AFLP analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of Prunus mume

第一作者: 蔡邦平，博士，副研究员。主要研究方向: 园林植物与观赏园艺、植物菌根。电话: 0592--2039576 Email : cbangping@ 163.com 地址: 361003 福建省厦门市思明区虎园路25 号厦门市园林植物园。[中文文摘]为了解决梅根系共生的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌难以应用形态学鉴定的问题,以巢式PCR的AFLP方法研究梅根系AM真菌DNA多态性。试验采集梅花期的根系样品,应用改良CTAB法提取总DNA,经纯化处理后,应用巢式PCR扩增根系AM真菌基因片段,进行AFLP分析。结果表明,18个梅品种的30个根系样品中,仅有8个样品经巢式PCR后获得纯化的DNA片段,占试验样品数的26.7%;8个样品共得到指纹图谱带24条,各样品平均多态性位点数为3.0个,Nei’s基因多样性为0.4097±0.0848,Shannon信息指数为0.5968±0.0955;利用Nei’s遗传相似性系数聚类,梅品种根系内AMF基因组DNA的聚类类别与梅"品种群"这一分类级别无相关性。该试验为植物根系共生AM真菌DNA多态性研究提供了一种简便的技术。[英文文摘]DNA polymorphism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analyzed through the method of DNA amplification by nested PCR based on AFLP marker,in order to solve the difficulty of identifying the species of AMF associated with mei flowers (Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.).A total of 30 root samples from 18 mei cultivars were collected in the flowering phase from Wuhan Mei Garden as experimental materials.The results show that the purified DNA can be extracted only from eight root samples that account for 26.7% of total root samples.Totally 24 polymorphic loci were obtained from eight sample roots，averaging 3. 0 loci for each sample.The average genetic identity was 0. 409 7 ±0. 084 8，and the Shannon information index was 0. 596 8 ± 0. 095 5． The clustered groups of AMF DNA by AFLP marker from different cultivars were not identical with cultivar groups of P.mume.The results indicate that the AFLP marker technology is a brief and effective method to study the DNA polymorphism for the AMF in the roots of a plant．教育部科学技术研究重点项目(104034);; 国家自然科学基金项目(30670047);; 厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20072010、3502Z20112004

A Study on Needs of Incorporation for Large-Scale Rice-Growing Farm Families in Taiwan

本研究主要的目的為(1)探討台灣大規模稻作農家實施日本農業經營 法人化之潛在需求﹔(2)尋找影響大規模稻作農家經營法人化需求之因素 。利用257名大規模稻作農家為研究對象，以訪問方式，共獲得有效問 卷185份。整體而言，大規模稻作農家對稻作經營法人化具有強烈之潛在 需求，同時偏好的法人類型為傾向具有地緣、地域關係的「組織法人」。 從逐步迴歸分析中發現，影響大規模稻作農家經營法人化需求之因素有經 營困難的感受程度、組織化需求、成就動機、組織參與程度、沒有地緣或 血緣關係的組合等五個變項。經營困難的感受程度、組織化需求、成就動 機、組織參與程度等影響為正，沒有地緣或血緣關係的組合之影響為負， 此外影響最大的變項是經營困難的感受程度。從路徑分析中發現，教育程 度、成就動機、從農年數、經營困難感受程度、每年務農日數、農家經營 能力、組織參與程度等會透過企業化程度及合作化意願影響組織化需求， 進而影響大規模稻作農家經營法人化之需求。The purpose of this research is (1)to investigate the "need" and "objectives" of large-scale rice-growing farm families to perform the Japanese agriculture production legal person﹔(2)to find the factors which affect the "need" and "objectives". Two hundred and twenty-seven large-scale rice-growing farm families were investigated and 185 questionnaires were effectively obtained. In general , large-scale rice-growing farm families have a strong need to incorporate .At the same time ,the favored type of incorporation is like the geographically positional "organized incorporation". From the stepwise regression analysis , five factors which significantly affected the needs of rice production incorporation. These factors include the degree of managerial problems ,the needs of the organization ,the achievement ,the degree of formal organization and no geographical and blood relation of the combination . Four variables including degrees of managerial problems ,the needs of organization ,the achievement ,the degrees of formal organization are defined as positive , and two variable , no geographical and blood relations are defined as negative. Factors among these variables the degree of managerial problems has greater effect on dependent variable than the others. From the path analysis ,the education ﹐the achievement ,the time (working in farming) , the degree of managerial problems , days working on farm per year ,the ability of farm management ,the degree of formal organization…etc. are factors which would affect the need of organization through the degree of enterprising farming and the objectives of cooperation. Furthermore ,these factors also affect the "need" and "objectives" of large-scale rice-growing farm families to practice the production legal person

