Revenue Sharing and Control Rights in Team Production: Theories and Evidence from Joint Ventures.*

This paper presents a model of the joint venture that is grounded in the stylized facts we found from a sample of 200 joint venture contracts. The model incorporates the revenue-sharing contract into the incomplete contract frameworks of Grossman-Hart-Moore Property Rights Theory and the Transaction Cost Theory of the firm, and emphasizes the impact of expropriation. Joint control can be optimal as well as unilateral control. Our econometric analysis of the revenue-sharing and control arrangements o?ers strong support to our Property-Rights-Theory motivated model with self investment but rejects that with cooperative investment. The Transaction-Cost-Theory motivated model leaves some important empirical findings unexplained. Our findings also reject some of the existing theories of joint ownership.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39948/2/wp563.pd

Effect of levocarnitine/iron saccharate combination on renal anaemia and oxidative stress in patients undergoing haemodialysis

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a combination of levocarnitine and iron saccharate on the treatment of renal anaemia and oxidative stress in patients undergoing haemodialysis.Methods: A total of 156 patients with renal anaemia were divided randomly into control (78 cases) and test groups (78 cases). Patients in the control group were treated with erythropoietin (EPO), iron saccharate, and conventional symptomatic treatment, while patients in the test group were treated with levocarnitine additionally. Anaemia indices, oxidative stress indices, response rate, and EPO dose were compared.Results: At week 28, the levels of hemoglobin b (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), serum ferritin (SF), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) in the test group were 92.72 ± 12.51 g/L, 34.74 ± 5.89 vol %, 245.61 ± 81.35 ng/mL, and 24.34 ± 5.32 %, respectively, which were much lower than the levels in the test group (114.36 ± 12.27 g/L, 40.23 ± 5.78 vol %, 345.07 ± 85.93 ng/mL, and 29.76 ± 5.41 %, respectively; p < 0.05). The levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the test group were much higher than those of the control group (121.77 ± 31.65 nmol/L vs 89.65 ± 30.53 nmol/L; 9.58 ± 2.64 nmol/L vs 4.81 ± 2.57 nmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05). EPO was maintained at a high dose from the beginning of treatment to week 28 in the control group, whereas in the test group, EPO dose was reduced gradually. The response rate in the test group was higher than that in the control group (92.30 % vs 76.90 %; p < 0.05).Conclusion: Levocarnitine/iron saccharate combination had a significant positive effect on the treatment of renal anaemia. It effectively relieved oxidative stress reactions and reduced the dose of EPO required.Keywords: Haemodialysis, Renal anaemia, Oxidative stress reaction, Levocarnitine, Iron saccharate, Erythropoieti