类泛素蛋白及其中文命名

泛素家族包括泛素及类泛素蛋白,约20种成员蛋白.近年来,泛素家族领域取得了迅猛发展,并已与生物学及医学研究的各个领域相互交叉.泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬机制的发现分别于2004和2016年获得诺贝尔奖.但是,类泛素蛋白并没有统一规范的中文译名. 2018年4月9日在苏州召开的《泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬》专著的编委会上,部分作者讨论了类泛素蛋白的中文命名问题,并在随后的\"泛素家族、自噬与疾病\"(Ubiquitinfamily,autophagy anddiseases)苏州会议上提出了类泛素蛋白中文翻译草案,此草案在参加该会议的国内学者及海外华人学者间取得了高度共识.冷泉港亚洲\"泛素家族、自噬与疾病\"苏州会议是由美国冷泉港实验室主办、两年一度、面向全球的英文会议.该会议在海内外华人学者中具有广泛影响,因此,参会华人学者的意见具有一定的代表性.本文介绍了10个类别的类泛素蛋白的中文命名,系统总结了它们的结构特点,并比较了参与各种类泛素化修饰的酶和它们的生物学功能.文章由45名从事该领域研究的专家合作撰写,其中包括中国工程院院士1名,相关学者4名,长江学者3名,国家杰出青年科学基金获得者18名和美国知名高校华人教授4名.他们绝大多数是参加编写即将由科学出版社出版的专著《泛素家族介导的蛋白质降解和细胞自噬》的专家

(48(4):64-70)Effects of Peat Moss Amendment on Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

叢枝菌根菌Glomus mosseae 的繁殖一般採用河砂為栽培介質，是因河砂具有高透氣性與低肥份的特性，但缺點是保水性差及不具緩衝性，泥炭苔則具有高保水性的優點，因此本試驗目的是探討河砂中添加泥炭苔，提高叢枝菌根菌在宿主根系的繁殖效果。試驗首先將泥炭苔（10%）添加方式分成混合或覆蓋兩種處理，供試宿主植物有百喜草、營多藤、玉米及甘藷等四種，結果除甘藷外，菌根形成率與孢子濃度都以混合處理者高於覆蓋處理者。將河砂混合1/5, 1/3, 1/2（體積／體積）的泥炭苔，或單獨使用河砂，探討對G. mosseae 在百喜草根圈土繁殖之影響，結果顯示盆缽中完全為河砂者，菌根形成率與厚膜孢子數最高，隨著泥炭苔混合比例增加，菌根形成率與厚膜孢子數逐漸減低。泥炭苔採用覆蓋方式，定期調查 G. mosseae 在玉米根圈土的繁殖，顯示隨接種時間增加，菌根形成率與孢子數逐漸提高，至接種後第11週達到高峰，而後逐漸降低。由以上結果，顯示單獨以河砂為介質，所生產的孢子數最高，添加泥炭苔反而不利於菌根形成與孢子的產生，其可能的原因有待進一步探討。Sand is a good medium for inoculum production of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, because of its high aeration and lower fertility, but it has poor water-conserved and buffering ability. In contrast, peat moss has high water-conserved ability, so we try to amend sand with peat moss to improve initial growth of host plants, and to increase colonization and spore of VAM fungi. Effect of 10% peat moss mulched or mixed with sand on colonization and spore production of G. mosseae are tested in four host plants of bahiagrass, intortum, corn, and sweet potato. Results indicated sand mixed with peat moss is better than those mulched with peat moss. Then, the effects of sand mixed with peat moss in ratio of 1/5, 1/3, 1/2 on propagation of G. mosseae in rhizospheric soil of bahiagrass were conducted. Results indicated that the amendment of peat moss in sand could improve initial growth of host plants, but colonization or spore production was the highest in treatment without peat moss amendment. When amended volume of peat moss was over 1/4, there was no spore in rhizospheric soil at 14 weeks after inoculation. Periodic investigation were conducted to monitor propagation of G. mosseae in the rhizosphere of corn, and results indicated that root colonization and spore production in soil gradually increased, and reached the highest at 11 weeks after inoculation, and then decreased. The results showed that spore production was the highest in sand without any amendment. Peat moss was not beneficial to colonization and spore production, if amended with sand

