Genetic analysis of a modifier gene for peroxidase isozymes in rice

研究目的：究明水稻過氧化Pox-１基因座的修飾基因之遺傳行為與作用方式。 資料來源：係利用農藝系遺傳研究室所保存之有關植物同功的水稻材料，進行雜交 試驗，並行遺傳分析所得之資料。 研究方法：採用含有過氧化修飾基因之目標品種「蓬１１７A 」品系，分別與相關 之品種進行雜交，觀察其後代之表現情形，以行遺傳分析，電泳分析則採用 Pai et al（１９７３）之澱粉凝膠水平電泳法（ starch gel horizontal electophoresis method）。 研究結果：一、各雜交組合F個體之譜均不出現２mA型，而只呈現２A型與他各型之 異質結合型譜。 二、各雜交組之F 集團之譜均不出現２mA型再度出現外，另有４mA型 ，０mC型、４mA-３mA-２mA型及２mA-１mA-０mC型等四個新型產生。經基因分析之結 果，符合二獨立基因座之遺傳行為，因此推定該二基因座為構造基因座Pxo-１及修飾 基因座Mpx-１。 三、各雜交組合回交集團及F系統之檢定分析與F集團所得之結果一致 。 四、單隱性修飾基因（mpx-１）己證實來自治灣梗稻「蓬１１７A 」品系 ，這個隱性修飾基因之特性簡述如下：該修飾基因與Pox-１基因座相互獨立，而當其 為同質結合時，能減緩過氧化 Pox-１基因座各活性基因所控制之條帶約７mm，但並 不影響Pox-１基因座之靜態基因Pox-１Nul 之電泳表現，同樣地，該修飾基因亦不影 響水稻過氧化 其他基因座之表現

Studies on the Relationship between Panicle Characters and Quality of Rice.

