The Study of Strategies for Universities and Colleges Merger

本研究旨在分析台灣地區大學院校之現況與大學院校整併策略，做為教育行政與學校行政在大學院校間實施整併的參考。 研究者透過文獻探討、文件分析解析台灣地區大學院校的發展與現況；以台灣地區公私立大學院校決策管理層級之校長、教務長、學務長、總務長等合計507位做為問卷調查對象，回收問卷303份，回收率約59%，運用次數分配、卡方分配、及肯德爾和諧係數等進行考驗；另針對已完成整併及正討論中的個案實施訪談，得到以下的主要研究發現： 一、現代大學院校必須注重經營管理的績效，與朝最適經營規模發展。 二、學校間的整併是促使大學院校達到最適經營規模的一種方式。 三、政府在保障與維護學術自由前提下，有規劃整體教育發展的權利與責任。 四、台灣地區近10年來在大學學校數量與學生數量上均不斷的增加，但學校規模不大，約有80%左右的學校學生數在10,000人以下，而且5,000人以下的學校約有37%。 五、台灣地區近40年來人口出生數，與近10年來經濟成長率均呈現下降的現象，又面對WTO衝擊的壓力，學校間的整併是規模較小學校發展的可行策略。 六、台灣地區大學院校決策管理層級，對大學院校現況認知情形與實際情形相符，但認為「為增加資源的使用效益，招生人數應該增加」。 七、在大學院校整併條件方面，認為學校最應重視的是學生素質的提升，在經費補助方面應維持原有學校經費三年不變。 八、在大學院校整併原則方面，認為最重要的是願景、系所整併、人力資源整合與擴大互補功能。 九、學校間整併的效益為提升學校整體競爭能力，與有利於人力的整合運用。 十、學校間整併的問題，為增加單位間的協調困難與文化不同不易整合。 十一、大學院校間整併策略優先順序，為聯合大學系統、合併、策略聯盟、購併。 十二、政府如果希望學校間整併，宜提供誘因且訂定整體方案公布實施。 十三、學校間的整併，政府所能提供的最具體誘因是「經費」與「員額」二項。 十四、學校間能否整併，應由校務會議決定。 十五、學校間如果有共同接受的願景，則容易合併。 十六、學校間的整併過程中，政府適時介入與支援為是否完成整併的關鍵。 最後，本研究針對大學院校的整併策略，分別向教育行政機關與學校提出具體的建議，同時也建議未來進一步研究的方向。The purpose of this study was to investigate current positions and merge strategies among universities and colleges in Taiwan. In addition, the study intended to provide useful implications to education administration for governing the proceeding of college merger. The current researcher reviewed literature and documents to analyze the development and current positions of Taiwan's colleges. The questionnaires were mailed to 507 administrators who were college presidents, chairs of Academic Affairs, chairs of Students Affairs, and chairs of General Affairs in Taiwan. A total of 303 questionnaires were completed and returned. The returned rate was 59%. Distribution of frequency, chi-square, and the Kendall coefficient of concordance were used for data analyses. The current researcher also interviewed the administrators whose college had completed merger or were in the merging process during the investigation period. The findings from this study were the following: 1. Modern colleges need to emphasize the efficiency of school management and pursue “the optimal scale” for school development. 2. The merger among colleges is a way for promoting the school to achieve “the optimal scale”. 3. Based on the premise of “no violated academic professional liberty”, the government should have authority and obligations to provide a plan for comprehensive educational development. 4. The numbers of colleges and students are increasing dramatically in the past 10 years. However, the size of schools is considered small. A total of 80% of colleges with student number less than 10,000, and 37% of these colleges with student number less than 5,000. 5. The current challenges for Taiwan's higher education include a decreasing population of new born in the past 40 years; declining economic growing rate within recent 10 years; and the advent of Word Trade Organization. It is a practical strategy to merge small colleges in order to face these challenges. 6. The college administrators recognize the reality of current higher education. They suggest an increase of the student number would promote the efficiency of the use of education resource. 7. The critical requirements for college merger include that schools have to emphasize the quality of students and to have a stable financial support for at least 3 years. 8. A vision of future, consolidation of graduate and under-graduate programs, and coalition of human resources are considered as the most important principles of college merger. 9. The benefits of a merger among colleges are an increase the compatibility and the use of human resources. 10. The challenges of a merger among colleges include the negotiation of the increase of new units after merger, and the consolidation of different cultural backgrounds among colleges. 11. The priorities of college merger strategies are affiliation of universities' system, merger, strategic alliance, and purchase. 12. If government wants to promote merger among colleges, the government should provide incentives and be clear with the policies. 13. The best "incentive" from government for college merger are financial and personnel supports. 14. The Committee of School Affairs has the authority to decide whether a college needs to be merged with others. 15. If there have mutual goals among colleges, a merger is more likely to success. 16. During a merger proceeding, government's support and mediation are the keys for a successful merger. The current study not only provides implications for college merger to the government and college administrators, but also suggests directions for further research

