Nutrition KAP survey on different occupational populations and its effect on disease prevention

随着我国经济的快速发展,人们生活方式、膳食模式和疾病谱发生了巨大变化,营养不平衡和慢性非传染性疾病已成为我国主要的公共卫生问题。其中,不同职业与营养相关性疾病一直是营养学界关注的问题之一。通过对不同职业人群营养知识、态度、行为的调查,了解各职业人群营养知识、态度、行为及其影响因素,及时采取有效措施如营养干预、健康教育等,提高各职业人群营养素养,改善其营养状况,对于营养相关疾病的防制有一定作用。作者主要介绍了近年来关于不同职业人群营养状况研究及营养知识态度行为调查分析,为职业人群营养相关疾病的防制提供参考依据。With the rapid development of the economy in our country,the life styles,dietary patterns and disease spectrum have changed vastly, while the nutritional imbalance and chronic non-communicable diseases have become major public health problems in China.Among them,the relationship between occupation and nutrition-related diseases has always been one of the severe problems in nutrition science.Through the nutrition knowledge-attitude-behavior(KAP)survey among different occupational populations,to understand the nutrition KAP of different occupational populations and its influencing factors,carry out the effective measures such as nutrition intervention and health education,enhance the nutritive condition of different occupational groups,and improve their nutritional quality have some effect to prevent the nutrition-related diseases.The authors mainly introduce the researches on nutritional conditions and investigation on nutrition KAP of different occupational populations in the recent years,and provide the reference for prevention and control of nutrition-related diseases among occupational populations.福建省卫生厅青年科研基金(项目编号:2012-2-100

Study on the contamination and source of chromium in the sea worm jelly in Xiamen

目的了解厦门市市售土笋冻中铬的污染状况,探讨土笋冻中铬的污染来源及预防措施。方法 2012—2014年在厦门市各采样点随机抽取土笋冻样品81份,虫体样品9份,从宁德地区滩涂海域采集可口革囊星虫、淤泥、海水等环境样品6份,依照GB/T 5009.123—2003《食品中铬的测定》中推荐的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铬的含量。结果 81份土笋冻样品中铬含量范围在0.024~17.6 mg/kg之间,平均值为2.17 mg/kg,中位数为1.33 mg/kg,超标率为42.0%(34/81)。添加明胶加工后导致土笋冻中铬含量从1.33 mg/kg升至5.35 mg/kg。从宁德地区滩涂海域采集的星虫、淤泥、海水样品中铬的含量范围分别为2.67~2.70、68.5~77.9和0.038~0.046 mg/kg。结论厦门市市售土笋冻样品中铬的污染情况较为严重,监管部门须加强对土笋冻的原料、加工、销售过程的监控,保证食品安全。Objective To investigate the chromium contamination of sea worm jelly in Xiamen market and to propose the preventive measures against chromium contamination of sea worm jelly based on analysis of the source.Methods A total of 81 samples of sea worm jelly and 9 samples of polypide were collected in Xiamen market from 2012-2014 and 6 samples of Phascolosoma esculenta,silt and seawater were collected from Ningde.The concentrations of Cr in the samples were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry according to GB/T 5009.123-2003.Results The chromium content of 81 samples were 0.024-17.6 mg/kg,the average content was 2.17 mg/kg,and the median was 1.33 mg/kg.The qualified rate was 58.0%.The concentration of Cr in sea worm jelly was changed from 1.33 to 5.35 mg/kg after adding gelatin.The contents of Cr in the Phascolosoma esculenta,silt and seawater from Ningde area were 2.67-2.70,68.5-77.9,0.038-0.046 mg/kg,respectively.Conclusion The chromium contamination in the sea worm jelly was severely in Xiamen.Supervision and monitoring on the raw materials,production,sales of the sea worm jelly should be strengthened to ensure food safety.福建省卫生计生系统食品污染物及有害因素监测方案(闽卫法监函[2014]128号

SURVEY ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH STATUS of URBAN RESIDENTS IN XIAMEN

