Stable isotope ecology:a new branch of ecology resulted from technology advances

稳定同位素技术因具有示踪(TrACErS)、整合(InTEgrATIOn)和指示(IndICATOrS)等多项功能,以及检测快速、结果准确等特点,在生态学研究中日益显示出广阔的应用前景。近年来,由于生态学研究

Sapflow characteristics of Kandelia obovata and their controlling factors in Zhangjiang estuary,China

利用Granier热消散式探针法对福建漳江口国家级红树林自然保护区内红树植物秋茄的树干茎流密度(SFD)进行1年(2010年10月至2011年10月)的连续监测.结果表明:季节和树干径级对秋茄树干茎流密度均有显著影响.在夏季,胸径(DBH)为8~10 cm时秋茄树干最外层2 cm处的SFD达到最大,为38.21 g·m~(-2)·s~(-1),这与其他红树物种以及湿地乔木物种的茎流密度相当.不同径级(小、中、大径级分别为2~4、4~8、8~10 cm)秋茄每日整树蒸腾量(即水分日利用量)也呈现明显的季节变化,从冬季到夏季的波动值分别为0.14~0.19、0.94~1.45、1.96~3.43 kg·d~(-1).通过整合各个径级秋茄树的日蒸腾量推算得到秋茄林的日蒸腾量,再全年累加计算得到秋茄林年总蒸腾量为100.38 mm,不到当地年降水量的6%.主要环境因子对秋茄林蒸腾速率(E_s)均有极显著影响(P<0.001),其中,光合有效辐射(PAR)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)是E_s最主要的驱动因子,解释了E_s60%~92%的季节变异,且夏季秋茄E_s对PAR和VPD的依赖性大于冬季.秋茄E_s与环境因子之间存在明显的时滞现象,需要在解释秋茄林E_s季节变异时加以考虑.In this study,the Grainer's thermal dissipation probe method was applied to monitor sap flux density( SFD) of a mangrove species Kandelia obovata over a period of one year( 2010-10—2011-10) in Zhangjiangkou Mangrove National Nature Reserve,Fujian,China. The results showed that both season and diameter class exerted significant effects on the SFD of K. obovata trees. In summer,when the diameter at breast height( DBH) reached 8-10 cm,the highest SFD was found at a depth of 2 cm with a value of 38.21 g·m~(-2)·s-1,which was comparable with those for other mangrove tree species and forested wetland tree species. The mean whole tree transpiration( i. e.daily water use) of all stem size classes demonstrated large changes from winter to summer,increased from 0.14 to 0.19 kg·d~(-1)in small trees( S,DBH = 2-4 cm),from 0.94 to 1.45 kg·d~(-1)in medium trees( M,DBH = 4-8 cm) and from 1.96 to 3.43 kg·d~(-1)in large ones( L,DBH = 8-10 cm). The daily transpiration of K. obovata stand was calculated by summing all size classes,which was then summed up for entire year to estimate annual transpiration of entire K. obovata forest,which was about 100. 38 mm,less than 6% of local annual precipitation. Key environmental factors all had significant effects( all P<0.001) on the stand transpiration rate( E_s) of K. obovata forest,and photosynthetically active radiation( PAR) and vapor pressure deficit( VPD) were themain driving factors,which explained 60%-92% seasonal variation of E_s. The PAR and VPD had larger effects on the E_sin summer than that in winter. In addition,we observed an obvious time lag phenomenon in the relationship between E_sand PAR or VPD,which should be taken into account when explaining seasonal variation of E_sin K. obovata forest.国家自然科学基金项目(30930017);; 国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项(201305021)资助~

股权分置的路径依赖分析

以国有股减持和非流通股全流通为目的的股权分置改革作为上市公司股权制度的制度变迁,存在着路径依赖问题。通过对股权分置的历史沿革和现阶段股权分置改革中出现的问题的分析,提出国家要克服自身的有限理性,降低对减持国有股的收益预期,确立对价参照标准,以明确投资者心理预期,减少制度变迁成本,有利于中国资本市场的长期稳定发展。国家社科基金(04BJC026);; 教育部文科研究基地重大项目(05JJD790026);; 福建省社科基金(2003003E

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Prioritas Calon Penerima Program Indonesia Pintar Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama Menggunakan Metode Topsis