本研究以台灣、日本、菲律賓、美國及其他國家的秈、稉稻栽培品種100個，調查農藝性狀、穗部性狀、米質特性、食味品評與貯藏性蛋白質性狀，尋求穗部等外表型性狀與米質特性的關係，並比較秈、稉稻間的差異作為良質水稻育種後代品系選拔的參考。以越光、台稉9號與台稉17號三個良質進行氮肥施用量、氮肥施用模式與鎂肥有無施用對穗部性狀與米質特性的影響，企求以栽培的方式改善稻米品質，其結果摘要如下： 1.秈、稉稻在穀粒性狀上有明顯的差異，稉稻穀粒寬廣、粗圓，秈稻則較細長，且稉稻的容重量較秈稻為高。 2.稉稻較秈稻有較佳的稔實率、較少的一穗穎花數、較短的一次枝梗總長，但在每公分枝梗上的粒數則較秈稻為多。 3.秈稻的直鏈澱粉含量較稉稻為高，但為消費需求，參試品種中仍有低直鏈澱粉含量的稉稻及中直鏈澱粉含量的秈稻。 4.秈稻有較稉稻高的鹼溶性蛋白質含量及其百分比、貯藏性蛋白質總量，但醇溶性蛋白質含量及其百分比則較稉稻為低。 5.國際稻米研究所近年來培育的新株型品種（系）具有大穗、一穗穎花數多、分蘗少的特性，在稉稻的頻度分布上常位於極瑞區，可能與其利用大量的爪哇稻種源有關。 6.在農藝性狀與米質性狀的簡單相關上，稉稻具有較秈稻多的顯著相關性狀，此可能與秈稻在米質的變化較大有關。但在粒寬、粒厚與腹白的相關上，秈、稉稻均呈現正相關，顯見穀粒愈寬、愈厚的品種（系），腹白愈多。 7.在食味總評與穗長及醇溶性蛋白質百分比與粒長間的相關，稉稻具有極顯著負相關，此可能與秈、稉間的差異有關。 8.秈稻的典型相關顯示秈稻穗數較多、容重量較重時，其直鏈澱粉含量、鹽溶性蛋白質含量與鹼溶性蛋白質含量可能較高、水溶性蛋白質含量可能較低，米飯口味與食味總評則較差。 9.稉稻的典型相關共有三組達顯著水準，第一組典型相關為稔實率較低、一次枝梗粒數較少時，蛋白質含量、鹼溶性蛋白質含量可能較低、醇溶性蛋白質含量可能較高、米飯外觀與硬性較差，但有較佳的口味與食味總評。第二組的典型相關為一次枝梗總長較長、二次枝梗數與二次枝梗粒數較多，但穗數較少、穗重較輕、一穗穎花數較少、一次枝梗數較少時，其蛋白質含量、鹽溶性蛋白質與醇溶性蛋白質含量可能較高、直鏈澱粉含量與鹼溶性蛋白質含量可能較低，但其米飯較硬。第三組的典型相關為容重量較重、穗數較多、穗長較長、千粒重較重時，其食味可能較佳，但米飯外觀、口味、黏味、硬性則較差。 10.合併秈、稉稻進行典型相關分析時，共有二組達顯著水準。第一組的典型相關為水稻的稔實率較佳、一次枝梗總長較長、一次枝梗粒數較少時，其蛋白質含量、鹼溶性蛋白質含量可能較高、直鏈澱粉含量與醇溶性蛋白質含量可能較低、米飯外觀較佳、黏性較粘、硬性較硬、但米飯口感與食味總評較差。第二組典型相關為水稻的穗重較重、一次枝梗數較多、二次枝梗粒數較多，但一穗穎花數較少、一次枝梗總長較短、二次枝梗數較少時，其直鏈澱粉含量、蛋白質含量、水溶性蛋白質含量與鹽溶性蛋白質含量均能較低。 11.秈、稉稻各項性狀對食味總評值進行逐步迴歸所得的食味總評迴歸方程式秈稻為 Y=4.4417-0.108（直鏈澱粉含量）-0.4817（蛋白質含量）+0.0814（醇溶性蛋白質含量），解釋能力（R2）達0.8942；稉稻品種的食味總評逐步迴歸方程式為Y=4.6544-0.0957（蛋白質含量）-0.5356（直鏈澱粉含量）+0.1411（醇溶性蛋白質含量），解釋能力（R2）達0.5966。 12.第一期作氮肥施用量增加時，二次枝梗數與二次枝稉粒數增加，導致產量增加；透明度亦隨氮肥施用量的增加而增加，凝膠延展性亦增加。第二期作增施氮肥時，稻株株高增高、二次枝梗數增加，一穗穎花數與穗重隨之增加，產量因而增加，糙米率隨氮肥施用量的增加而改善，直鏈澱粉含量與凝膠延展性也有增加的現象，米飯外觀、香味及口味上有明顯增進的趨勢。 13.鎂肥對貯藏性蛋白質含量及其百分比有顯著的影響，但對農藝與穗部性狀、米質特性及食味品評均無影響，顯示鎂肥的影響僅限於穀粒內的化學成份，尚無法表現於外部性狀上。 14.在氮肥施用量固定，但施用模式有所不同時，部份農藝性狀、穗部性狀、米質特性與貯藏性蛋白質等特性均會受到影響，傳統的30-20-30-20的施用模式可獲致較佳的產量，中等的稻米品質。雲嘉南地區農友基於省工栽培需要所採用的60-0-40-0的施肥模式，產量大致與傳統施用法相似，但米質有較佳的趨勢。 15.在栽培試驗的變方分析中，品種於多數性狀的F值均達顯著水準，顯示品種為影響品質的最大主因。Studies on the Relationship between Panicle Characters and Quality of Rice Chih-Sheng Sheu Summary One hundred varieties of both japonica and Indica types rice from different sources ( Taiwan, Japan, Philippine, USA etc.) were used to study the relationship among grain quality, eating quality and panicle characters. Special emphasis was lied on the comparison of the relationship between Japonica and Indica varieties, and to make use of the interaction for selection of the desirable varieties of rice with high eating quality. In another experiment, three Japonica type varieties of rice (Koshihikari, Tai-keng No.9 and Tai-keng 17) were used to study effects of different amount of nitrogen fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer on the quality of rice aiming to see the way of promoting grain quality through cultural practices. The results of experiments are summarized in the followings: 1. A remarkable difference of grain characters between Indica and Japonica type rice was noted. In general, Japonica rice has a broader grain width and round shaped while Indica type rice has slender and longer grains. The volume weight of Japonica type grains is bigger than that of Indica type grains. 2. Japonica type rice generally has a better grain fertility, fewer number of spikelet flowers/ panicle, shorter total primary rachis length. However, it has more grains per cm-rachis than those of Indica type rice. 3. The amylose content of Indica type rice is generally high than that of Japonica type. However, there are medium amylose content Indica rice in addition to low amylose Japonica type varieties as the results of rice breeding to meet the demand of the consumers. 4. Indica type rice has higher glutelin content ,glutelin percentage of total storage proteins and total storage protein content, however, the prolamin content and prolamin percentage of total storage proteins is lower than that of Japonica rice. 5. New strains of rice selected by the International Rice Research Institute to used to have bigger panicle size and more spikelets within a panicle. They are always distributed on the extreme side of the normal distribution of panicle characters. This may be due to the use of big panicle type germplasm from Java in its breeding program. 