目的了解厦门市城区居民营养与健康状况。方法根据全国营养调查方案,2010年10~12月对厦门市城区的6个社区居委会居民进行调查,采用连续3 d 24 H回顾法对其中的519人进行膳食调查,用称重法调查调味品的消耗,计算每标准人日各类营养素的摄入量;依据“中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量drIS(2000)“对膳食营养状况进行评价。对775人进行了健康体检。结果本次调查的厦门市城区居民人群的蛋类食物摄入适宜,谷薯类、蔬菜、水果、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,禽畜类、食用油、盐摄入偏高;宏量营养素供能比例不合理,脂肪、钠摄入偏高,膳食维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素C、钙、锌摄入不足状况严重;被调查人群低体重率为3.2%,超重率为32.3%,肥胖率为8.6%,高血压患病率为12.7%,贫血患病率为7.0%,空腹血糖受损率9.4%,考虑糖尿病率为6.7%,血脂异常率高达55.7%。结论被调查人群膳食结构不合理,部分微量营养素摄入不足,脂肪、盐摄入偏高,慢性病患病状况比较严重,群体健康状况不容乐观。Objective To investigate the nutrition and health status of urban residents in Xiamen.Methods According to the National Nutrition Survey Program, six community's residents of Xiamen were selected for the survey from Oct to Dec, 2010.Total of 519 subjects were surveyed with continuous 3 days 24 hours recall method to acquire the food consumption data, and the weighing method was employed to record the consumption of condiment.Then, the average intakes of nutrients per day were calculated.The average intakes of seven main nutrients per day were evaluated based on the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs)(2000).The health examination were carried on in 775 persons.Results The intakes of egg was adequate; and the intakes of cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, milk, and beans were inadequate.Intakes of meat and oil were slightly higher.The proportion contributed by macronutrients for energy was inadequate and the intakes of fat and sodium were higher than the recommended level.Dietary intakes of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, and zinc were insufficient.The rate of average underweight, overweight, obesity, hypertension, anemia, impaired fasting glucose, suspected diabetes and dyslipidemia among the study population were 3.2%, 32.3%, 8.6%, 12.7%, 7.0%, 9.4%, 6.7% and 55.7% respectively.Conclusion Dietary pattern was not adequate among the surveyed population.Some micronutrients were insufficient.However, intakes of salt and fat were higher than the recommended level.Consequently, the prevalence of chronic diseases were elevated, and the health status seriously compromised

应用调整的膳食平衡指数评价厦门市区成年居民膳食质量

目的利用调整的中国膳食平衡指数(dbI-07)综合评价厦门市城区18~65岁居民膳食质量,为开展营养干预提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法于2010年10—12月对厦门市区6个社区居委会成年居民进行调查,采用连续3天24 H回顾法对其中的520人进行了膳食调查,采用dbI-07的评分方法评价厦门城区成年居民膳食质量水平。结果被调查的厦门市城区成年居民的膳食质量处于中度失衡状态,摄入不足和摄入过量并存;女性的摄入不足程度高于男性;各年龄段中,40~50岁人群摄入不足程度最高,摄入过量程度最低。结论被调查的厦门市城区成年居民水果、奶类及豆类摄入不足,肉类、食用油及盐类摄入过量;成年居民的主要膳食模式为A模式,且A模式反映了膳食中摄入不足与摄入过量的问题均较少,为最优模式。中央财政转移支付地方项

中国高等教育70年十人谈(笔会)

70年来我国高等教育发展在国家层面的思想上体现出从以政治建设为中心到以经济建设为中心,最终指向以人民为中心的特征;在大学和政府关系上表现为自主性从失落到逐渐回归;在高校内部管理模式上从管理向治理转变。吸取70年的经验教训,未来我国高等教育改革发展需注意以下方面:走出计划经济与市场经济的双重藩篱,提升自身的成熟度和主体性;扎根中国大地,推动中国高等教育优秀文化传统的现代转换和创新性发展;加快推进大学校长专业化进程,实现"教育家办学";继续探索较为理想和具有示范效应的院系设置模式;在"双一流"建设背景下,还要支持和鼓励地方高水平大学的发展,注意淡化"排名"和"一流"在政策目标中的重要性,最终实现高等教育内涵式发展。中宣部文化名家暨“四个一批”人才自选项目(中宣干字[2016]133号)的阶段性研究成果教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“高校内部治理体系创新的理论与实践研究”(项目编号:16JZD039)的阶段性成果;教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“博士研究生教育体制机制改革研究”(项目编号:17JZD057)的阶段性研究成果;教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“高校所属学院的重要事项决策权配置及其整合机制研究”(项目编号:15YJA8800)的阶段性研究成果江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目“地方统筹与高等教育治理”(项目编号:2019SJZDA082)的阶段性研究成