一种采用螺旋气流包裹约束水射流的水导激光加工装置

本实用新型涉及一种采用螺旋气流包裹约束水射流的水导激光加工装置，包括壳体、上座体和下座体，上座体和下座体均设于壳体中，且上座体和下座体之间形成液压腔，上座体中设有窗口透镜，下座体中设有喷嘴，且激光穿过窗口透镜并聚焦于喷嘴处，液压腔中的液体经由喷嘴喷出形成水射流，下座体中设有螺旋气流发生器，所述螺旋气流发生器内设有储气腔、螺旋气流发生腔和多个气体通道，螺旋气流发生腔设于储气腔中部，各个气体通道沿着圆周方向呈螺旋状分布且每个气体通道一端与所述螺旋气流发生腔相切、另一端与所述储气腔连通，水射流穿过所述螺旋气流发生腔。本实用新型可以产生螺旋气流包裹的水射流，能有效降低加工过程中环境空气对水射流的干扰

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized Zn-Ni-Al alloy coatings

为探索不同成分的Zn-Ni-Al合金热浸镀件组织和耐腐蚀性能关系,了解微量铝对不同镀层组织、厚度和耐腐蚀性的综合影响规律,设计了4组Zn-0.10%Ni-x Al(x=0,0.08,0.12,0.15 wt.%)熔池合金对Q235钢进行热镀锌,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析等技术对4种镀件镀层微观组织和合金成分进行观察和分析,并通过精密型盐雾试验机对其腐蚀速率进行测定和比较。实验结果表明,当锌液成分中含有0.08~0.15 wt.%Al时,镀层表面光亮美观,生成由δ(Fe Zn9)过渡层和η(Zn)锌层组成的致密镀层组织。Al含量在0.00~0.08 wt.%时,过渡层厚度呈现快速增大规律,Al含量在0.08~0.12 wt.%时,过渡层厚度出现减小趋势,而Al含量在0.12~0.15 wt.%时,过渡层厚度缓慢上升,而η(Zn)锌层厚度则表现为与过渡层厚度相反的变化规律。过渡层厚度越大,镀件的腐蚀速率越小,厚而致密的δ(Fe Zn9)过渡层对钢材的防护更有效。 Micro structure and corrosion resistance of the hot-dip galvanized Zn-Ni-Al alloy coatings have been studied to determine the optimal aluminum content and thus achieve hot-dip galvanized products with comprehensive performance. Four groups of molten pool alloys of Zn-0. 10% Ni-Al（ x = 0,0. 08,0. 12,0. 15 wt. %） have been formulated. The Micro structure and phase identification of hot-dip galvanized alloy coating have been characterized by optical microscope,scanning electron microscope with energy dispersal spectroscopy. The corrosion rate has beeninvestigated by salt spray test. The results show that the bright hot-dip galvanized coating consists ofδ（ Fe Zn9） transition layer and η（ zinc） layer when 0. 08 - 0. 15 wt. % of aluminum has been added to the zinc-nickel bath. The hot-dip Zn-Ni-Al alloy coatings show not only compact Micro structure,but also good anti-corrosion properties. The average thickness of the δ（ Fe Zn9） transition layer increases as Al varies from 0. 00 to 0. 08 wt. % at first,then decreases as Al increases from 0. 08 to0. 12 wt. %,and slightly increases as Al varies from 0. 12 to 0. 15 wt. % at last. The variation of η（ zinc） layer thickness is contrary to that of δ（ Fe Zn9） transition layer. The corrosion rate becomes smaller as the δ（ Fe Zn9） transition layer become thicker. The improved corrosion resistance should be attributed to the increased thickness of δ（ Fe Zn9） transition layer.国家自然科学青年科学基金资助项目(51601042)； 有色金属及材料加工新技术教育部重点实验室开放基金资助项目(GXKFJ09-18)； 广西高校科学技术研究资助项目(YB2014108)； 广西民族大学教改资助项目(2014XJZZ14)； 自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(201510608153)； 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(201510608028