6. From the results of correlation studies between grain quality and panicle characters, it was observed that more panicle characters are significantly correlated with grain quality than those of Indica type rice. Grain width and thickness are positively correlated with white back regardless of Indica- and Japonica-type varieties. This indicated that the wider the grain width the more grain white back. 7. There is a negative correlation between overall score of taste penal and panicle length, and correlation between prolamin and grain length in Japonica rice. This may be due to difference between Indica and Japonica rice. 8. The results of canonical correlation analysis between panicle characters and grain quality of Indica rice , indicated that when the grain volume weight is larger, the amylose content, globulin content and glutelin content could be higher, albumin content could be lower, and the eating quality taste expressed by the score of overall values of eating test penal will be poorer. 9. Result of canonical correlation analysis between panicle characters and grain quality of Japonica rice indicated that there are three classes correlation significant. The first class canonical correlation indicated that when the no. of rachis is smaller, then the protein content, and glutelin content are lower while prolamin content could be higher, although the appearance of cooked rice and hardness of cooked rice are inferior, but the eating taste and overall score of panel test are better. The second class of canonical correlation analysis indicated that when the total length of primary rachis is longer, the number of secondary rachis and number of grain on the second rachis are more, but the panicle numbers, panicles weight, number of spiklets in a panicle and number of primary rachis are smaller, protein content, globulin and prolamin contents could be higher, but amylose content and glutelin contents could be lower and texture of the cooked rice would be harder. The result of the third canonical correlation analysis indicated that when the values of grain volume weight, number of panicles, length of panicles, weight of 1000 grains are larger, than the eating quality could be better, but the appearance taste, stickiness and hardness of cooked rice will be inferior. 10. When indica and japonica rice are pooled together to make canonical correlation analysis, two classes reached a significant level. The first class canonical correlation indicated that when the values of grain fertility, total length of primary rachis and number of grains on the primary rachis are smaller , than protein content, glutelin content could be higher, amylose content, prolamin content could be lower, however, the appearance of cooked rice is better, more sticky and harder texture. The second class of canonical correlation indicated that when values of panicle weight and number of primary rachis and number of grains on the secondary rachis are larger, amylose content, protein content, albumin and globulin contents are lower. 11. Stepwise regression analysis of agronomic characters, rice quality on palatability of Indica rice is Y= 4.4417 - 0.108(amylose content) - 0.4817(protein content) + 0.0814( prolamin content), the R2=0.8942. Stepwise regression analysis of agronomic characters, rice quality on palatability of Japonica rice is Y=4.6544-0.0957(protein content)-0.5356(amylose content) +0.1411(prolamin content), the R2=0.5966水稻穗部性狀與米質關係之研究 目錄 中文摘要 I 英文摘要 IV 第一章 緒言 1 第二章 前人研究 5 第三章 水稻穗部性狀與米質的變異 17 一、緒言 17 二、材料與方法 19 三、結果與討論 30 第四章 穗部性狀與米質的關係 63 一、緒言 63 二、材料與方法 65 三、結果與討論 66 第五章 氮肥施用量對穗部性狀與米質的影響 90 一、緒言 90 二、材料與方法 92 三、結果與討論 95 第六章 鎂肥施用與氮肥施用模式對穗部性狀與米質的影響 114 一、緒言 114 二、材料與方法 116 三、結果與討論 118 第七章 綜合討論 164 參考文獻 17