Studies on the Organizational Reinventing and Reengineering of County Farmer's Association in Taiwan-Concerning Taiwan's Agricultural Finance Cost Efficacy and Japan's Practical Experiences of Japanese Agriculture Cooperatives

一、 計畫目標: ( 1 )整理與分析影響日本農協系統組織再建構、機能重組之相關理論與經驗實務, 以供台灣探討此問題的參考.( 2 )從「促進基層農會機能的發揮, 提昇系統農會整體經營競爭力」的觀點來研討縣農會組織再建構、機能重組的必要性及可行性.( 3 )分析全國階段的農會體制為類似目前台灣農會體制的總合型連合組織或為日本農協體制的專門性單事業別連合組織對系統農會整體經營競爭力較有利? ( 4 )分析縣農會在農會共同運銷經濟事業所扮演的角色與機能, 並比較縣農會合併後, 可能對農會共同運銷產生的重大影響, 以烘托縣農會合併對基層農會經濟機能促進的影響情況.( 5 )探討農會信用部現況與問題, 並針對農會信用部異於一般金融機構的農業金融地區金融業務加以分析, 以作為實証分析之基礎.並分析檢測目前各農會信用部是否具有規模經濟與範圍經濟.更嘗試以同一縣( 市 )內鄉鎮農會合併之方式, 進行模擬分析.二、 架構( 重要工作項目 ): 本研究擬採理論分析、專家座談、問卷與個案訪問法, 其進行步驟如下: 1.理論分析與專家座談: ( 1 )收集國內外相關文獻, 分析有關組織再造意義、系統農會組織再建構、機能重組的相關理論, 並進行理論分析與文獻探討.( 2 )分析日本系統農協組織再造及二階段系統制的背景、意義、成效及全國都府縣連合會、中央會機能調整、發展的重點及其對基層農協機能強化的影響.( 3 )分析國內農會之問題, 並探討縣農會組織再建構、機能重組與農會現存問題之關連性.舉辦產、官、學三方面之座談會, 就本研究之研究方法、內容之妥當性進行研討.( 4 )以個別農會之規模經濟及範圍經濟進行實証分析, 尋得農會信用部的最適規模, 以了解農會信用部應否擴大其規模, 發展成為區域性的地方金融.並探討農會信用部經營項目間, 是否存在成本互補性, 以作為將來應朝向專業銀行發展或綜合性銀行發展時之依據.( 5 )使用多元產出超越對數成本函數模型( translog cost function ), 並以Zellner's的近似無關迴歸分析法( seemingly unrelated regression estimation method )推估其成本函數之參數值, 估算出其規模經濟與範圍經濟.且進一步以同一縣( 市 )內鄉鎮農會合併方式, 進行模擬分析.2.問卷與個案訪問法: ( 1 )抽樣進行問卷調查及個案調查訪問, 從系統農會機能強化的重點分析縣農會選聘任人員對系統農會組織再建構、機能重組的需求、意願, 並分析縣農會對系統農會共同運銷的影響.( 2 )針對營運績效( 尤其是共同運銷事業 )特佳的縣農會, 實施個案研究, 以分析縣級農會合併對其所屬基層農會業務更進一層發展之意義及必要性.三、 預期效益: ( 1 )完成日本農協系統二階段組織再建構、機能重組及其對所屬基層農協機能發揮影響( 包含對於信用、共同運銷業務的影響 )之相關理論與經驗的整理與分析.( 2 )從農會系統整體機能發揮的觀點…尤其如系統農會共同運銷機能的強化, 比較分析縣農會進行組織再建構與機能重組之必要性.( 3 )本研究針對農會信用部特殊性質, 以同一縣( 市 )為單位進行模擬分析, 了解合併後是否改善其規模效果.由於縣( 市 )為單位較不涉及跨縣( 市 )政府及不同政經利益團體之協調, 此種行政區域劃分為原則的農會組織加以重組合併, 將可減少層級並擴大經營規模, 以改善經營體質.( 4 )從農會所有者與經營者的需求與意願及其農業背景、農會未來發展的因素, 探討台灣農會系統進行二階段制組織再建構與機能重組之可能性。Keywords: reengineering, organizational reinventing, cost efficacy.As financial liberalization has progressed, more and more new financial institutions have entered the market, and the credit departments of Farmers'Associations have found themselves facing a serious threat.Ordinary financial institutions are not affected by regional restrictions; they can establish new branches freely in accordance with their operational needs in order to achieve the ideal branch network.The credit departments of Farmers'Associations are only permitted to operate within the boundaries of the township or rural township to which they belong; they are not permitted to expand their operations into other administrative districts.This makes it difficult for the credit departments of Farmers'Associations to expand their scale of operation, and as a result they are unable to benefit from economies of scale.Only through mergers would they be able to expand their scale of operation, thereby improving their management efficiency and making themselves more competitive.The main purpose of this study is to explore the current status of the credit departments of Farmers'Associations and the problems affecting them, and to analyze the agricultural finance and local finance operations in which they are involved ( in which respect they differ from ordinary financial institutions ), to serve as a basis for empirical analysis.Analysis is also undertaken of the question of whether each Farmers'Association credit department possesses the necessary economies of scale and economies of scope, in order to explore the feasibility of implementing a policy of mergers among them.An attempt is made to simulate the merging of Farmers'Associations within the same county or city, and estimates produced with respect to whether overall operating costs would be reduced following such a merger