Development of Mass Production of VAMF Inoculum by Sand Culture

內生菌根菌(Vesicular-aibuscular mycorrhizal fungus, VAMF)證實與許多作物根系具有親和主，當VAMF感染作物根部形成內生菌根時，往往能產生有益效應，促進根群發育，增加根部對磷肥等要素之吸收能力，促進植株生長。惟內生菌根菌是一種活物寄生真菌，目前尚無法在文工培養基上大量繁殖，接種盆栽宿主植物繁殖內生菌根菌接種源是目前唯一可行途徑。除宿E外，土壤（栽培介質）因子、環境因子等亦可影響內生菌根菌之繁殖。本分所建立之內生菌根百接種源生產體系，分為三個步驟：（一）以多年生百喜草盆栽保存純種，（二）以盆栽玉米繁殖貝種，（三）以大型栽培床之玉米（或營多藤）大量繁殖內生菌根菌，經收集培養土（含宿主根長）風乾裝袋而成接種源。在實際應用上，採用苗期接種，培養洋香瓜內生菌根苗，當內生菌根苗移植於本田，即可將菌種帶到田間，發揮內生菌根之功能，表現其有益效應。 The vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus was proved to have the compatibility with root systems of many crops. Formation of VA mycorrhiza in root systems of crops infected by VAM fungus could arise beneficial effects, i.e. promoted the growth and development of root systems, increased the absorption of soil mineral elements, enhanced the top growth of crops. Up today, the common method for propagation of VA mycorrhizal fungi were pot culture because they were obligate symbionts. Factors affected the propagation of VA mycorrhizal fungi in pot culture included host plants, soil (culture media), and environment. We developed a procedure for propagation of VAM fungus inoculum as follows: 1. maintaining the pure VA mycorrhizal fungus in pot culture of bahiagrass, 2. propagation of VAM fungus in pot culture of corn, 3. mass production of VA mycorrhizal fungus inoculum in sand bed culture of corn or beggarhce, 4. air-drying and bagging the harvested culture soil including the segments of infected root systems of host plants and fungal chiamydospores. Method for application of VA mycorrhizal fungus to field was by transplanting mycorrhizal seedlings of muskmelon pre-inoculated with infested soil in plastic net house. When the mycorrhizal seedlings were transplanted to the field, mycorrhizal root systems could show beneficial effects to muskmelon production

二氧代烯酮环二硫代缩醛的nmr研究

报道了７种新的α，α’－二氧代烯酮环二硫代缩醛化合物的ＮＭＲ谱。应用＾１Ｈ，＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ谱等确定了这７种新化合物的分子结构，并对全产谱峰进行了归属，初步探讨了分子结构对化学位移的影响

二氧代烯酮环二硫代缩醛的nmr研究

报道了７种新的α，α’－二氧代烯酮环二硫代缩醛化合物的ＮＭＲ谱。应用＾１Ｈ，＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ谱等确定了这７种新化合物的分子结构，并对全产谱峰进行了归属，初步探讨了分子结构对化学位移的影响

植物种子发育的分子机理

种子作为高等植物有性生殖的产物,不仅是植物繁育的最主要形式,也是人类赖以生存的粮食的最主要来源。在被子植物的有性生殖过程中,来自花粉的两个精子分别与胚囊中的卵细胞和中央细胞融合形成合子和初生胚乳核。前者经过细胞分裂、分化、器官发生和休眠建立等过程形成胚胎;后者经过游离核分裂、细胞化等过程形成胚乳。一个完整的胚胎具有子叶、胚轴、茎尖和根尖分生组织等结构。在种子发育和萌发过程中,胚乳为胚胎提供营养。胚胎和胚乳均可作为植物的营养累积器官,在发育后期累积淀粉、脂肪酸或/和蛋白质等。毫无疑问,受精后的胚胎与胚乳发育不仅是高等植物生活周期的一个重要环节,也是作物产量和品质决定的最关键时期。这一过程所涉及的细胞分裂、细胞分化、器官发生和胞间通信等过程的调控机制是生命科学领域的重大科学问题,也是发育生物学研究的核心命题。相关研究不仅为揭示种子形成的调控机理提供重要线索,也将为农作物的产量和品质提高提供新的技术手段。本文将重点阐述种子研究的重要性、国内外相关研究进展和未来发展前景

基于GSA的厌氧发酵原料碳氮比NIRS快速检测

在以预处理后玉米秸秆、秸秆粪便混合物为原料进行厌氧发酵生产沼气时,为了对厌氧发酵原料碳氮比进行快速检测,将近红外光谱(NIRS)与偏最小二乘(PLS)回归相结合构建快速检测模型,并基于遗传模拟退火算法(GSA)构建遗传模拟退火区间偏最小二乘算法(GSA-iPLS)和双重遗传模拟退火偏最小二乘算法(DGSA-PLS)分别用于特征谱区优选和特征波长点优选,以提高回归模型的检测精度和效率。全谱1 844个波长点经GSA-iPLS进行谱区优选后,得到641个波长变量,再经DGSA-PLS进行特征波长点优选后,得到628个波长变量。DGSA-PLS回归模型验证集的决定系数(Rp^2)为0. 920,预测均方根误差为7. 178,相对分析误差为3. 805。与全谱建模相比,DGSAPLS模型的RMSEP减小了15. 87%。通过波长优选,参与建模的波长点数量显著减少,有效降低了变量维度和模型复杂度,提升了预测精度和预测能力。本文通过优选碳氮比的敏感波长变量,有效提高了预测模型的鲁棒性,为直接、快速、准确测量厌氧发酵原料的碳氮比提供了新途径