The current Situation and Prospects of the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" in Urban Areas of China - Case Study of Shaoxing City in the Zhejiang Province -

中国では， 近年，「社区養老」 という言葉が使われ， 「社区養老」方式で伝統的な 家族介護方式を補足し， 社区資源の活用で， 子どもや国の負担を軽減しようとする動きがある。「社区養老」 方式の 構築 は， 制度化による後押しを受けて， 急速に広がり つつある。「社会養老サー ビスシステム構築計画（中国語では社会養老服務体系建設規刻， 以下は『2011 ~ 2015計画』と呼ぶ）」(2011-2015年）において， 中国の 社会養老サー ビスシステムは，「居宅養老」，「社区養老」，「施設養老」 という3つの方式から構成されると公式的に規定された が，現場や先行文献では，「社区居宅養老」という言葉が曖昧に使われている。 国の計画では大まかな ことだけを定め， 具体的な 実践は各地域の民政部門に任されている ため， 計画の文言解釈だけでは「社区養老」方式のイメ ー ジ化がしにくいの が現状である。そこ で， 本稿は， 中国政府の 政策動向を踏まえつつ， 積極的に「社区養老」方式を推進している地方都市， 紹興市を取り上げ， 2015年5月に実施した現地調査の 分析を中心に以下の 点を明らかにする。 まず， 社区の概念を説明し， 2011 ~ 2015計画における 「社区養老」方式の概念規定を検討し， 不明瞭なところを指摘する。 次に， 「社区養老」方式の背景として，「社区養老」方式が登場する前後の歴史の変容を整理する。第3に， 中国における高齢者問題 を整理し，「家族介護 」 機能の 後退と「施設入所」 の限界を検討し， 「社区養老」方式が推奨される理由を分析する。第 4に，浙江省紹興市の現地調査に基づき，「社区養老」方式の現状を明らかにする。 これらによって，2011~2015計画における「社区養老」方式の不明瞭な記載を， 現場の 実践を通じて， 具体化を試みると共に現在「社区養老」方式における課題と問題点を考察し， 今後の あり方について言及する。China has achieved great economic development since the reform and open policy was launched. However, with the continuous decline in birth rate since the 1980s, the problem of an aging population is becoming increasingly severe. Providing support for the elderly has become a big challenge for China. Because of the weakening function of the traditional family support model and the embarrassing situation found in nursing facilities, the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" is being put forward and gradually put into practice in each district. In this paper, the concept of "Community" and "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" (2011 - 2015) is explained and any unclear parts are discussed. Then, the history before and after the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" appeared is reviewed. Current elderly problems, especially the recession of family supporting functions, and limited nursing facilities in China, are investigated. These analyses are used to identify the reason why the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" is recommended. Based on the field survey of Shaoxing city in Zhejiang province, the present situation of the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" is clarified. Through this analysis, the ambiguous description of the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" in the plan can be explained in concrete terms. Lastly, the problems and tasks of the "Community Support Model of the Aging Population" are discussed in some detail

Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ashes as Improved Material of Excavated Surplus Soils

Recently, the municipal solid waste discharged from the home is being increased. How to develop the technique for the decontamination and recycle from the viewpoint of environmental pollution and lack of the final disposal space from reclamation sites is becoming an important subject. In this paper, a mixture of the harmless municipal solid waste incinerator ashes with the Ariake clay has been applied to improvement of the soft ground, and the effect of subsidence restraint has also been investigated based on numerical simulations and model experiments using centrifuge model test

Two I-h-symmetry-breaking C-60 isomers stabilized by chlorination

通讯作者地址: Xie, SY (通讯作者), Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China 地址: 1. Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China 2. Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China 电子邮件地址: [email protected] abiding surprise in fullerene science is that I-h-symmetric buckminsterfullerene C-60 (ref. 1) (I-h-C-60 or C-#1,812(60), the nomenclature specified by symmetry or by Fowler's spiral algorithm(2)) remains the sole C-60 species experimentally available. Setting it apart from the other 1,811 topological isomers (isobuckminsterfullerenes) is its exclusive conformity with the isolated-pentagon rule(3), which states that stable fullerenes have isolated pentagons. Although gas-phase existence of isobuckminsterfullerenes has long been suspected(4-7), synthetic efforts have yet to yield successful results. Here, we report the realization of two isobuckminsterfullerenes by means of chlorination of the respective C-2v-and C-s-symmetric C-60 cages. These chlorinated species, (C60Cl8)-C-#1,809(1) and (C60Cl12)-C-#1,804(2), were isolated in experimentally useful yields. Structural characterization by crystallography unambiguously established the unique pentagon-pentagon ring fusions. These distinct structural features are directly responsible for the regioselectivity observed in subsequent substitution of chlorines, and also render these unprecedented derivatives of C60 isomers important for resolving the long-standing puzzle of fullerene formation by the Stone-Wales transformation scheme(8-11).NNSF of China,20525103 ,20531050 ,20721001 , 20571062 ,20425312 973 Program 2007CB81530

A study on the Concept of "Heart/mind" in the Four Chapters in Guan-tzu

《管子》四篇中的“心”概念继承和发展了老庄的主体思想，并具有其自身的特点。就概念内涵而言，《管子》四篇中的心除“实存之心”意义外，更包含了具有自我认知意义的“理性之心”内涵，并由此衍生出三重特性：首先为主体性，管子处“彼”“此”概念的分化和“心中之心”的表述，表现出了主体的自我意识；其次是认知性，心可通过五官对外界事物做出感性认识，此外也可通过对其的修养达到理性认知；最后是道德性，心可通过“虚静”等方法进行道德修养，最终回归本性并“得道”。在具体修养方法上，形成了“心”——“气”——“道”的修养体系。《管子》四篇之“心”与孟荀重点描述心之道德性和认知性相比，其内涵更具有理性色彩，许多概念和思想...Derived from the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi, the concept of Heart/mind in the four chapters in Guan-tzu proceeded to develop properties of its own. In terms of conceptual connotations, not only does the Heart/mind in the four chapters in Guan-tzu mean the heart-in-existence, but it also contains the connotation of heart-of-reason, from which three properties are derived. 1) Subjectivity: in Gu...学位：哲学硕士院系专业：人文学院_中国哲学学号：1042013115236

