<Original Papers>Refining of Crude Copper by Addition of Chlorides

Removal of various impurities from the liquid crude copper using chloride has been studied thermodynamically and experimentally. Taking account of the free energy of formation of chlorides and the activity coefficients of various impurities, it was estimated that lead, zinc, iron and bismuth may by volatilized by chlorination reaction without any serious loss of copper metal. In the preliminary melting experiment, sodium chloride did not show any effective reaction with impurities, but substantial removal of lead, oxygen and sulfur has been observed by addition of calcium, magnesium and ammonium chlorides. Calcium chloride is especially interesting because arsenic and antimony have also been eliminated probably in the forms of calcium arsenate and antimonate. Silver, gold, nickel and selenium were not removed by chlorination reaction. The crude copper containing higher sulfur and lower oxygen was unconvenient for removal of impurities. The removal reaction was rapid enough and its temperature dependence could not be observed. When lead and oxygen are only elements to be removed, ammonium chloride seems to be attractive, because it becomes effective gaseous reagent by preheating. A typical example of refining of the crude copper by addition of calcium chloride is as following table : [table

キンカン新品種 \u27ぷちまる\u27

Puchimaru\u27 is a new kumquat cultivar released in 1999 by the Department of Citriculture (Okitsu), National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. It originated from a cross between Naga kinkan and \u27Tetraploid Ninpou kinkan\u27, made in 1987 at the Okitsu Branch, Fruit Tree Research Station to breed superior seedless cultivars. It was selected as a promising triploid hybrid in 1992, and had been subjected to the local adaptability test as \u27Kankitsu Okitsu 49\u27, conducted at 17 prefectural experimental stations in Japan. It was designated and registered as \u27Kinkan Norin No.1\u27 in August 13, 1999 and also registered as No.10379 under the Seed and Seedlings Law of Japan in July 10, 2002. The tree is medium in vigor and intermediate between upright and spreading in growth habit. It is resistant to citrus canker and considerably resistant to citrus scab. The fruit is about 11g in weight and reaches 20g in the warm district. The shape is ellipsoid. The rind is deep orange in color and about 4 mm thick. The oil glands are somewhat large and conspicuous but the fruit surface texture is smooth. The flesh is orange in color and tender but juice content is relatively low. The rind is sweet and not bitter, and the central part of fruit is not so acid. The fruit has very few or no seeds. The fruit ripens in January. This cultivar is recommended for commercial cultivation at the warmer district of the citrus-growing areas in Japan and in the greenhouse. It is also recommended for growing at home gardens

カンキツ新品種 \u27西之香\u27

Nishinokaori\u27 was produced from a backcross between \u27Kiyomi\u27 tangor and \u27Trovita orange\u27. It was registered as \u27Tangor Norin No.7\u27 and released as a superior tangor cultivar in 1997. The tree vigor is medium to weak and the tree attitude is intermediate to spreading. It has tiny thorns at young stage, but thorns disappear with the years. The cultivar shows a parthenocarpic habit and produces nearly seedless fruits in spite of its male fertility. Seeds are monoembryonic. The fruit is 100-180g in weight and the shape is oblate to obovoid. The rind is thin, orange to reddish-orange in color, and easy to peel. Flesh is tender and juicy. Flavor is pleasant, aromatic, similar to orange flavor. The fruit ripens in late December to early January. Acid is low (0.7 ～ 1.0g/100ml) and the concentration of soluble solid is fairly high (11 ～ 13%). \u27Nishinokaori\u27 is resistant to citrus scab like orange and is susceptible to citrus canker, but more resistant than orange

