8 research outputs found

    Extending Prior Knowledge for Data Mining

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      資料發掘研究重點在於幫助使用者於眾多現存資料中發掘出隱含於其內而先前未知的可能有用資料。目前有三大主要研究派別:(1)類神經網路(2)歸納學習方法論(3)統計方法。由於本研究之研究目的在於加入先前知識於資料發掘過程中,因此選用歸納學習方法論。歸納學習方法其內又可分為樹狀分類法,關聯分析法及概念樹導向歸納學習法,由於採概念樹導向歸納學習法所能處理的資料發掘問題種類較完整,其它二種歸納學習方法均著重於某一特定種類的資料發掘問題處理,因此,本研究針對概念樹導向歸納學習法做研究基礎,探討先前知識的種類及其運用方式,以期能增加資料發掘後的意義性。   首先從文獻中了解目前資料發掘領域的研究現況,從而由擴充先前知識的角度切入,利用企業法則、實體層次之一般化、集合化、聚集化等抽象化觀念、延伸之資料字典及經驗法則等先前知識得出更合適的資料以供資料發掘,並對於概念樹導向歸納學習法做適當的修改,提出研究架構。再以假想的學校資料庫,發展出一套雛形系統,驗証本架構的可行性。最後提出進一步的研究建議,以供後續研究參考。  The research objective of data mining is to help users find previous unknown and maybe usable information from database. There are three ways to do this:(l)neutral network (2)inductive learning (3)statistics. Inductive Learning has three different ways: learning by decision trees, association rules and using concept trees.   Because concept trees approach to inductive learning can solve more kinds of problem, the other two ways just can solve one kind of problem, we choose using concept trees to be our foundation of this research. At the same time, we explore and discuss serveral kinds of prior knowledge and their applications. We hope that it can increase the semantics of mining results.   This thesis, first surveys previous research in data mining and discuss the prior knowledge that they included. Then, we propose our idea of extending and using prior knowledge including data abstractions (generalization, association and aggregation) in the extended entity-relationship model, bussiness rule, extended data dictionary and heuristics, in order to assist the process of data mining. A prototype is reported to prove our research architecture. Finally, some sugestion are given to future research

