中国热门网站名称探析

随着计算机的发明和互联网的发现,人类进入了信息时代,信息处理速度和应用程度都以几何级数的方式在增长[1]。家用电脑将这条信息高速公路引入千家万户,使网民们实现了“秀才不出门便知天下事“。网上冲浪不可避免要接触形形色色的网站,而网站的名称是最先出现在页面上、最醒目的一部分,它是网站得以区分的基础,与网站域名关系紧密,并在一定程度上影响着网民对网站的接受程度。因此,网站的命名对网站建设者来说是一项重要的工作,我们通过对各种网站命名方式的比较和用户的反馈,也能总结出一定的规律。本文试图从网站命名构词特征、网站名称与域名的关系、网站名称与网民的关系三个方面进行分析,并试图说明原因

近海生态系统碳汇过程、调控机制及增汇模式

海洋是地球上最大的碳库,发挥着全球气候变化缓冲器的作用.蓝色碳汇,简称蓝碳,即由海洋生态系统捕获的碳(主要是有机碳),是海洋储碳的重要机制之一.; 蓝碳最初认识的形式是可见的海岸带植物固碳.其实之前没有得到足够重视的、看不见的微型生物(浮游植物、细菌、古菌、病毒、原生动物)占海洋生物量90%; 以上,是蓝碳的主要贡献者.中国陆架边缘海占国土总面积的1/3,碳汇潜力巨大,亟待研发.本文以近海生态系统碳汇过程、调控机制及增汇模式为主线,论述; 了近海生态系统结构与碳循环功能特征、碳汇形成过程与机理,并结合近海碳汇在沉积记录中的地史过程演变探讨了自然过程和人类活动对碳汇的可能影响,展望了; 碳汇工程在增加近海海洋储碳能力方面的应用前景.国家重大科学研究计划项目; 国家重点研发计划项目; 国家自然科学基金项目; 国家海洋局全球变化与海气相互作用专项项

Degradation failure features of chromium-plated gun barrels with a laser-discrete-quenched substrate

The effect of substrate laser-discrete quenching on the degradation failure of chromium-plated gun barrels was metallurgically investigated. The results show that substrate laser-discrete quenching changes the failure patterns of chromium coatings during firing, and some periodic through-thickness cracks in the fired chromium coatings are justly located at original substrate zones between two adjacent laser-quenched tracks. Moreover, chromium coatings and the laser-quenched zones on the substrate are simultaneously degraded in microstructure and property during firing. Furthermore, the periodic structure of the laser-discrete-quenched steel (LDQS) substrate near the breech remains after firing, and the hardness of the fired laser-quenched zones is still higher than that of original substrates. The specific failure features were utilized to illustrate the mechanism of the extended service life of chromium-plated gun barrels with the LDQS substrate. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Characteristics of the interface of a laser-quenched steel substrate and chromium electroplate

The interface of a laser-discrete-quenched steel substrate and as-deposited chromium electroplate was investigated by ion beam etching, dissolving-substrate-away and using a Vickers microhardness tester, in an attempt to reveal the mechanism that the service life of the chromium-coated parts is increased by the duplex technique of laser pre-quenching plus chromium post-depositing. The laser quenching of the steel substrate can reduce the steep hardness gradient at the substrate/chromium interface and improve the load-bearing capacity of chromium electroplate. Moreover, the laser quenching prior to plating has an extremely great effect on the morphologies and microstructure of the substrate/chromium interface: there is a transient interlayer at the original substrate/chromium interface while there is not at the laser-quenchedzone/chromium interface; the near-substrate surface microstructure and morphologies of the free-standing chromium electrodeposits, whose substrate was dissolved away with nital 30% in volume, inherit the periodically gradient characteristics of the laser-discrete-quenched substrate surface. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