Genetic analysis of a modifier gene for peroxidase isozymes in rice

研究目的：究明水稻過氧化酉每Pox-１基因座的修飾基因之遺傳行為與作用方式。 資料來源：係利用農藝系遺傳研究室所保存之有關植物同功酉每的水稻材料，進行雜交 試驗，並行遺傳分析所得之資料。 研究方法：採用含有過氧化酉每修飾基因之目標品種「蓬１１７A 」品系，分別與相關 之品種進行雜交，觀察其後代之表現情形，以行遺傳分析，電泳分析則採用 Pai et al（１９７３）之澱粉凝膠水平電泳法（ starch gel horizontal electophoresis method）。 研究結果：一、各雜交組合F個體之酉每譜均不出現２mA型，而只呈現２A型與他各型之 異質結合型酉每譜。 二、各雜交組之F 集團之酉每譜均不出現２mA型再度出現外，另有４mA型 ，０mC型、４mA-３mA-２mA型及２mA-１mA-０mC型等四個新型產生。經基因分析之結 果，符合二獨立基因座之遺傳行為，因此推定該二基因座為構造基因座Pxo-１及修飾 基因座Mpx-１。 三、各雜交組合回交集團及F系統之檢定分析與F集團所得之結果一致 。 四、單隱性修飾基因（mpx-１）己證實來自治灣梗稻「蓬１１７A 」品系 ，這個隱性修飾基因之特性簡述如下：該修飾基因與Pox-１基因座相互獨立，而當其 為同質結合時，能減緩過氧化 Pox-１基因座各活性基因所控制之條帶約７mm，但並 不影響Pox-１基因座之靜態基因Pox-１Nul 之電泳表現，同樣地，該修飾基因亦不影 響水稻過氧化 其他基因座之表現

Blur Effect and Light Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Light-Emitting Devices by Using Microstructure Attachment

在顯示器產業中，有機發光元件是最具潛力的顯示技術之ㄧ。但低落的外部量子效率仍是該顯示技術有待改善的課題。藉著在有機發光元件的玻璃基板外加微結構陣列的方式，已經被證實可以大幅提升其出光效率。在本文中，我們使用光學模擬的方式致力於研究不同的微結構，進而發現一些關於微結構設計的重要特性，並藉由調變微結構的方式來達到最佳的光學效果。 當應用於顯示器層面時，影像會因為微結構的貼附而變得明顯地模糊。因此除了輝度提升量及出光增強量的考量外，我們必須兼顧影像品質的維持。在對畫素定義了模糊寬度後，我們試著找出調變微結構參數的規則，並且做出詳盡的分析。 為了有效地解決上述影像模糊的問題，我們提出了缺陷微結構陣列的概念，可大幅度地降低影像模糊的現象，並且對於輝度及出光量亦具有相當程度的提升，而後針對畫素大小和缺陷範圍的相關性做進一步的討論。文末亦提出使用微圓柱透鏡陣列的想法，且證實特定的排列方式以降低模糊容忍度低方向的影像模糊是可行的。In this thesis, we demonstrated the simulation results of optical performance of organic light-emitting devices (OLED) by different kind of microstructure attachment. The simulations include the intensity, luminance efficiency, power efficiency, blurred image, and blur-width of the device which is attached by different microstructures. For lighting applications, we focus on light extraction efficiency and intensity distribution. For display applications, we pay attention to blurred image and blur-width. We also take the power and luminance enhancement into consideration. Finally, we bring up an innovation about specific arrangement of microstructure array on OLED display. We conclude the design rule for some parameters such as size, area ratio, height ratio, and arrangement of microlens array.Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Organic Light Emitting Device 1 1.2 External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) 4 1.3 Microlens Array 6 1.4 Motivation 6 1.5 Thesis Organization 7 Chapter 2 Model and Simulation Results for Lighting Applications 9 2.1 Simulation Model 10 2.2 Verify the Validity of Model 12 2.3 Microlens Array Attached to OLED 16 2.3.1 Area Ratio 17 2.3.2 Height Ratio 23 Chapter 3 Model and Simulation Results for Display Applications 29 3.1 OLED for Display Applications 29 3.2 Simulation Model 31 3.3 Optical Performance for Some Parameters 35 3.3.1 Area Ratio 35 3.3.2 Height Ratio 39 3.3.3 Size of Microlens 43 Chapter 4 Innovative Design 47 4.1 Configuration of Optical Simulation 50 4.2 Important Characteristics for Defects Design 52 4.3 Performance of OLED Attached with Microcylinder Array 65 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work 69 References 7