[[alternative]]The effects of tick size variation on price clustering

碩士[[abstract]]價格群集(price clustering)指金融資產的報價或成交價格之尾數特別集中在某些數字(偶數、整數)的傾向，嚴重的價格群集可能代表市場缺乏效率或價格遭受扭曲。金融資產報價中均有最小升降單位的規定，而使得價格均為升降單位的倍數，因此在觀測價格尾數時，升降單位的大小將影響到價格群集於何種數值，本研究觀察升降單位(tick size)之變動對價格群集的影響。多數的財務模型都事先假定金融資產價格為連續的，並不會特別發生在某特定數值，實際上因為有升降單位的規定，連續定價的假設便難以成立，才有價格群集的發現。 本研究發現在台灣股票市場中不論是何種價格區間或升降單位如何變動，仍舊存在價格群集的現象。此結果與Hameed and Terry (1998)之結果相同，任何一種價格區間內都存在著明顯的價格群集情況，而價格尾數為0與5的出現頻率皆高過於其餘價格尾數的出現頻率，而價格尾數為0的出現頻率又高過於價格尾數為5的出現頻率。本研究並發現價格群集與價格水準呈現正相關，價格水準越高價格群集程度越高；價格群集與交易量呈現負相關，交易量越大價格群集程度越低；而價格的波動程度則與價格群集沒有明確的關係；升降單位的變動可能會影響到價格群集的改變。此結果大致支持Harris(1991)的協商假說(Negotiation hypothesis)與Ball et al.(1985)的價格解析度假說(Price resolution hypothesis)。[[abstract]]Price clustering means the last digit of the quote of financial asset or trade price has a tendency of centering on certain numbers (even numbers, round number etc.). Serious price clustering could represent the market lacks efficiency or the price has been distorted. There are usually rules of the smallest tick size in financial asset quote so that the price can be the multiples of the tick size. Therefore, when observing the changes of the tick size, the size of it will affect which value the price clustering falls. This research is to observe the effects the variation of the tick size on price clustering. Most financial models presume financial asset price is constant so that the financial asset price will not fall on a certain number. In fact, because there are rules of tick size, the assumption of constantly fixed price is hardly existed; therefore, price clustering was discovered. This research finds that in Taiwan’s stock market, no matter what kind of price intervals or changes of tick size, price clustering still exists. This conclusion is equivalent to that of Hameed and Terry(1998); the frequency that the last digit of the price is 0 and 5 is higher than any other numbers. And the probability of the last digit being 0 is higher than that of 5. This research also finds that price clustering and the price level are positive correlated; the higher the price level, the more intense the price clustering is. On the other hand, the price clustering has negative correlation with the trade volume; the larger the trade volume, the less intense the price clustering is. Moreover, the price volatility and price clustering are not necessarily related while tick size might affect price clustering. These conclusions support Harris’ Negotiation hypothesis (1991) and Ball et al.’s Price resolution hypothesis(1985).[[tableofcontents]]目錄 第一章 緒論............................................1 第一節 研究動機與目的.....................................2 第二節 研究架構..........................3 第二章 文獻探討...................................5 第一節 解釋價格群集的理論.............................5 第二節 影響價格群集的因素-升降單位.................8 第三章 研究方法..........................................12 第一節 檢驗價格群集現象................................12 第二節 探討影響價格群集程度的因素........................14 第四章 研究資料..........................................16 第五章 實證結果..........................................18 第一節 價格群集現象......................................18 第二節 影響價格群集程度的因素............................31 第六章 結論.............................................38 參考文獻.................................................39 表目錄 表1 股票價格與升降單位調整前後對照表.................... 16 表2 升降單位變動與未變動的價格區間對照表................ 17 表3 比較股票價格區間為5-10的價格群集.................... 19 表4 比較股票價格區間15-50的價格群集..................... 23 表5 比較股票價格區間50-100的價格群集.................... 26 表6 比較股票價格區間150-500的價格群集................... 29 表7 升降單位變動前後之D1與D2 ........................... 31 表8 股票價格區間為5-10的D1、D2、Aveprice、InvSqrtVol 與LogHilo的敘述統計................................. 33 表9 股票價格區間為15-50的D1、D2、Aveprice、 InvSqrtVol 與LogHilo的敘述統計................................. 34 表10 價格區間為 5-10之應變數D1 .......................... 35 表11 價格區間為 5-10之應變數D2 .......................... 36 表12 價格區間為 15-50之應變數D1 ......................... 36 表13 價格區間為 15-50之應變數D2 ......................... 37 圖目錄 圖1 研究流程圖 ............................................4 圖2 舊制下價格區間為5-10的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.05〉....................................20 圖3 新制下價格區間為5-10的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.01〉....................................20 圖4：舊制下價格區間為15-50的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.1〉.....................................24 圖5：新制下價格區間為15-50的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.05〉....................................24 圖6：舊制下價格區間為50-100的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.5〉.....................................27 圖7：新制下價格區間為50-100的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.1〉.....................................27 圖8：舊制下價格區間為150-500的各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=1〉.......................................30 圖9：新制下價格區間為150-500各尾數數值出現頻率 〈Tick size=0.5〉.....................................30[[note]]學號: 694490300, 學年度: 9