Pendidikan merupakan hal penting dalam memajukan pembangunan negara, dengan itu pemerintah membuat kebijakan wajib belajar pendidikan sembilan tahun. Namun perekonomian masyarakat yang minim sering kali mengakibatkan mereka lebih memilih bekerja sebelum menuntaskan pendidikan dasar sembilan tahun tersebut. Demi mewujudkan hal tersebut pemerintah memiliki program bantuan pendidikan PIP (Program Indonesia Pintar) yang ditujukan pada masyarakat miskin. Namun implementasinya masih terdapat banyak kendala yang mengakibatkan tidak tepat sasaran dalam pemberian program bantuan pendidikan tersebut. Oleh Karena itu, untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut perlu adanya sistem dalam menentukan prioritas calon penerima PIP dengan menambahkan beberapa kriteria yang lebih mendasar. Pada penelitian ini dirancang sistem pendukung keputusan menggunakan metode TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solutions) dengan beberapa kriteria yaitu Status Aktif Siswa, Surat Keterangan Miskin, Kondisi Yatim Piatu, Gaji Orang Tua, Presentasi Absensi. Pada aplikasi ini didapatkan hasil akhir berupa perankingan prioritas siswa yang akan menerima bantuan PIP

文化传承的融离与回眸——以日本长崎的“妈祖信仰”为对象

妈祖文化自明代起远播琉球、日本、东南亚,成为东亚文明地域的共同信仰之一。日本本土的妈祖信仰集中在长崎,以民间传说、唐三寺、唐人僧侣构成流传至今的唐人风习或者祭祀活动,并且以多样化的形式:或是直接保存原风貌;或是融会佛教文化而构成日本独有的“习合“文化;或是加以本土化的改造,从而形成了如今的多元文化共生的、多重变异体式的妈祖文化。福建省社会科学规划项目“妈祖文化的海外传播与国家形象建构研究”(项目编号:2014B077); 福建省华侨史专项基金项目“日本闽籍华侨华人社团历史与现状研究”(项目编号:FJ2015TWB021); 厦门大学外文学院繁荣哲学社会科学专项项目(项目编号:0650Y07200

Investigation of Mixed Potential in Electroless Ni-W-P Plating

　测量了化学镀Ni P和Ni W P过程混合电位随时间的变化,并分析其变化规律。指出Emix的正移与pH值随时间而降低有关,而且pH值的降低会加速化学镀的诱发过程。低碳钢诱发化学镀Ni W P会在混合电位 时间曲线上出现两个电位阶梯,其原因在于低碳钢在给定的镀液体系中稳定电位不够负,不能提供足够的能量使化学镀Ni W P快速发生,只有当表面形成达到一定覆盖度的具有催化活性的Ni原子层后,才能迅速地诱发化学镀过程;而Ni P和Ni W P的稳定电位足够负,可以使化学镀过程快速诱发,故仅有一个电位阶梯。The mixed potentials as a function of time were measured during the process of electroless Ni\|P and Ni\|W\|P plating, and their patterns were also analyzed. It was indicated that the positive shift of Emix was related to the pH value which decreased with time, and that the decrease in pH could accelerate the initiation of electroless plating. Two potential steps were observed on Emix\|t curves when the mild steel was used as the substrate of electroless Ni\|W\|P plating because of its less negative stable potential, which couldn't supply enough energy for rapid electroless deposition of Ni\|W\|P, and none but a layer of catalytic nickel with considerable coverage on mild steel was needed for rapidly initiating the electroless plating. However, since sufficient negative stable potentials, Ni\|P and Ni\|W\|P were able to initiate electroless deposition rapidly, hence only one potential step was found.国家自然科学基金资助项目(20073035

Correlation between Voice Handicap Index-10(VHI-10) and Voice Acoustic Analysis in Patients with Unilateral Arytenoid Dislocation

