Preliminary study on controlled release method for herbicides in rhizosphere to guard against Spartina alterniflora

互花米草（Spartinaalterniflora）是世界多个国家的重要入侵植物。本文在前人防控研究的基础上，提出了根际缓释防除互花米草的新思路，论文围绕这一思路主要开展了以下四方面的工作：寻找缓释材料和根际缓释的方法；了解互花米草影响化学防除效果的生理特点；筛选化学除草剂，并了解其降解特性；筛选植物源化感物质替代除草剂防除互花米草的可行性研究，以降低化学除草剂对环境的影响，为野外实施缓释除草剂提供技术参数。 对不同缓释材料缓释性能的比较研究结果表明：以草甘膦为供试除草剂，采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜等3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能。结果表明，蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱，适合...Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. has been considered as a global invasive plant. On the basis of previous studies, a new idea is proposed in this study to guard effectively against the ecological invasion of the smooth cordgrass, which apply herbicides in rhizosphere soil with controlled releasing techniques.The following four areas had been carried out around this idea: Compar...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学与工程系_环境科学学号：2262008115152

国内外Living Library实践与理论特点研究

作为一种新型服务理念与服务方式,Living Library在国内外发展大不相同。实践活动上,国外Living Library活动规模大、主题广、承办机构多样、活动成效显著;国内Living Library活动开展相对较少,主题窄而专业。理论研究中,国外Living Library重实践推广,研究分散;国内Living Library起步晚,研究角度相对丰富

Controlled release method for herbicides in rhizosphere to prevent aggression of Spartina alterniflora in intertidal zone

为防除滨海滩涂互花米草入侵,探讨根际土壤缓释除草剂的新方法。该研究采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能,同时,采用根部浸泡试验验证根际施药防除互花米草的效果。结果表明,3种缓释材料的缓释性能差异显著,蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱,初始释放农药量最大,释放迅速,适合淤泥质潮滩;PE膜则表现出较强的控释能力,释放量较小,但整个过程释放量较稳定,适合沙质和近根际水体;壳聚糖膜介于两者之间。根部浸泡试验表明,0.25~1.00g/l草甘膦、0.09~0.23g/l百草枯、0.28~2.30g/l草铵膦根部浸泡2~6d即可显现毒杀互花米草效果,通过饱和土壤一维溶质渗滤模型计算,在点源释放模式下,除草际根部释放点间有效除草间距为50~60CM。研究证明了根际缓释除草剂防除互花米草具有可行性。To guard effectively against the ecological aggression of the smooth cord-grass Spartina alterniflora growing in intertidal zone,a new method was considered to apply herbicides in rhizosphere soil with controlled release techniques.Three types of controlled release materials,vermiculite particles,polyethylene(PE) and chitin membrane,were tested on their herbicide-releasing characteristics,meanwhile,three herbicides,including glyphosate,parauat and basta,were evaluated on the effects of killing the smooth cord-grass.The results show that the controlled herbicide-releasing ability of vermiculite particles is weaker than the other two materials,and its initial releasing quantity is bigger,so it can be used for the muddy beach.On the contrary,that of PE was stronger,and therefore it is suitable for a sandy beach.Furthermore,that of chitin membrane is between the vermiculite particles and PE membrane.The three herbicides,glyphosate,paraquat and basta,can kill the grass effectively after 2-6 days of cultivation in 0.25-1.00 0.09-0.23 and 0.28-2.30 g/L solutions,respectively.One dimensional model for solute infiltration in saturated soil was used to modulate the herbicide migration,and the modulation result suggested that the distant between any two herbicide-releasing points should be set at less than 50-60 cm in field weeding practice.The experiment proved it is feasible in practice to guard against the ecological aggression of smooth cord-grass by controlled release of herbicides in rhizosphere.国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(200905009)资

Current status of mangrove germplasm resources and key techniques for mangrove seedling propagation in China

