Distribution and Characteristics of Nutrients in the Northern South China Sea

南海是世界最大的边缘海之一，纵跨热带、亚热带，是一个典型的寡营养海区。本研究调查了南海北部冬(2004年2月)、夏(2004年7月)两季整个水体的营养盐（硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐）及其它相关参数，旨在研究南海北部营养盐浓度水平、各种营养盐之间的比例及其季节和区域变化，探讨南海北部营养盐结构的影响因子以及南海北部的营养盐限制状况并分析产生该限制的可能原因。南海北部营养盐的典型特征是上层(小于75m)营养盐极端的贫乏，其含量往往低至常规分光光度法的检测限；下层营养盐含量无明显季节变化。本研究采用目前国际上广泛应用的镁共沉淀法(MAGIC)测定了表层低浓度的磷酸盐，首次在国内测定了南海北部的低浓度磷酸...Located in the tropical-subtropical region, the South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas in the west Pacific. In this thesis, we investigated the distribution of macro-nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) and other related parameters in the northern SCS in February and July 2004 in order to examine the biogeochemical processes that influence the nutrient structure and nutri...学位：工学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学研究中心_环境科学学号：20023402

WM-10型水汞测量装置-原子荧光光谱仪联用测定海水中痕量总汞

采用WM-10型水汞测量装置与原子荧光光谱仪联用测定海水中的痕量总汞,海水中总汞的检测限为3.4 ng/l、线性范围为0.005~0.100μg/l(n=5,r=0.9995);无汞海水基底加0.0100μg/l汞标的水样,测定平均值为0.0105μg/l,相对标准偏差为11.8%(n=12);无汞海水基底加标平均回收率为102.8%。采用该法与EPA 1631方法分别测定了12个实际海水样,两种方法结果的相对百分偏差为0.3%~17.6%。方法可应用于海水中痕量总汞的测定。国家自然科学基金(NSF20777063);中国博士后科学基金(20080440731)项目资

A REVIEW ON TRACE ANALYSIS OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE IN OCEAN ENVIRONMENTS

活性磷(正磷酸盐)是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的物质基础,在某些海域,它甚至成为初级生产力的限制因素.痕量活性磷分析是探索海洋,特别是寡营养海区生物地球化学过程的关键.本文综述了近年来海洋环境中痕量活性磷的分析技术.Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element for phytoplankton in ocean environments,and sometimes a limiting factor for the primary productivity.To study the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus,it is very important to accurately determine the concentration of orthophosphates in the surface of oceans,especially oligotrophic open-oceans.A review on the trace analytical techniques for orthophosphate in ocean environments is presented in this paper

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOW-LEVEL PHOSPHATE IN THE NORTHERN SOUTH CHINA SEA

应用改进的镁共沉淀法,首次在国内较为系统的测定了南海北部冬、夏两季表层海水中的磷酸盐,冬季其浓度在6.6—95.0nmol/L范围内,平均值为34.5nmol/L,由于受珠江径流影响,表层磷酸盐的水平分布呈现随离岸距离的增加而逐渐减小的趋势;夏季其浓度在6.3—66.6nmol/L范围内,平均值为17.4nmol/L,整体分布较均匀。冬季远岸表层磷酸盐浓度高于夏季,这与南海北部生产力水平的季节变化相一致。南海北部上层磷酸盐存在明显的跃层,冬季跃层的浓度梯度比夏季小;跃层深度与常规方法检测的结果有所不同。The distribution of phosphate in nanomolar level in the northern South China Sea was determined with magnesium-induced coprecipitation(MAGIC) method in an optimized procedure in which precisions reached 1.53% and 6.63% in recovery rate of 95.5%—98.0% for high and low level measurements,respectively.Samples collected in February and July 2004 representing winter and summer were examined.The horizontal distribution of phosphate was found sig-nificantly influenced by the Pearl River discharge,as the concentration decreased with the distance offshore.The results show that in winter,phosphate concentration in the surface water ranged 6.6—95.0 nmol/L in average of 34.6 nmol/L,while it varied 6.3—66.6 nmol/L in average of 17.4 in summer,lower than that of winter.Vertically,the phosphate profile was apparently stratified and the phosphate gradient was smaller in winter than in summer,and thus a nutricline is revealed by this low-level phosphate measurement.国家自然科学基金重点项目,90211020

Determination of trace orthophosphates in seawater by spectrophotometry with precipitation preconcentration