Na离子和Cl离子引起He原子直接多重电离过程的研究

利用 2～ 8MeV的Naq+、Clq+( q =2 ,3,4 ,5 )轰击氦原子 ,对碰撞的直接多重电离过程进行研究。实验采用反冲离子 -散射离子飞行时间符合技术 ,通过反冲离子飞行时间谱区分不同价态反冲离子 ;利用静电偏转和位置灵敏探测技术区分不同电荷态散射离子 ;结合CAMAC -PC多参数获取系统得到一定价态散射离子所对应的反冲离子电荷态分布谱 ;经分析该谱得到直接多重电离截面与直接单电离截面之比R2 1。讨论了R2 1随入射离子速度和电荷态的变化关

Measurement of Brown Carbon Emission Factors for HouseholdUse of Coal And Biomass in China

棕色碳(brown carbon,Br C)即吸光有机碳,因其吸光效应对全球气候变化、区域能见度、人体健康等影响而备受关注。我国是化石燃料和生物质燃料消耗大国,在居民生活领域每年有大量的煤炭和生物质燃料的使用,但目前尚没有相应的Br C排放因子(EFBr C)的实测数据。该研究通过七波段黑碳仪对农村冬季居民生活用煤和生物质燃烧产生的烟气进行现场实测研究,利用Br C和黑碳(BC)吸光波长指数(魡)的差异,计算二者比值(RBr C/BC),并结合碳平衡法测得的黑碳排放因子(EFBC)计算EFBr C;利用我国2000年居民生活用燃煤和生物质燃料的使用量,进而初步估算我国Br C的排放量。结果表明..