目的探讨嗓音声学分析与简化嗓音障碍指数(voice handicap index-10,VHI-10)用于单侧环杓关节脱位患者嗓音质量评估的临床意义及其相关性。方法对36例(男性20例,女性16例)单侧环杓关节脱位患者和50例(男性25例,女性25例)嗓音正常者进行嗓音声学分析和VHI-10调查。嗓音声学参数包括基频微扰(jitter)、振幅微扰(shimmer)、基频(F0)和噪谐比(NHR);VHI-10调查记录总分值Tvh。结果 (1)单侧环杓关节脱位组的jitter、shimmer、NHR、F0和VHI-10与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义。(2)男性单侧环杓关节脱位组患者嗓音声学分析参数jitter、shimmer、NHR和F0与VHI-10之间无相关性;女性患者组,除F0与VHI-10之间无相关性外,其余3个jitter、shimmer、NHR与VHI-10之间均有相关性,相关系数分别为0.556,0.719和0.793。结论计算机声学分析的各项参数均可作为衡量单侧环杓关节脱位患者嗓音音质的有效参数。单侧环杓关节脱位对患者生活质量具有显著影响,且不同性别的患者其生活质量所受影响的程度不同。Objective To study the relationship between voice acoustic analysis(VAA)and voice handicap index-10(VHI-10) in patients with unilateral arytenoid dislocation and to investigate the characteristic of the VHI-10. Methods 50 subjects with normal voice and 36 patients with unilateral arytenoid dislocation were tested by VAA and VHI-10. VAA include jitter、shimmer、F0 and NHR. The total score of VHI-10 recorded as Tvh. Results(1)There were significant differences in jitter、shimmer、F0、NHR and VHI-10 between unilateral arytenoid dislocation group and control group.(2)There was no correlation between all acoustic parameters and VHI-10 in male. All acoustic parameters except F0 had significant correlations with VHI-10 in female and the correlation coefficient were 0.556, 0.556 and 0.719. Conclusion The acoustic parameters are effective parameters to measure the voice quality of patients with unilateral arytenoid dislocation. Unilateral arytenoid dislocation significantly affects the quality of life in patients. However, the different of sex will result in the effect on the quality of life in patients inconsistently.国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.81371080

Seedling emergence and dispersal pattern of the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris in Shenzhen Bay, China

海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)是我国华南沿海主要红树林造林树种,在深圳湾引种造林15年后,在天然红树林和光滩中出现了大面积的扩散。为了研究深圳湾红树植物海桑的幼苗扩散及其与生态因子的关系,作者采用样线和样方调查法于2006年9月至2007年9月对深圳福田红树林内天然扩散的海桑幼苗的密度、高度和盖度及其相关生态因子(包括种间竞争、群落类型、光照、扩散距离与滩面高程)进行了6次调查。天然红树林和人工海桑林林下海桑幼苗密度在调查初期分别为24.7棵/m2和19.7棵/m2,到2007年9月林下的一年生海桑幼苗全部死亡,说明林下的弱光生境显著抑制了海桑幼苗的早期生长和自然更新。不同林型下(包括天然白骨壤林和秋茄林、人工海桑林)的海桑幼苗的密度、高度、盖度差异不显著(P>0.05);而林中空地各指标显著高于林下(P0.05),而人工海桑林林下的海桑幼苗密度与光照强度呈显著正相关,且相关系数逐次增大,说明海桑幼苗的早期生长受到光照强度的影响极为显著。因此,深圳湾引种海桑的繁殖体在天然白骨壤林和秋茄林下的扩散主要受与母树距离的影响,但在海桑人工林下光照强度是影响幼苗分布的最重要生态因子。Due to its rapid growth, Sonneratia caseolaris, a mangrove species indigenous to Hainan, was introduced to Shenzhen Bay, Guangdong for afforestation purpose during the early 1990s. The seedling emergence, early growth and dispersal pattern of S. caseolaris and their responses to environmental factors have not been well studied in the new habitat. In this study, we evaluated the density, height and coverage of S. caseolaris seedlings underneath the canopies of various mangrove forests (including both natural Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina communities and introduced S. caseolaris communities) and on the mudflats without canopy, in Futian Mangroves Natural Reserve of Shenzhen Bay from September 2006 to September 2007. Line intercept and square intercept methods were used in the survey. Tidal elevation, light intensity, community types and the distance between the sample squares and the nearest adult S. caseolaris were also recorded. The mean densities of S. caseolaris seedlings under the canopies of both the introduced and natural mangrove forests decreased from September 2006 (24.7 seedlings per m2 and 19.7 seedlings per m2 , respectively) to September 2007 (no seedlings survived). No significant differences were found in the seedling density, height or coverage of S. caseolaris among different mangrove communities. However, the density, height and coverage of S. caseolaris seedlings were significantly higher on the mudflats without canopy than under the mangrove canopies, indicating that higher light intensity in on the mudflats without canopy promoted the dispersal and vertical growth of S. caseolaris seedlings. Although the optimal tidal elevation for S. caseolaris seedlings in Shenzhen Bay was between 1.40 m and 1.60 m, an area that falls within the mid-to-high intertidal zones, seedling density and tidal elevation were weakly correlated. The seedling density under the native mangrove canopies was negatively related to dispersal distance. However seedling density were positively correlated with light intensity(P<0.05), and the correlation coefficients for the introduced S. caseolaris forest increased through time with successive surveys. In contrast, there was no significant correlation founded between seedling density and light intensity under native mangrove canopies. We concluded that distance to mother tree was the most important factor determining S. caseolaris seedling density under native mangrove canopies, whereas the light intensity was the most important environmental factor for controlling seedling dispersal pattern under the canopy of the introduced S. caseolaris forest.中国科学院“百人计划”资助项目;; 国家自然科学基金(30700092);; 中国博士后科学基金(20060400529

