中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助;项目编号201022106

The Growth of Armies and the Reform of the Administration in Early Modern Europe

16、17世纪欧洲各国武装力量的规模发生了急剧的膨胀。军队规模的膨胀使军事费用不断攀升。由于近代早期政府动员社会资源的能力十分有限,尽管它们采取了各种措施,仍不能满足日益庞大的军费需求。在扩大财源和改善管理的双重压力下,欧洲许多国家进行了行政管理方面的改革,并逐步建立起专业化的官僚行政体系。In the sixteenth century and the seventeenth century,the sharp growth of armies lead to the rise of expenditure in European military affairs.Although the governments of early modern Europe had adopted all kinds of expedients,they still coumd not find enough capital to meet the demand of the military affairs,because they lacked the capacity of mobilizing social resources.In order to extending the exchequer and improving the administration,many European states began to reform their administration system and worked up specialization bureaucracy.教育部社会科学研究基金青年项目(07JC770011

Going Abroad as Soldiers in Early Modern Europe:A Study Focus on Scotland in the Reign of James Ⅵ and Charles Ⅰ

由于国际上对兵员的巨大需求、国内经济的贫困落后及苏格兰高地独特的社会传统,转型时期苏格兰出现了大规模的海外从军现象。当局通过授权制度对海外从军现象实行了管控,力图使海外从军服务于本国外交,并强制社会闲散人员到海外从军。尽管宗教情感和对国王的忠诚都起了一定作用,但大多数人去海外从军的基本动机主要还是为了谋生、追求财富、地位、荣耀或冒险刺激。海外从军现象在一定程度上缓解了人口增长与落后的经济之间的矛盾,有利于建立稳定的社会秩序,推动了苏格兰人向外移民,并加强了苏格兰与欧洲邻国的交流。Because of the international demand for soldiers,domestic economic poverty and special social tradition,there was a trend of going broad to join the army in Scotland during the transition period.The government tried to utilize soldiering abroad for diplomatic purpose by controlling it with authentication and forcing idle loafers to go abroad joining the army.Even though there were reasons of religious emotion and loyalty to the king,motivation of joining the army for most people was to make for a living,pursue treasure,status,glory or adventure.This phenomenon eased the contradiction between population increase and economic backwardness to some degree and helped in the stabilization of society,promotedmigration in Scotland and strengthened communication between Scotland and its neighbour counties in Europe.教育部社科基金规划项目“转型时期西欧军人日常生活与社会变迁的关联性研究”的阶段性成果; 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(项目编号:2010221068