The Practical Application of the Steel Pipe-Wall Method to Control Debris Flow and Landslides - A Case Study of Houyenshan Landslides

火炎山屬更新世頭嵙山層，由礫岩、間夾薄層泥質粉砂岩組成，豪雨時容易發生山崩、岩屑滑移及土石流，經核定劃設為「自然保留區」。從衛星圖像可看見大量的下移土石 (主要由3 號坑溝產生)，已在大安溪北岸堆積成半圓形的聯合沖積扇 (初估土石量超過57.6 萬m3)，影響到大安溪的流況，也將影響北側支流-景山溪之匯流。目前發現1 號坑溝的崩移土石已堆積至140 縣道之東隧道口，不久將危及人車安全。採用鋼管排樁工法進行整治應是可行的選項，一旦解決了土石崩移的料源，後續的土石流將可避免發生。本文提出鋼管排樁之初步力學分析及設計流程初步建議，並針對施工實務，如鋼樁出露部份之防銹處理、套管驅動設備選擇、成本分析方式等相關事項提出初步探討。The geology of Houyenshan, Miaoli County, is Pleistocene Toukoshan formation, and major gravel beds with thin layers of muddy sandstone. Landslides, detritus slides and debris flows are easily induced by heavy rainfall. It has been officially declared a natural conservation area. From the satellite image, we can see a mass of united alluvial fan on the north bank of the Da-an river impacting its water flow. Meanwhile, the gravel congeries mainly induced by No.1 gully are reaching the east portal of the tunnel along No. 140 county road. However, using the steel pipe-wall method to control the landslide and debris flow can be a good solution. This will prevent debris flows from first occurring. This paper proposes the basic analysis and design steps of a steel pipe wall. Meanwhile, some practical considerations for construction, such as the antirust arrangement of the steel pipe emersion, determination of the casing driver, cost analysis of a single steel pipe etc., are explored

壁面衝突による高速液体噴流の微粒化

Atomization characteristics of a liquid film were investigated, experimentally, A liquid jet emerging from a straight-type hole nozzle is impinged onto a solid wall, forming a liquid film. Effects of three independent parameters were investigated, namely, injection pressure P_0, impingement angle α and impingement wall diameter d. The liquid film velocity V_2 was measured with a PDPA. The SMD of the droplets was measured with an LDSA. It is shown that the SMD decreases linearly with the increase in the liquid film velocity V_2, and that the gradient of the line decreases with the increase in the impingement angle α. For the case that the impingement angle α is 30deg, the SMD of the droplets is proportional to V_2^. For the case that the impingement angle α is 90deg, the SMD of the droplets is proportional to V_2^. For the case that V_2<300m/s, the SMD of the droplets is smaller than that for a liquid jet. It is shown that by use of a liquid film, atomization is enhanced compared with a liquid jet