Research on thermal damage mechanism of K424 superalloy processed with water⁃jet guided laser

为研究水导激光技术加工K424高温合金的热损伤区规律,使用自主研发的水导激光加工系统对K424高温合金薄片进行打孔实验,采用旋切法进行钻孔,并在激光穿透材料后在孔壁继续旋转几圈去边缘毛刺。将切下的圆形工件进行镶嵌、打磨、抛光、腐蚀和清洗,使用Zeiss EVO 10扫描电镜观测工件上的热影响区情况与重铸层的厚度。实验结果发现,水导激光加工后工件边缘位置的晶粒无明显变化,不存在热影响区。重铸层的厚度在2&mu;m以上,但是分布不均匀,有的位置甚至不存在重铸层。分析后得出结论为水导激光的激光功率过高或脉宽时间过长等相关参数会导致材料内部产生多余的热量,如果这些热量过高会造成加工位置附近形成热影响区,并产生过多的熔渣使重铸层的厚度增加。同时,加工过程中会由于水柱变向回流或者熔渣较大导致排水不畅等因素,都会造成水射流的不稳定,使工件切口处的重铸层的厚度变的不均匀。根据上述结论提出了解决水射流不稳定的加工方法。</p

Evaluation of the results of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for solitary upper urinary tract stone

過去5年間にDornier社腎結石破砕装置HMIIIを用いてESWLを施行し, 追跡可能であった1, 200例の単一結石について検討した.1)長径20 mm以下の結石については, 腎盂・腎杯部で最も成績がよく84%の成功率をえた.成績不良部位は尿管で62%の成功率であった.2)尿管結石について検討するとin situ症例と尿管カテーテル使用症例の間には成績上, 差はないが, D-Jカテーテル留置症例では10 mmより大きな結石でin situ症例および尿管カテーテル使用症例に比し, 有意に成績は良かった.3)術前IVWe performed extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on 1, 701 patients in a total of 2, 438 sessions using the Dornier kidney lithotriptor Model HM III from July 1985 to the end of June 1990. Among the patients with a solitary stone, 1, 200 cases were available for the follow-up study in which the results of ESWL were analyzed according to the location and size of the stone. ESWL performed against stones at pelvis and calyces gave the best results. The results obtained on stones less than 20 mm in diameter were especially favorable with a success rate of 84%. ESWL performed against ureter stones showed poor results with a success rate of 62% for the stones smaller than 20 mm in diameter. We further studied the results of ESWL performed against ureter stones by dividing the patients into three groups: the patients treated in situ, the patients with ureteral stents and the patients with D-J stents. The results for stones larger than 10 mm in diameter were significantly better in the patients with D-J stents than in the patients treated in situ or the patients with ureteral stents. Among the patients treated in situ, the results were significantly worse for impacted stones than for non-impacted stones when the stone size was 10-20 mm in diameter