Tmem100 Is a Regulator of TRPA1-TRPV1 Complex and Contributes to Persistent Pain

TRPA1 and TRPV1 are crucial pain mediators, but how their interaction contributes to persistent pain is unknown. Here, we identify Tmem100 as a potentiating modulator of TRPA1-V1 complexes. Tmem100 is coexpressed and forms a complex with TRPA1 and TRPV1 in DRG neurons. Tmem100-deficient mice show a reduction in inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and TRPA1-but not TRPV1-mediated pain. Single-channel recording in a heterologous system reveals that Tmem100 selectively potentiates TRPA1 activity in a TRPV1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Tmem100 weakens the association of TRPA1 and TRPV1, thereby releasing the inhibition of TRPA1 by TRPV1. A Tmem100 mutant, Tmem100-3Q, exerts the opposite effect; i.e., it enhances the association of TRPA1 and TRPV1 and strongly inhibits TRPA1. Strikingly, a cell-permeable peptide (CPP) containing the C-terminal sequence of Tmem100-3Q mimics its effect and inhibits persistent pain. Our study unveils a context-dependent modulation of the TRPA1-V1 complex, and Tmem100-3Q CPP is a promising pain therapy

Performance Analysis of TCP over Mobile Networks

隨著無限網路技術的進步，這一類的產品已經越來越常出現在我們的日常生活中。從筆記型電腦、手機、PHS、以及PDA漸漸都已經發展出各自的方法能夠連接到Internet。由手機從2G到3G的發展，更可以看出在將來無限傳輸將以IP-network的方式為主流，並且以封包交換的技術作為資料傳輸的方法。 就目前而言，要提供可移動式IP的技術，最基礎的作法就是Mobile IP技術。另一方面，在網路上流通最普遍的終點對終點傳輸協定是TCP。然而由於原本TCP在設計的時候，Mobile IP 還沒有之類的技術還沒有發展出來，因此TCP 在該種網路上傳輸時也會遭遇到一些問題。以往的研究很多都著重於修改TCP或是Mobile IP的技術使他們能夠互相作用的更好。本篇論文則是提出了一個分析的架構來分析在Mobile IP上面的TCP 傳輸效能，藉由此方法可以量化在不同環境下Mobile IP對TCP的影響。作為進一步研究的基礎。Abstract With the growth of wireless technology, wireless network access has become more and more popular. To date, mobile devices such as notebooks, cell phones, and palmtops can connect to the Internet through specific wireless network systems. With the trend of all-IP network evaluation, there are some issues about reliable packet delivery on wireless networks. Since, in IP networks a popular method to provide mobility is mobile IP; the most common traffic type on IP networks is TCP. The performance of TCP over mobile networks may become more and more important. However, TCP is originally designed for wired end-to-end packet delivery, so many TCP mechanisms will have some problems when using them on wireless networks. Such as high wireless link error rates and packet lost due to mobile node handoff. In this paper we propose an analytical model to derive the Reno TCP performance over mobile IP. By carefully observing the handoff effect to TCP congestion window, the effect of handoff on TCP performance could be calculated. Once the influence of handoff has been quantified, it’s easy to apply mobility issue into TCP performance.Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………........1 1.1. Introducation to TCP ………………………………………………………..3 1.1.1 Reliable Data Transfer……………………………………………….3 1.1.2 Flow Control Mechanism ………………...…………………………4 1.1.3 Congestion Control Mechanism …………………………………….5 1.1.4 Round-Trip Time Estimation and Timeout ……………………….....7 1.2. Introduction to Mobile IP…………………………………………….…… 10 1.3. Problems encounter while running TCP over MobileIP……………………11 1.4. Related work …………………………………………………………….13 1.5. Thesis Organization ………………………………………………………..15 Chapter 2 Modeling TCP over Mobile IP.……….…………...……........16 2.1 Proposed model …………………………………………………………….19 2.2 TCP Recovery Phase ……………………………………………………….21 2.3 TCP Transmission Phase …………………………………………………...30 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation……...……….…………...……........35 3.1 Simulation Setup …………………………………………………………...35 3.2 Simulation Result …………………………………………………………..37 3.2.1 Session Time Throughput Analysis ………………………………....37 3.2.2 Time-out recovery with different RTO setting comparison ………...39 Chapter 4 Conclusion and Future Work ...….…………...……...............44 Reference ……………………………………………………………….4

环保高效聚酰胺阻燃剂的研究进展

综述了环保高效聚酰胺阻燃剂,如磷系、氮系、膨胀型和无机填料型四类阻燃剂对聚酰胺阻燃性能的影响,并进一步分析了环保高效阻燃聚酰胺的发展前景

Study of functional magnetic resonance imaging repeatability of linguistic-functional cortex

目的运用功能磁共振(fMRD技术,考察参与汉语加工的脑功能区在语言任务中激活的可复制性和稳定性,从而为临床术前定位和失语症神经恢复机制提供依据。方法选用语义判断和语音判断两种语言任务,对15名健康志愿者进行两次相同语言任务的fMRI扫描。通过组分析有效重叠激活图的方法,估计不同被试问语言任务fMRI的可复制性;在个体水平上计算被试前、后两次扫描同一ROI质心坐标的空间距离确定其稳定性。结果语义判断任务在Broca区的可复制性结果最好。个体水平质心坐标空间距离比较,Broca区比Wernicke区稳定性好,语义判断任务在Broca区的稳定性比语音判断任务要好。结论语义判断任务在Broca区的可复制性和稳定性相对要更好,可用于临床相关疾病的术前定位及失语症的语言神经恢复机制的研究。</p

C-2v-Symmetric C-60 Isomer in the Gas Phase: Experimental Evidence against Buckminsterfullerene (I-h-C-60)

Pure non-IPR (isolated-pentagon-rule) C-60 isomer has rarely been investigated experimentally. The recently reported availability of (C60Cl8)-C-#1809 opens an avenue for experimental investigation of C-#18098(60), a C-2v-symmetric C-60 isomer having two pairs of fused pentagons. Herein, the experiments on C-#1809(60) were performed oil the basis of thermal dechlorination of (C60Cl8)-C-#1809 in the solid state and gas phase. (C60Cl6)-C-#1812 was employed for comparative study. As determined by Raman and other methods, C-#1809(60) from thermal decomposition of (C60Cl8)-C-#1809 crystals readily coalesces to form carbon solid with a collapsed crystal lattice. In contrast, dechlorination via thermal spray of (C60Cl8)-C-#1809 in the gas phase is feasible for investigation of monodispersed all-carbon C-60 isomer, because the existence of C-#1809(60) in the gas phase has been confirmed by experimental evidence from mass spectrometry and high-perfomance-liquid-chromatography.National Natural Science Foundation of China 20525103,20531050,20721001 973 Program,2007CB81530