广东货船水运的温室气体排放和低碳发展对策

作为我国港口大省和低碳试点省,广东需先行测算船舶水运的GHG(温室气体)排放量基线,以探究低碳水运对策. 通过文献调研收集适用数据和资料,基于引擎功率法,测算了广东抵港货船在2010年的GHG排放量. 结果表明:广东专属经济区海域内货船水运的GHG总排放量为2887×10~4t,不确定性在-36%~45%之间,其中在领海区域内的排放量为730×10~4t；远洋集装箱船是GHG最大排放源,占总排放量的43%；集装箱船、干散货船、油轮和其他货船的GHG排放量不确定性均介于-30%~50%之间,远洋货船的主引擎在正常航行模式下输出功率是最主要的不确定性源. 基于分析船舶水运的GHG排放特征,提出船舶减速、向远洋货船供应岸电和内河货船主引擎转用天然气共3项低碳节能措施,共可减排40%的GHG排放量.该研究结果不仅为广东低碳水运发展提供基础性的GHG排放数据,也可为其他港口地区提供估算水运业GHG排放量的技术方法参考和实践经验

基于信号模型与阶次分析的风力发电机组齿轮箱故障诊断

针对传统的频谱分析方法在非平稳工况下导致的“频谱模糊”现象，利用信号模型和阶次分析的方法对风电机组齿轮箱进行了故障诊断研究。建立了非平稳工况下齿轮箱高速级的振动信号模型，推导了其时频谱及阶次谱结构，利用阶次分析的方法分析了振动信号的阶次谱，提取了齿轮故障特征。最后，利用真实风场齿轮箱振动数据进行分析，对齿轮箱故障进行了准确识别

Cu-Fe64Ni32Co4合金显微组织及热物理性能（英文）

利用相图计算的CALPHAD方法和真空电弧熔炼技术,设计并制备了Cux(Fe0.64Ni0.32Co0.04)100-x（x=30,45,60,质量分数,%）系列合金。实验研究了该系列合金在不同热处理工艺时的显微组织,热导率以及热膨胀系数。结果表明:Cu-Fe64Ni32Co4系列合金在600和800℃时效处理后均为fcc富铜相和fcc富因瓦（铁镍钴）相组成的各向同性的多晶合金。该系列合金在1000℃淬火并在600℃时效处理50 h后,其热膨胀系数变化范围为6.88×10-6～12.36×10-6 K-1;热导率变化范围为22.91～56.13 W·（m·K）-1;其热导率明显高于因瓦合金,其中Cu30(Fe0.64Ni0.32Co0.04)70与Cu45(Fe0.64Ni0.32Co0.04)55合金的热膨胀系数可以与电子封装中半导体材料的热膨胀系数相匹配。National Natural Science Foundation of China(51471138,51771158,51571158

The clinical evaluation of hochuekkito for symptoms of malignant neoplasm patients

悪性腫瘍患者162例に対して, ツムラ補中益気湯エキス顆粒を投与し, 食欲不振, 全身倦怠感の改善などについて検討した.162例中102例(63.0%)に治療効果が認められた.副作用は12例(7.4%)に認められたが, 重篤な副作用は認められなかったHochuekkito was administered in 2.5 g doses three times a day to 162 patients who complained of anorexia or lassitude because of genitourinary cancer. The efficacy rate was 63.0%. The rate of effectiveness on anorexia was 48.4% and that on lassitude was 36.6%. Side effects were observed in 12 patients (7.4%), but most of them were mild gastrointestinal disorders. No severe adverse effects were noted

The clinical evaluation of hochuekkito for symptoms of malignant neoplasm patients

悪性腫瘍患者162例に対して, ツムラ補中益気湯エキス顆粒を投与し, 食欲不振, 全身倦怠感の改善などについて検討した.162例中102例(63.0%)に治療効果が認められた.副作用は12例(7.4%)に認められたが, 重篤な副作用は認められなかったHochuekkito was administered in 2.5 g doses three times a day to 162 patients who complained of anorexia or lassitude because of genitourinary cancer. The efficacy rate was 63.0%. The rate of effectiveness on anorexia was 48.4% and that on lassitude was 36.6%. Side effects were observed in 12 patients (7.4%), but most of them were mild gastrointestinal disorders. No severe adverse effects were noted