    Civil Liability of Medical Institution

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      隨著社會的變遷,近年來,醫療糾紛成為我國醫、法二界共同關注的焦點。觀察目前醫療糾紛之發展,可以發現各界多將爭論重點集中於第一線醫療人員,扮演醫療服務提供核心角色的醫療機構卻在眾多案件中隱而未現。但在許多情況,問題的根源毋寧在於醫療機構之本身,因此實有對醫療機構民事責任加以深入探討之必要。   本文從英美法之比較發覺,不論在僱用人之代負責任亦或組織責任上,其實務與學說見解都深受法政策之影響,意即其乃受到醫療機構地位轉變之影響應運而生的責任體系。在代負責任之部分,醫療機構的責任係從無到有,從嚴格到寬泛之進程,然而因為代負責任有受僱人成立侵權行為之前提要件,因此無法全盤解決醫療實務上所面臨的問題,司法實務遂以醫療機構為主體,課與其組織責任,以填補其法體系之不足,並藉此而力求達成正確填補損害以及預防未來損害、創建安全醫療系統之目標。   而後本文回到我國司法體系,觀察醫療機構責任架構,並分就僱用人責任、組織責任、契約責任以及消費者保護法責任進行探討。本文認為,於我國民事法體系下,無論是僱用人責任、依民法第二十八條成立之法人侵權責任亦或依民法第二二四條成立之契約責任,皆須以自然人之故意過失為前提始能要求醫療機構負責,然而觀察目前之醫療糾紛,許多醫療事故之產生實係出自於系統性之錯誤而非個人性之錯誤,此時若係因原告無法找到故意過失之自然人,即將不幸之苦果交由被害人承擔,毋寧是一種不當的責任分配方式。再者,由於民事責任成立之前提係自然人之故意過失,因此有時法院在別無選擇的狀態下,為轉移被害人之損害,亦會不當的課與不應承擔責任之醫療機構人員或代表人民事責任,藉此與醫療機構責任勾稽,此種作法實為飲鴆止渴,不得其利反生其害。   為解決醫療糾紛在現今民事法體系下之困境,本文參酌外國立法例及學說認為,僅管法人在真實世界中僅管無法實際「自為行為」,然而外國立法例與學說毋寧是將法人機構上所呈現出來之「組織狀態」擬制為法人之行為,就此,關於目前學說實務認為法人無法直接該當侵權行為之疑慮即可解決。蓋法人本來即為法律之創造物,與一般民事法體系本有扞格,因此重點並非法人可否為自為行為,而是如何找出一套可行之責任歸屬理論以解決民事責任法之需求。本文認為,在吾人肯認醫療機構組織責任建立之必要時,本文所提出之責任歸屬模式應可作為解釋適用之依據,而此種責任係因法人之組織狀態而來,因此稱之為組織責任。在確認醫療機構可以自為行為而直接成立侵權責任後,本文分就提供安全設備場所之義務、檢驗結果通知義務、應召會診之義務、完善人力配置之義務、管控院內感染之義務以及建立整體安全系統之義務等面向加以說明,批判我國目前司法實務見解之不足,並以醫療機構組織責任之觀點出發來建構不同的論理方式。而就契約責任之部分,本文認為法人侵權責任之突破亦同樣可運用於契約責任上,意即穿透以自然人故意過失為歸責前提之窠臼,直接以醫療機構為主體來論斷契約責任。而後本文特別以組織管理之概念來探討醫療機構之主給付義務、從給付義務及附隨義務之義務內容。   此外,本文認為消保法之無過失責任並不可採,而藉由組織責任之提出,可以達成提倡消保責任者所欲達成之目的,亦不會使醫療機構背負過重之責任,應係一種務實之責任類型。   本篇論文之提出,最主要係要解決目前醫療糾紛實務上所遇到的困境,而藉由僱用人責任之重新梳理、組織責任之之全面建立與契約責任之再構築,相信將可解決目前醫療實務許多問題。最後,本論文由衷希望,經由本篇論文所提出來的觀點,能適度緩解目前過度緊繃的醫病關係,創立更為安全之醫療環境。 With the rapid change of social development, the role of medical institutions as health-care providers has evolved significantly over the past decades. Many studies found that today’s medical institutions are directly implicating in most of harmful medical errors; however, medical malpractice litigations and its doctrinal substructure are still heavily oriented toward holding individuals liable for medical injuries, and doctrines that contemplate the role of organizations still gain little attention. In order to conform the increased role of medical institutions, Taiwan’s legal system needs to figure out civil liability of theabovementioned as central providers of health care.  In American and British laws, hospital can be held liable under either of two theories, vicarious liability and corporate liability, which were both heavily affected by the changing status of hospitals. Vicarious liability is based on Respondeat Superior whereby the hospital’s liability is answerable for those torts committed by its employees; therefore, it cannot solve the disputes creating from the fault of organization. Thus, there is no negligence of individual members. Anglo-American law creates “corporate liability” to deal with organizational or system failures, thus improving patient safety to fill this gap in medical malpractice,  Taiwan’s legal system lacks similar concepts to solve the same problems. No matter Civil Code Article 188, Article 28 or Article 244, they all focus on negligence of nature person, and ignore the importance of medical institutions.  To deal with medical malpractice, the author believes that the most important question is what kind of view better serves justice. The doctrine of corporate liability imposes upon medical institution an independent, affirmative, and non-delegable duty to provide quality medical care. Therefore, an injured party does not have to rely on and establish the negligence of a third party. Thus, the plaintiffs do not need to find out the wrongdoers except the medical institution itself; namely, the imposition of corporate liability provides an easier source of compensation for the injured compliant. Furthermore, the threat of corporate liability is a useful and positive tool that gives medical institutions great incentives for self-monitoring and diligent, careful operation. After embracing the doctrine of corporate liability, the author discusses different duties of medical institution and breach of these duties. In addition,, the author also borrows this tort concept to apply to contract liability of medical institutions, thus establishing comprehensive protection of patient safety.  The current conflicts between patients and doctors have led to a rethinking of the relations between Taiwan’s health care and civil justice systems. This is the time to renovate our system of liability to design it better suit a new world dominated by medical institutions. The “corporate liability” model the author has introduced and developed is precisely constructed for this purpose

    A study on the evaluation model of countryside landscape resources

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    由於國內近年來的農地釋出相關政策,造成農村景觀有消失殆盡的危機。 因此本研究的主要目的乃在建立一「農村景觀資源評估」體系,以期能藉 由此評估模式的應用,達到保存農村景觀的目的。本研究利用階層分析程 序法 (AHP)來建立本研究之評估模式。首先以72個常見的農村景觀元素 進行因素分析以得第一層級元素;再將相關文獻中與第一層級元素相符合 之景觀評估準則逐一列出,為第二層級,如此得本研究模式之層級。再 依 AHP法的要求,請相關領域專家學者進行層級中各元素相對權重值的擬 定工作,即確立了本研究評估模式。為求本評估模式之適用性,乃在同一 研究區同時進行本研究所擬之農村景觀資源評估及景觀美質評估(SBE) ,檢定二評估結果是否具有差異。依據本研究的資料分析與結果討論,可 得下列結論:一、經因素分析72項常見的農村景觀元素,得16類農村景觀 因子,經歸納後,可將其分成四類:農村自然景觀資源、農村產業經營管 理模式、農村空間設施結構及農村人文活動。二、「農村景觀資源評估」 體系包括 4個農村景觀資源區分以及23個評估準則,共計二個層級,且其 為一適用於專家學者至各研究區進行現地踏勘之景觀評估模式。三、由在 同一地區進行「農村景觀資源評估」及農村景觀美質評估得到類似的評估 結果,可知「農村景觀資源評估」體系所得評值確實具有相當程度的適用 性

    Update of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Urology

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