Surveillance on Waterfowl Avian Influenza

本計劃依各縣市水禽飼養比率及不同季節採集統計上足量之水禽血清樣品，分別以ELISA、AGP及HI tests測定禽流感抗體抗體並做亞型鑑定，抗體陽性場追蹤採糞材行反轉錄鋂禽流感之病毒檢測及亞型鑑定。Sera samples will be collected seasonally from all over the country. Avian influenza antibody of ELISA, agar gel precipitation (AGP), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Fecal samples will be collected from the antibody positive flocks, and then subjected to RT-PCR for AIV detection and subserotype determination

Research and Development of Biopesticide in Supporting the Related Industrial Development (II)

本研究計畫主要目的在於以群體團隊力量發展生物農藥資源與專門技術,建立標的微生物製劑及其附加產品之量產與製劑系統,以支持並強化台灣本土性生物農藥產業的發展;在未來一年半計畫中擬進行之工作,大致有下列四項: 1. 病害防治用微生物及天然物配方之發展應用, 2. 真菌性殺蟲劑之發展應用, 3. 蟲生真菌綠殭菌(Nomuraea riley)之發展應用, 4. 建立黑殭菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)孢子自動分離及收集系統以供真菌性殺蟲劑之製作應用.擬發展之標的微生物包括Streptomyces sioyaensis PMS 502分離株、Gliocladium virens G8分離株、Trichoderma spp. YT3分離株、Pseudomonas putida YLFP14分離株、Verticillium lecanii、N. rileyi及M. anisopliae之MA-805與MA-126分離株.在量產含放線菌等標的拮抗細菌方面,將建立生產以休眠狀態菌體或含抗生物質培養液為主的液態發酵標準生產流程;針對標的真菌菌株之生產方面,二階段半固態發酵法將用以生產真菌之分生孢子,並進一步發展此些孢子之收集系統與劑型之改良,擬發展之劑型包括粉劑、乳劑及噴霧乾燥之粒劑,另一方面,篩選增強標的微生物製劑生物活性或延長其櫥架壽命之添加劑或方法亦為本研究計畫發展重點,此些試做產品樣本均將經生物活性、安定性以及所預期在田間實際施用之保護效果等測試.過去兩年來,本研究團隊部份研究成果中,已成功研發兩項病害防治用微生物製劑劑型,並已經農委會將建立好之技術移轉給2家國內私人產業進行商業化量產,在所擬具的未來延續工作中,發展成功一至二項可供技術移轉產業應用之生物農藥劑型將為吾人繼續努力之主要目標.The main objectives of this proposed team effort is to develop the resources and knowhows, and to establish ready-to-spin-off biotechniques and mass production and formulation systems to support and enforce the industrial biopesticide development in Taiwan. The proposed works to be carried out in the coming year are organized into four parts: 1. Development and practical application of microbial and natural products as disease control agents; 2. Development and practical application of fungal insecticides; 3. Development and practical application of green muscardine fungus Nomuraea rileyi; and 4. Establishment of automated spore separation and collection system for production of Metarhizium anisopliae as mycoinsecticides. The targeted microbial organisms include Streptomyces sioyaensis PMS 502 isolate, Gliocladium virens isolate G8, Trichoderma spp. isolate YT3, Pseudomonas putida isolate YLFP14, Verticillium lecanii, N. rileyi, M. anisopliae isolates MA-805 and MA-126. For the mass production of bacterial isolates (include the actinomycete members), standard operation protocol (SOP) for the liquid fermentation production of the resting stage biomass and/or antibiotic-metabolite-containing culture broth will be established. For the targeted fungal isolates, the semi-solid fermentation system will be established for the production of reproductive fungal spores; and the system for spore collection and formulation will be extensively explored. The attempted formulation includes powder, emulsion and spray-dried granules. Additives and methodologies effective in enhancing the biological activity of, and/or extending the shelf-life of the attempted product are both to be extensively explored subjects. All the attempted sample product will be tested for the biological activity, the stability, and as well the expected plant protection performance in practical application. During the past 2 years, efforts from part of this work team have successfully developed 2 biopesticide formulations useful for disease control. And the established techniques have been transferred to 2 local private enterprises for commercialization. In the continued effort proposed, additional 1 to 2 biopesticide formulation ready for technique transfer to private industry are the prime goal of the group effort