斑节对虾的遗传育种研究

斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)俗称草虾,是世界三大养殖虾类之一。广泛分布于印度洋和西太平洋,也是我国本土优质对虾资源之一,但尚未形成遗传稳定的养殖品系,养殖种苗除少数来自海捕外,绝大多数通过人工繁殖获得。供人工繁殖的亲虾主要来自两方面:一是捕捞野生怀卵虾,二是通过摘除眼柄和人工诱导野生雌虾性成熟和产卵,但二者均依赖野生资源。斑节对虾养殖的迅速发展对野生资源造成了极大的压力,过度开发势必引起种质的退化;同时,长期依赖野生亲体培育苗种产生了一些弊端,如亲体携带病毒,养殖对象生长减慢,抗病力下降等。因此,为保护野生资源和阻止野生虾类遗传多样性的丧失,尽快形成遗传稳定的养殖品系显得尤为迫切

Purification and characterization of lectin from humoral fluids of Charybdis feriatus

【英文摘要】 To search new sources of lectin, an experiment on lectin distribution in humoral serum of crab Charybdis feriatus (in short, CFL) was conducted March, 2002. When adding solid ammonium sul-fate into the fluids up to 50% saturation at 4℃, most CFL activity showed precipitates who were then continually extracted by ammonium sulfate of different concentrations. The supernatant, which was called primary CFL fluids, was given a 17.60-fold purification and 45.70% recovery of total activity. Finally, by using Sepha...Supported by Project of Technology Bureau of Quanzhou of Fujian Province(Z200239) , and by the Fujian Natural Science Foundation (B0410027

An Attempt to Study the Expression of Differential Proteins in Hemolymph of Scylla serrata Infected by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

采用蛋白质组学技术对锯缘青蟹受细菌感染后血淋巴中蛋白表达变化的情况进行初步研究.试验中以未感染锯缘青蟹为对照,用密度为每毫升5.0×107个副溶血弧菌的菌液感染锯缘青蟹,于注射后18h分别抽取活菌注射组、灭活菌注射组、空白对照组的锯缘青蟹的血淋巴,进行蛋白差异分析.结果发现,与对照相比,锯缘青蟹感染细菌后,血淋巴中出现1条明显差异条带.肽质量指纹图谱及生物信息分析表明,该蛋白为cryptocyanin,是血蓝蛋白基因家族中的重要成员,提示cryptocyanin与免疫反应有关.To investigate anti-disease and anti-bacteria related non-specific immunological factors of Scylla serrata.Scylla serrata were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group,group 1 and group 2,10 samples of each group.The control group was not infected.The group 1 and group 2 were separately injected with live and inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus (5.0×107/mL).Seven days later,they were infected the again with live V.parahaemolyticus,respectively,labeled as group 1~7 and 2~7.Eighteen hours later after each infection,hemolymph was extracted from these groups,and the expression of differential proteins in them was analyzed with proteomic methodologies.One band of differential protein was appreciated in SDS-PAGE diagram of the group1~7.It was identified as cryptocyanin,one of the important members of hemocyanin family,by analysis of its peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) and bioinformatics.The other groups showed no apparent changes.The results showed that Scylla serrata infected by live pathogenic bacteria of V.parahaemolyticus may produce cryptocyanin,which may be involved in immunological response,and it is of reality significance to further research this anti-disease protein in Scylla serrata and its function as well.国家“863”计划(2002AA603013

What has rural life to offer?