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)可与磷钼蓝(phosphomolybdenum blue,PMB)生成水难溶的PMB-CTAB离子缔合物沉淀,从而分离富集水溶液中的PMB。该沉淀易溶于硫酸乙醇溶液,溶液在700 nm有强吸收,基于此建立了沉淀分离富集-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐的新方法。对溶剂酸度、试剂用量、反应时间与温度等实验参数进行了优化选择,并考察了盐度对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,PMB可被CTAB有效地定量沉淀;盐度在15~45范围内,对测定结果无影响。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的人工海水为基底,做空白加P标实验,方法的线性范围为0.30~8.00μg/L,平均回收率为95.0%,方法检测限为0.10μg/L。对实际海水中痕量活性磷酸盐进行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%~7.1%,与广泛采用的MAGIC法比较,置信度为99%时结果无显著差异。新方法具有消耗试样体积少、测定速度快等优点。An ion pair compound of phosphomolybdenum blue(PMB) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) precipitated from aqueous solution can be easily dissolved in sulfuric acid enthanol solution.Based on this,a novel method was established to determine the trace orthophosphates in seawater.The experimental parameters,including acid concentration in the solvent,the reagent concentrations,the reaction time and temperature,were optimized.The effect of salinity was also studied.The results showed that PMB could be efficiently precipitated by CTAB,and the precipitation was not influenced by the salinity within 15 and 45.Under the optimized conditions,using artificial seawater(35) as a matrix,the linearity,the recovery and the detection limit of the proposed method were 0.30 to 8.00 μg/L,95.0% and 0.10 μg/L,respectively.The RSDs ranged from 4.4 to 7.1% for the real seawater samples.Two seawater samples were analyzed with both the proposed method and magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation(MAGIC) method.The results showed no significant difference with t test and confidence interval 99%.The proposed method has the advantages to be fast detection and little sample.国家自然科学基金(20277030

Trace Analysis of Orthophosphates in Seawater with Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometry

磷钼蓝(PMB)与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)可生成疏水性的PMB-CTMAB离子缔合物,被Sep-PakC18小柱萃取富集,基于此建立了SEP-PAKC18小柱固相萃取-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐的新方法。对洗脱液酸度、萃取流速、试剂用量、反应时间与温度等实验参数进行了优化选择,并考察了盐度对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,PMB-CTMAB在SEP-PAKC18小柱上可被有效地定量萃取;盐度在25~45范围内,对测定结果没有影响。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的人工海水作为基底,方法的线性范围为0.18~4.00μg/L;平均回收率为98.5%;检出限为0.05μg/L。对实际海水中痕量活性磷酸盐进行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~5.6%。与广泛采用的MAGIC法比较,结果无显著差异。新方法具有消耗试样体积少、测定速度快等优点。An ion pair compound of phosphomolybdenum blue (PMB) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) can be extracted by solid phase extraction technique on C_(18) column. Based on this, a novel method was established to determine trace orthophosphates in seawater. Experimental parameters, including acid (concentration) of the eluant, the extracting flow rate, the reagent concentrations, the reaction time and (temperature), were optimized. The effect of salinity was also investigated. The results showed that PMB-(CTMAB) could be efficiently extracted, and the extraction was not influenced by the salinity within 25 and 45. Under the optimized conditions, using artificial seawater (35) as a matrix, the linearity, the recovery and the (detection) limit of the proposed method were found to be 0.18 to 4.0 μg/L , 98.5% and 0.05 μg/L , (respectively). The RSDs ranged from 2.7% to 5.6% for the real seawater samples. Three seawater samples were analyzed with both the proposed method and magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) method, and the (results) showed no significant difference with t test. The proposed method had the advantages of being more sensitive, faster and sampler saving.国家自然科学基金(No.20277030)资助项

CHARACTERISTICS of TOTAL MERCURY IN DIFFERENT KANDELIA CANDEL TISSUES of FUGONG MANGROVE FOREST RESERVE AT ESTURARY of JIULONGJIANG

在枯水期和丰水期分别对福建九龙江口浮宫镇红树林保护区的成熟林分秋茄(kAndElIACAndEl)和秋茄幼苗分不同组织采样,研究了其中汞的分布特征,发现无论是成熟林分还是秋茄幼苗,总汞在各部位中的分布趋势相同,均为叶>皮>根>木质部,叶中总汞含量远高于其他植物组织中的含量,成熟林分秋茄叶中总汞含量为35--98 ng/g,幼苗叶中总汞含量为22--61 ng/g。推测秋茄叶片吸收大气中的汞是该红树林生态系统中汞来源的最可能途径。In dry season and rainy season,different plant tissues of Kandelia candel in mature forest and seedling were sampled from Fugong Mangrove Forest Reserve at estuary of Jiulongjiang,Fujian Province of China.The concentrations of total Hg in different Kandelia candel tissues from both mature forest plant and seedling were in the order of the follows: leaf>>bark>root>xylem.The total Hg concentrations in the leaves were ranged from 35 to 98 ng/g in forest mature,and 22 to 61 ng/g in seedling.Adsorption of mercury from atmosphere by leaves was concluded as the most possible route of mercury in this mangrove ecosystem.国家自然科学基金(20777063);广西区青年基金(桂科青0832080)资