红树植物种质与种苗生产是所有红树林生态恢复工程的基础.本文根据工程实践并结合已有研究资料,采用聚类分析等方法,对中国红树植物资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术进行初步分析.结果表明:中国红树群落可分为低温广布型、广布型、嗜热广布型和热带分布型4种类型;资源分布可划分为琼东沿海、北部湾沿海、珠江口至粤东沿海、闽南和台湾沿海、闽东至浙南沿海5个区域.其中,北部湾沿海红树林种质资源占全国的75.3%.目前中国红树植物苗木种类开发利用率为52.6%,以胎生红树植物为主.红树林苗木生产应注意繁育方法、种实采集与储存、育苗方式、水分和盐度选择、病虫害防治及越冬防寒措施6个技术环节.结合调查和生产实践,归纳分析了中国现有5种红树林苗圃类型(旱地设施苗圃、红树林滩涂苗圃、光滩苗圃、基围塘苗圃和米草滩涂苗圃)的结构和用途特点,为红树林生态恢复工程的系统集成管理提供参考.Mangrove germplasm and nursery operation are the foundations of all mangrove ecological restoration projects.Based on the existing literatures and our own experiences,and by using cluster analysis and other methods,this paper assessed the current status of the mangrove germplasm resources and the key techniques for mangrove seedlings propagation in China.In China,the mangrove communities could be divided into 4 types,including low temperature tolerant widespread type,widespread type,thermophilic widespread type,and tropical type,and the mangrove distribution sites could be divided into 5 regions,i.e.,eastern Hainan coast,Beibuwan Gulf coast,Pearl River estuary and eastern Guangdong coast,southern Fujian and Taiwan coast,and eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang coast.The mangroves in Beibuwan Gulf coast region took up 75.3% of the total mangrove germplasm resources in the country.At present,the percentage of the mangrove species applied for seedling propagation in China was estimated at 52.6%,most of which were of viviparous species.The six key steps in mangrove nursery operation included the selection of proper seedling propagation methods,the collection and storage of seeds or propagules,the ways of raising seedlings,the management of water and salinity,the control of diseases and pests,and the prevention of cold damage during winter.The structure,functions,and applications of the present five types of mangrove nurseries,including dry land nursery,mangrove tidal nursery,mudflat nursery,Jiwei pond nursery,and Spartina mudflat nursery,were also analyzed,which could provide guidance for the integrated management of mangrove ecological restoration engineering.林业科技支撑计划项目(2009BAD2B0605);国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(200905009)资

Key Ecological Process and Risk-Control Strategies of the Resource Recycle Pattern through Route of Wastewater-Soil-Plant

综合分析了污水—土壤—植物系统资源再生的关键生态过程、工程风险来源,总结了进行系统结构优化、工艺参数核算、强化布水与集排水以及加强监测等风险控制对策。指出该系统实质是基于生态系统物质循环,以水资源和植物资源再生为主要特征的循环经济模式,是污水生态处理与回用技术和植物资源开发利用技术的有机结合体,兼具低成本、高经济效益和生态效益,可因地制宜,形式多样地促进水污染治理、节约水资源,适合中国国情。This paper mainly focused on analyzing the key ecological process and engineering risks of the resource recycle pattern through route of wastewater-soil plant,moreover,some strategies on how to control its engineering risks were also summarized such as how to optimize the structure of the pattern,budget the engineering parameters,strength the wastewater dosing/discharge and strengthen monitoring,etc.In fact,wastewater-soil-plant system was a typical pattern of circular economy which aimed to recycle the sources of water and plant products based on a natural ecological system recycle,so whose engineering techniques combined wastewater ecological treatment and plant resource exploitation ones,it owned both low-cost,high economic and ecological efficiency,various forms of water pollution management,and conservation of water resources for China's national conditions might be promoted with local conditions.厦门市市政府资

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

对中长跑运动员实施心理训练一例

介绍一名二十岁的中长跑运动员经约一年心理训练后,学会了一套从骨骼肌松弛到心神宁静的自我控制技术。该被试现已能应用它来克服赛前的过度紧张、易激动、过分敏感等不良心理因素。更明显的效果是入睡比以前快,疲劳消除时间大大缩短。一年来竞赛成绩逐渐上升。 根据国外提出的竞赛成绩和心理因素之间的关系式,我们作了延伸而导出一新的关系式。 最后探讨了心理训练的生理机制,简介了我们所采用的五种训练方法。</p