VARIATION IN DELTA-13-C VALUES FOR THE SEAGRASS THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM AND ITS RELATIONS TO MANGROVE CARBON

Carbon isotope ratios (C-13/C-12) were measured for the leaves of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig and carbonates of shells collected at the seagrass beds from seven sites along the coast of southern Florida, U.S.A. The delta-C-13 values of seagrass leaves ranged from - 7.3 to - 16.3 parts per thousand among different study sites, with a significantly lower mean value for seagrass leaves from those sites near mangrove forests (-12.8 +/- 1.1 parts per thousand) than those far from mangrove forests (-8.3 +/- 0.9 parts per thousand; P < 0.05). Furthermore, seagrass leaves from a shallow water area had significantly lower delta-C-13 values than those found in a deep water area (P < 0.01). There was no significant variation in delta-C-13 values between young and mature leaves (P = 0.59) or between the tip and base of a leaf blade (P = 0.46). Carbonates of shells also showed a significantly lower mean delta-C-13 value in the mangrove areas (-2.3 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand) than in the non-mangrove areas (0.6 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand; P < 0.025). In addition, the delta-C-13 values of seagrass leaves were significantly correlated with those of shell carbonates (delta-C-13 seagrass leaf = -9.1 + 1.3 delta-C-13 shell carbonate (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.01)). These results indicated that the input of carbon dioxide from the mineralization of mangrove detritus caused the variation in carbon isotope ratios of seagrass leaves among different sites in this study

DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGY, CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS BETWEEN SCRUB AND FRINGE MANGROVES IN FLORIDA, USA

All three mangrove species in Florida (USA), Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaert. and Avicennia germinans (L.) L., are found frequently in scrub mangrove forests, in which individuals rarely exceed 1.5 m in height. In the present study, the differences in morphological characteristics, leaf carbon isotope ratios and photosynthetic gas exchange between individuals in scrub and fringe mangrove forests in south Florida were investigated quantitatively. Plants in the scrub forests had much lower canopy height, more main stems per tree and smaller leaves, relative to those in the fringe forests. There was a significant correlation between tree height and leaf delta-C-13 value, with higher delta-C-13 values (1-4 parts per thousand more positive) for plants in the scrub mangrove forests. Correspondingly, scrub mangroves showed significantly lower intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and higher intrinsic water use efficiency over long-term carbon assimilation, relative to fringe mangroves. Photosynthetic gas exchange measurements on R. mangle individuals showed a 15.5% lower CO2 assimilation rate, 6.1% lower intercellular CO2 concentration and 11.6% higher intrinsic water use efficiency in scrub mangroves, consistent with those estimated from leaf carbon isotope ratios. A higher slope for the linear correlation between CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance was observed for the individuals in the scrub mangrove forest, which is in agreement with other measurements indicating higher water use efficiency in scrub mangroves. Possible environmental factors responsible for these morphological and physiological differences between scrub and fringe mangroves are discussed