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Also received Drainage principles and applications A revised edition of the book first published in 1972. The result is a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of drainage and drainage design that includes discussion of the most recent technologies. Current drainage practices are thoroughly reviewed and computer applications are briefly touched upon. Drainage principles end applications ILRI Publication 16 1993 1200pp ISBN 90 70754 33 9 price US$ 100.00 ILRI, PO Box 45, 6700A A Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS Tropical and subtropical vegetable research and development The need for adequate approaches to integrate vegetable cultivation into development programmes is increasing. This applies both in rural and urban areas of developing countries. At the same time, there is a noticeable interest in various agricultural research disciplines to take up research topics related to vegetables. This book looks at research programmes and development programmes of institutions in Europe. A multidisciplinary approach was taken regarding the research aspect. Not only vegetable research projects, but also projects dealing with plant production in general, botany, genetics, plant protection, plant nutrition, economics, social sciences, geography, human nutrition, ethnology, and development studies were included. Tropical and subtropical vegetable research and development: a documentation on research and development activities of institutions in Europe edited by Dr Susanne Gura and Petra Boie 191pp ATSAF, Ellerstr 50, 53119 Bonn, GERMANY Liberalization of cereals marketing in sub-Saharan Africa During the 1980s there was a move away from centralized state-controlled management of cereals marketing in developing countries. This led to market liberalization and an increased role for the private sector. This booklet reviews the situation following the implementations of this market reform, concentrating on Tanzania, Mali and Ghana. Liberalization of cereals marking in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from experience by J Coulter 1994 38pp ISBN 0 85954 368 4 NRl Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TP, UK Appropriate food packaging This publication on packaging materials for food products offers an inventory of packing materials and cost-effective methods that can be applied on a small scale in developing countries. The information is primarily aimed at entrepreneurs in small-scale food-processing industries in developing countries and employees of development organizations supporting these entrepreneurs. Appropriate food packing by Peter Fellows and Barry Axtell 1993 136pp ISBN 90 7085728 6 TOOL Publications, Sarphatistraat 650, 1018A V Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDSDrainage principles and applications. A revised edition of the book first published in 1972

膜生物反应器-复合垂直流人工湿地（SMBR—IVCW）系统处理混合废水的应用研究

本文采用一体式膜生物反应器（SMBR）-复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCW）组合工艺（SMBR—IVCW）系统，研究了该系统对复合废水的净化效果。结果表明，当系统进水为CODCr397-890mg·L-1、氨氮9．40-27．mg·L-1、TP4．30-10．7mg·L-1、TN45．9-75．8mg·L-1的条件下，在SMBR和IVCW的水力负荷分别为1000L·d-1和375mm·d-1的最优工况下运行，系统CODCrNH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为97．5％、99．0％、59．6％和65．2％；系统进出水中氮的形态组成发生了显著变化；SMBR—IVCW系统在高浓度综合污水处理方面具有良好的潜力

Vertical Distribution of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Sediment of the Fugong Mangrove Area at Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China

National Natural Science Foundation of China [20777063, 40976070]; Project of Scientific Research and Technological Development of GuangXi [gkg1140002-2-4]The concentrations and vertical distributions of total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (methyl Hg) in the sediment of the Fugong mangrove area, located at the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China, were investigated. The concentrations of total mercury were between 0.12 similar to 0.17 and 0.11 similar to 0.14 mu g/g, while concentrations of methylmercury were between 0.15 similar to 1.8 and 0.081 similar to 0.58 ng/g (as mercury), in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The total mercury concentration was not correlated with the sampling depth. As the depth increased, methylmercury concentrations first increased to their maximum level at a depth of 10 similar to 25 cm, and then decreased; this was similar to the vertical distribution characteristics of methylmercury/total mercury ratios. The mangrove ecosystem was considered as a source of methylmercury for adjacent areas, due to the higher average methylmercury concentration in the mangrove sediment than other sediments nearby. Statistically significant logarithmic correlations, conic correlations, and negative correlations were observed for methylmercury and sulfide concentration, sediment organic matter, and sediment pH, respectively