“推进一流本科教育,提高人才培养质量”的理念、路径与方法(笔谈)

建设世界一流大学需要高度重视本科教育。\"推进一流本科教育,提高人才培养质量\"的前提是要理解本科教育的本意,从不同维度反思\"我们需要什么样的本科教育\"\"什么是好的本科教育\"\"如何推进一流本科教育\"等问题。从宏观层面看,本科教育的使命是为了促进每一个大学生\"成才\"和\"成人\"。从现实需求看,一流本科教育不可忽视跨学科人才培养,需要按照学科标准、职业标准和学生标准对专业进行重新分类,为跨学科专业设置、新工科建设以及高校专业设置与调整开辟理论空间。目前,我国本科教育的最大问题是培养目标不明确,面临学术型与应用型的抉择。好的本科教育需要基于本科生\"关键能力\"的培养,彻底消除他们对于专业的陌生感,满足他们对于理智的好奇心,撤除横亘在大学与社会之间的藩篱并激发他们的创新创业精神。具体来说,一流本科教育是一流\"教\"与\"学\"的统一,需要一流的投入和一流的教育管理,需要在教学改革中侧重技术层面的突破。一流本科教育不是一流大学的\"专利\",不是\"一类本科\",没有固定模式,更不能盲目追求学术GDP。对于应用型本科高校而言,在\"一流本科教育\"中要结合学校特点和办学实际,做出异于\"双一流\"建设高校的现实抉择。作为一类特殊性质的高校,中外合作大学在建设一流本科教育的过程中,要在引入国外优质高等教育资源的基础上,强调对相关资源的消化、吸收、融合、创新,从而培养出符合社会主义现代化建设要求的高素质国际化人才。国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目“新时代中国特色高等教育话语体系构建研究”(BIA180200);;教育部国别和区域研究专项资金资助课题“高等学校专业设置规划与质量保障体系研究

机床误差与包络铣齿加工误差映射关系建模

为了提高齿轮加工精度，提出了一种针对机床误差与齿轮误差映射关系的建模方法。根据齿轮啮合原理和空间包络铣削理论，建立包含机床误差的齐次坐标变换矩阵，并求解了相应的齿轮端面廓形。经过误差敏感性分析发现，齿廓、螺旋线偏差与Y轴和Z轴偏转误差成正比例关系并且满足叠加原理。根据工件误差检测结果，计算出各轴误差补偿分量。实验结果表明，齿廓偏差由7级精度（ISO 1328-1：2013）提高到4级精度，螺旋线偏差由7级精度提高到6级精度

首都圈防沙治沙水土资源空间优化配置研究——以大兴、怀来、张北为例

首都圈是近年来北京沙尘暴天气日益严重的重要沙尘源区之一。研究区中大兴区代表的是华北平原北缘落叶阔叶林灌草丛典型区;怀来县代表的是桑干河、洋河盆地灌木草原典型区;张北县代表的是坝上高原西部干草原典型区。论文通过了解水土资源利用的变化情况,分析水土资源利用现状和存在问题;利用中国资源环境遥感数据库中的土地利用现状、中国1∶1000000土地资源图等数据,以水资源为最重要的限制因素,通过灰色线性规划模型,以防沙治沙和发展经济、实现区域可持续发展为目标,进行水土资源优化配置;结合不同区域水土资源利用的突出问题,将水土资源优化配置方案落实到空间;建立区域水土资源比较合理、有效利用的方案。大兴的重要措施是平原旱耕地转变为中覆盖度草地,怀来是陡坡地退耕,张北是提高草地的覆盖度。国家科技部项目(FS2000-007-2)资助