Recent decades have witnessed a growing tide of migration of rural people to large urban centres. The flight from country to town has been both because of the lure of city life - employment, social amenities, and escape from traditional social restrictions - and because of the absence in rural areas of basic facilities such as roads, water and electricity, schools and health services. The fact that most migrants have failed to realize their dreams for a brighter future has not slowed the flow. People appear to prefer urban poverty to rural poverty, perhaps maintaining a fading hope that some day their chance will come. The fact that millions of people have come to believe that life in the villages offers no hope whatever is the clearest indication of the failure of rural development in recent years. Yet the opportunities exist for providing an alternative to emigration but they require a change in priorities. Policy makers are confronted with a choice of either encouraging the development of economic activity and supporting services in rural areas or of accepting the status quo and its inevitable consequence; a depopulated, ageing and predominantly female rural sector, agricultural production lagging ever further behind national needs, and ever swelling numbers of desperate urban poor. Towns and cities grow out of the countryside. The greatest cities of the world were once mere collections of a few dwellings. What enabled them to develop into larger communities was either commerce (trade) or industry, and originally industry and trade were based on the needs and production of agriculture. In the past change was slow because population growth was slow, and population movement was in response to urban demand for labour. Famine and military activities forced short term major population shifts to secure cities but the ample opportunity to achieve a degree of self-sufficiency in the rural areas usually drew people back to grow their own food and to benefit from living as extended families in small communities. For much of history there has been a symbiotic relationship between town and country, the former providing the centre of administration and defence in times of trouble, and acting as centres for learning, craftsmanship and trade while the rural hinterland has provided the food and raw materials for processing and trade. But, while history demonstrates that a balanced development of commerce and industry in rural centres can stimulate national development and prosperity, recent policies have diverted many countries from this path with disastrous social and economic consequences. Colonization by foreign powers required that administration, commerce and, more rarely industry, were centralized for easier control. Since the rural hinterland was invariably looked on as only a source of raw materials and labour it was left without investment or development. As examples, the copper mines of Zambia, the coal fields of Zimbabwe and the gold and diamond deposits of South Africa demanded for the most part very large work-forces. Since supervisors and management were colonists there was no perceived requirement to develop education in the rural areas from which this labour was drawn. Similarly, plantations drew labour from as far afield as, for example, to Côte d'lvoire, from Mali and Burkina Faso. And, since the administration adopted a laissez faire attitude to life in the villages, little was done initially to try and change traditional techniques of agriculture or to improve facilities. Belatedly some colonial powers instituted basic education and health in rural districts. However, the pattern of roads suited to central government, absence of rural electricity and other amenities, and lack of any alternative sources of employment other than subsistence agriculture or migrant labour, was inherited and perpetuated by national governments after Independence. Western Nigeria provides a typical example of how changes in attitude and priorities damaged and distorted development. Traditionally in Nigeria, as in many other countries, the market place was a focal point of economic life and around it developed a hierarchy of settlements ranging from small hamlets to large cities. However, the values implicit in these traditional settlement and market patterns in Nigeria seem to have been overlooked or ignored in post-independence developments such as the building of transport routes. Trunk and even feeder roads have often by-passed centres of production and trade with the result that produce has frequently failed to reach the more distant and larger market centres. Changing perceptions and priorities The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), which is based in Washington, organized a meeting of leading African anglophone and francophone policy-makers and researchers in Saly Portugal, Senegal in December 1994 as part of its 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment initiative. A synthesis of the views included the observation that, 'Most governments want to reduce poverty but many are doubtful that it can be done on a sustainable basis. This illustrates the importance of understanding both the sources of poverty in Africa and the links between economic growth and poverty alleviation. Since 90% of Africa's poor live in rural areas, key poverty reduction strategies should aim at raising rural incomes. This necessarily involves measures to increase agricultural productivity which will directly increase rural incomes. Incomes will also increase indirectly through the creation of effective purchasing power in rural areas for services and local manufactured items, thus increasing off-farm employment.' Until recently, the role of small towns and the need for off-farm employment as foci for rural change and transformation in Africa have generally been neglected by national governments and by the aid community and development organizations. Instead, integrated rural development programmes were adopted by many administrations and development agencies to the exclusion of the development of small urban centres, which were neglected and often dismissed as 'problem areas'. There has now been a gradual shift in the ways of thinking and as the IFPRI seminar revealed, there is growing acknowledgement of the interdependence and complementary roles of rural and urban sectors. The symbiotic relationship between country and town is being recognized and it can be seen that neither can survive let alone thrive without the other. Despite the lack of recognition given to them, traditional market centres can provide off-farm employment and a link between the production and consumption centres of the economies within which they are located. They also act as the centres of information for the surrounding areas and have various facilities such as health, credit and postal services. Suitable industries for off-farm employment Ideally industries for development in rural areas should utilize the raw materials available in the locality. Agroprocessing is an obvious choice since it not only utilizes farm produce but adds value. It also reduces the need for transport to more distant and centralized sites and therefore reduces costs; only the less bulky processed goods have need of transport out of the area while the by-products, such as cotton seed and palm kernel and grain polishings, remain in the rural areas where they are easily accessible for farmers wishing to purchase them for feeding to livestock. In large urban centres such materials are, more often than not, an inconvenient and potentially polluting biomass. Food processing lends itself to decentralization and small-scale development. On a small scale, it requires very little equipment and capital investment, and suitable technologies exist for small scale drying of fruits, nuts and vegetables oil extraction, baked goods and snack food production. Conversely there are technologies which are inappropriate for small-scale adoption; these include operations that require substantial capital outlay for equipment, for example the canning of fruit, making juices and bottling or dried milk production. If