中国海及邻近区域碳库与通量综合分析

中国海总面积约470万平方公里,纵跨热带、亚热带、温带、北温带等多个气候带.其中,南海北依\"世界第三极\"青藏高原、南邻\"全球气候引擎\"西太平洋暖池,东海拥有全球最宽的陆架之一,跨陆架物质运输显著,黄海是冷暖流交汇区域,渤海则是受人类活动高度影响的内湾浅海.中国海内有长江、黄河、珠江等大河输入,外邻全球两大西边界流之一的黑潮.这些鲜明的特色赋予了中国海碳储库和通量研究的典型代表意义.文章从不同海区（渤海、黄海、东海、南海）、不同界面（陆-海、海-气、水柱-沉积物、边缘海-大洋等）,以及不同生态系统（红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床、海藻养殖、珊瑚礁、水柱生态系统等）多层面对海洋碳库与通量进行了较系统地综合分析,初步估算了各个碳库的储量与不同碳库间的通量.就海气通量而言,渤海向大气中释放CO2约0.22Tg Ca-1,黄海吸收CO2约1.15Tg Ca-1,东海吸收CO2约6.92～23.30Tg Ca-1,南海释放CO2约13.86～33.60Tg Ca-1.如果仅考虑海-气界面的CO2交换,中国海总体上是大气CO2的\"源\",净释放量约6.01～9.33Tg Ca-1.这主要是由于河流输入以及邻近大洋输入所致.河流输入渤黄海、东海、南海的溶解无机碳（DIC）分别为5.04、14.60和40.14Tg Ca-1,而邻近大洋输入DIC更是高达144.81Tg Ca-1,远超中国海向大气释放的碳量.渤海、黄海、东海、南海的沉积有机碳通量分别为2.00、3.60、7.40、7.49Tg Ca-1.东海和南海向邻近大洋输送有机碳通量分别为15.25～36.70和43.39Tg Ca-1.就生态系统而言,中国沿海红树林、盐沼湿地、海草床有机碳埋藏通量为0.36Tg Ca-1,海草床溶解有机碳（DOC）输出通量为0.59Tg Ca-1;中国近海海藻养殖移出碳通量0.68Tg Ca-1,沉积和DOC释放通量分别为0.14和0.82Tg Ca-1.总计,中国海有机碳年输出通量为81.72～103.17Tg Ca-1.中国海的有机碳输出以DOC形式为主,东海向邻近大洋输出的DOC通量约15.00～35.00Tg Ca-1,南海输出约31.39Tg Ca-1.综上,尽管从海-气通量看中国海是大气CO2的\"源\",但考虑了河流、大洋输入、沉积输出以及微型生物碳泵（DOC转化输出）作用后,中国海是重要的储碳区.需要指出的是,文章数据是基于中国海各海区碳循环研究报道,鉴于不同研究方法上的差异,所得数据难免有一定的误差范围,亟待将来统一方法标准下的更多深入研究和分析.国家重点研发计划项目(编号:2016YFA0601400);;国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:91751207、91428308、41722603、41606153、41422603);;中央高校基础研究项目(编号:20720170107);;中海油项目(编号:CNOOC-KJ125FZDXM00TJ001-2014、CNOOCKJ125FZDXM00ZJ001-2014)资

Legal Regulation of Administrative Monopoly of Chinese Football Association

中国足协的改革不仅是整个国家结构性改革背景下的有益尝试,而且是行业改革特别是去行政化改革的排头兵,是而具有重大意义。考察中国足协的发展,其因体制转轨倒逼政府职能转移、法律授权造成自治权过大而形成了行政性垄断地位,自觉或不自觉地实施了强制交易、地区封锁、强制经营者限制竞争等垄断行为,排除、限制了足球市场竞争。面对足协法律规制的"内忧外患",应区分足协行政性垄断之行为的抽象和具体特征而进行"施治"。针对足协抽象行政性垄断行为,可通过竞争机制与竞争政策的结合、竞争机制的实体和程序的规范、足协章程效力和内容的明确等方式予以规制;针对足协具体行政性垄断行为,可采取体制转轨下的政会分离、转变足协身份以实现其独立、破除利益藩篱与遵循市场规律、建立类竞争法的行业法、完善多机构执法协调机制、明确足协可诉地位等措施进行规制。The reform of the Chinese Football Association is not only a useful attempt in the context of the structural reform of the whole country,but also the vanguard of the reform of the industry,especially of the administrative reform.The Chinese Football Association has formed an administrative monopoly position,consciously or unconsciously implemented a restricted transaction,regional blockade,forced operators to restrict competition and other monopolistic acts,eliminating and limiting the football market competition.Faced with the internal and external problems of laws and regulations of the Football Association,measures should be taken according to the abstraction and specific characteristics of the administrative monopoly of the Football Association.For the abstract administrative monopoly,regulations could be done in the following way：（i）the Combination of Competition Mechanism and Competition Policy;（ii）The specification of the competition mechanism of entities and procedures,（iii）the definitude of effectiveness and content of football Association charter.For the specific administrative monopoly behavior of the Football Association,we can take the political separation under the institutional transition,change the identity of the Football Association to achieve its independence,break the barriers and follow the rules of the market,the establishment of competition law industry law,improve the multi-agency law enforcement coordination mechanism,Football Association can respond to the status of other measures to regulate.国家社会科学基金项目(11BFX054)

疼痛相关信息的注意偏向

注意偏向是指注意对某一类特定信息的优势分配、维持倾向与解脱困难,近年来被证明是一些心理疾病产生、发展的原因。疼痛相关信息作为一类特殊信息也能够引起普遍的注意偏向,这种现象在健康人和疼痛患者身上均有表现,同时具有差异。研究者认为注意偏向对慢性痛的形成和维持具有重要作用,但具体作用尚未明确。本文梳理了疼痛相关信息的注意偏向这一领域理论、研究方法和结果的进展,在此基础上指出现存研究的问题和未来发展的趋势

疼痛与注意的交互作用:自下而上的捕获效应和自上而下的调节作用

疼痛是一种复杂的多维度主观体验;注意在疼痛过程中扮演着重要角色.疼痛会干扰注意活动;反之;注意也能够重塑疼痛体验.不仅如此;慢性痛的形成以及慢性痛病人的认知损伤也与个体的注意活动密切相关.研究疼痛与注意相互作用的脑机制;有助于进一步了揭示疼痛的发生和调控机制;进而指导慢性痛的治疗与康复