there is a local demand from consumers for a particular product, turnover is rapid and initial investments can be recouped quickly. Food processing adds value to raw products and prevents wastage by converting produce into less perishable forms. Because the consumption of food is a basic requirement of all people, rural and urban, and because families are increasingly seeking timesaving ways of preparing foods, food processing can be a very successful small enterprise. In contrast, the introduction of large-scale food processing factories can be detrimental to rural people. Because such factories are often highly automated, they employ few people and many of these are skilled technicians and supervisors trained in electronics and nutrition sciences. Many less educated yet enterprising and hard working people, particularly women heads of households, who are reliant on traditional food processing practices such as hand operated milling, grinding and oil extraction, are forced out of the market through competition. Yet if all the costs of establishing, running and maintaining modern factories were shown, including the social and environmental costs, the small-scale enterprises would often have a clear advantage. Large-scale food processing may also result in products that are nutritionally inferior to traditional products. For example, polished rice, white bread made from refined flour, and white sugar are all less nutritious than their traditional counterparts, hand-pounded rice, ground maize-meal and gun Some manufactured products may even be injurious to health: in Nigeria, for example, the manufacture of gari from cassava is now frequently mechanized. Because it contains cyanide, some varieties of fresh cassava traditionally undergo a laborious process to effect detoxification and render it safe for consumption. In terms of cyanide removal, the longer this process takes, the better is the end product. Mechanization has meant , that the traditional 4-6 , day processes have been reduced to one : day with variable effects on product quality and nutritional value. One of the arguments used to support the development of large-scale food processing plants is that they will provide a guaranteed market for rural production that would otherwise go to waste. In practice these plants are often sited in cities which are either inaccessible because of lack of feeder roads, or incur an unacceptably high transport cost for rural people. Plant managers may also impose strict limitations on the quality and minimum quantity of raw material that will be accepted. These obstacles force many small producers out of the market and discourage potential newcomers. Ironically, the self-same inhibiting factors can lead to the demise of the large processing plants since they fail to operate at full capacity and therefore are unable to deliver the low cost of production that processing in large quantity should provide. In Zimbabwe decentralized production of edible oil from sunflower seed proved to be a successful initiative (See box). Since independence in 1980, the government of Zimbabwe has embarked on a national programme to restructure the economy. One of the major thrusts has been to develop the communal lands through the development of rural settlement infrastructure in district and rural service centres. The government believed that centres could provide a growth point. In the hierarchy of settlements, growth points lie between existing town and district service centres in terms of the facilities which are available. Some of the characteristics of a growth point include: · the existence of a proven economy, which through utilizing local raw materials is capable of sustainable growth; · a high potential for the development of substantial forward and backward linkages with the surrounding hinterlands through vertical and horizontal integration; · the ability to facilitate industrial decentralization by providing alternative but viable opportunities. These growth points are basically urban but some are in the hinterland. Some 20 growth points were identified but of these only four or five have demonstrated potential. The majority of the centres were selected because they were administrative centres but many proved to be little more than small towns that had grown up around administrative offices, police, army, courts and supermarkets with no real opportunities for small businesses. Similar development and planning policies have been implemented in Malawi and Tanzania. Jonathan Barker of the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden, reported on the results of a SlDA-commissioned study of these towns in northern Tanzania which 'show that the most economically successful and secure households in surrounding villages are those which combine crop production and sales with a variety of non-farm and off-farm income-generating activities. 'Nor-farm' production refers to work which is carried out on the farm but which is not related to crop production; for example, making furniture and bricks for sale in both small town and village markets. 'Off-farm' refers to activities carried out elsewhere. These include employment in town and ownership of urban assets such as shops or rooms for renting.' People and policy Government policy can encourage or inhibit individuals to greater or lesser endeavour and entrepreneurship. If there is to be growth of small businesses in rural areas crucial needs are ready access to finance and to an all-weather transport system. Both needs can be greatly assisted by central and regional governments. A good road network will itself encourage the development of small transport businesses but whether entrepreneurs turn to trucking, agroprocessing or the many associated activities that are needed by a prospering community (ranging from engineering repair shops, agricultural supplies merchants and fuel suppliers to tailors, clothes outfitters, food shops and restaurants) most will require finance to get started. Few rural people have the collateral necessary to secure standard bank borrowing and government guaranteeing of 'seed money' loans can result in substantial pay-back for relatively small initial investment. Once businesses are established and have accumulated financial resources, both as working capital and purchased plant, they can use these as security for any further loans from the official banking sector in order to expand further. Provided that potential borrowers have made clear to them the basis of 'start-up' loans and terms of repayment, and are guided to draw up an outline business plan to establish how the borrowing is to be serviced, funds will be repaid and the money will be available for further lending ' to others. Experience in Africa and Asia , has shown that provision of credit can , stimulate dramatic changes in the prosperity of people previously consider unbankable and destined for perpetual poverty. All this will require a major change in outlook at the most senior levels of government. Finding resources to fund development in rural areas at this time of financial constraint will be difficult but, as the participants of IFPRI's 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment in sub-Saharan African concluded on this issue: 'Although this need comes at a time of public retrenchment, it is a question of priorities. In most countries, the rate of national public investment in agriculture must be raised significantly. Given the size of the agricultural sector, its present and potential contributions to the economy, and its share in export earnings and fiscal revenues, as much as 30-40% of national budget outlays should be invested in agriculture. This is a figure that far exceeds the historical average of 7% of budgetary expenditure going to this sector.' Some may say that governments have a choice but others might observe that in reality they have no choice.Recent decades have witnessed a growing tide of migration of rural people to large urban centres. The flight from country to town has been both because of the lure of city life - employment, social amenities, and escape from traditional social..

Proteome in Acute Phase Response of Scylla serrata Being Infected with Pathogenic Bacterium

为研究锯缘青蟹对常见重要病原菌的急性反应蛋白质组,将锯缘青蟹随机分为四组,分别注射生理盐水、副溶血弧菌、鳗弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌.继而提取肌肉蛋白进行双向电泳,通过比较各组肌肉蛋白的双向电泳图谱获得三个差异表达的蛋白.对这三个差异蛋白进行肽质量指纹图谱及其生物信息分析,鉴定为Calexc itin、无翅蛋白片断、速激肽相关肽.这些结果对研究锯缘青蟹的抗病蛋白及其机理具有重要意义.Innate immunity system provides the body with its first line of protection against external injury.A acute phase response (APR),as a important part of it,has been paid attention to.Proteins involved in APR are called as acute phase protein (APP).Present studies indicated that proteomics is an ideal tool to characterize APP.In the current study,APP profiles were investigated in the muscle of Scylla serrata against Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas hydrophila with the use of proteomic methodologies.For this purpose,Scylla serrata were separately injected with the three pathogenic bacteria and 0.85% brain was used as a control.Samples were prepared from the muscle at the fifteen minutes following the injections.Then the proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE).Three proteins with variances were achieved by comparison between the 2-DE maps.With the use of matrix-assisted laser dsorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and bioinformatics,the three variances were elementarily identified as a protein similar to calexcitin,wingless (Fragment) and tachykinin-related peptide.Calexcitin,a calcium sensor protein,can bind calcium and GTP,inhibit potassium channels,and enhance membrane excitability.Wingless belongs to Wnt family,which is a signal molecule on embryonic development and cancer.Tachykinin,a neuropeptide,plays an important role in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism,muscle contractility and pigment moving etc.Interestingly,there has been no report on the relationship between the three proteins and APR.Our results,therefore,provide valuable experimental evidences for approach to APR in a crab.国家“863”计划(2002AA603013

直角坐标机器人

本实用新型提供了一种直角坐标机器人，包括X轴运动模组、Y轴运动模组和Z轴运动模组。X轴运动模组包括X轴直线电机、X轴直线导轨、连接板和立柱，X轴直线电机的动子与连接板连接，X轴直线电机的动子带动立柱沿X轴直线导轨同步做往复运动；Y轴运动模组设置在立柱上；Y轴运动模组包括Y轴直线电机、Y轴直线导轨和滑座，Y轴直线电机的动子与滑座相连接，Y轴直线电机的动子带动滑座沿Y轴直线导轨同步做往复运动；Z轴运动模组包括电动执行器和夹持装置，电动执行器安装在滑座上，电动执行器驱动夹持装置沿Z轴同步做往复运动。本实用新型的直角坐标机器人，提高了该直角坐标机器人的运行速度及定位精度